Protein-Based Biopolymers: From Source to Biomedical Applications

Front Cover
Protein-Based Biopolymers
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 An introduction to protein-based biopolymers
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Protein and its biopolymers
1.2.1 Structure and properties of proteins
1.2.2 Origin and types
1.2.2.1 Collagen
1.2.2.2 Gelatin
1.2.2.3 Keratin
1.2.2.4 Fibrin
1.2.2.5 Silk fibroin
1.2.2.6 Elastin
1.2.2.7 Resilin
1.2.2.8 Reflectin
1.2.2.9 Casein
1.2.2.10 Whey
1.2.2.11 Albumin
1.2.2.12 Zein
1.2.2.13 Gluten
1.2.3 Synthetic protein material products in the industry
1.2.4 Reinforcement and modification techniques
1.3 Applications
1.3.1 Soil Strengthening
1.3.2 Food packaging: films and coatings
1.3.3 Protein purification
1.3.4 PBBM in healthcare: tissue engineering, drug delivery, surface engineering
1.3.5 Recombinant protein polymers
1.4 Protein-based biopolymers nanoparticles
1.5 Challenges and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
2 Fabrication, properties and applications of gluten protein
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Methods of protein fabrication
2.2.1 pH variation
2.2.2 Phase separation
2.2.3 Polymer chain collapse
2.2.4 Electron-beam lithography
2.2.5 Photolithography
2.2.6 Micro-contact printing
2.2.7 Colloidal lithography
2.2.8 Nanoimprinting lithography
2.3 Properties of wheat gluten
2.3.1 Gluten hydration or water retention property
2.3.2 Viscoelastic properties
2.3.3 Extensibility
2.3.4 Viscosity
2.4 Applications of gluten protein
2.4.1 Use of wheat protein isolate
2.4.2 Texturized protein
2.4.3 Use in meat industry
2.4.4 Use in vegetarian food substitutes
2.4.5 Hydrolyzed wheat protein
2.4.6 Uses in bakery
2.4.7 Uses in non-food products
2.4.8 Wheat gluten-based bioplastics
2.5 Conclusion
References
3 Keratin for potential biomedical applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Keratin in the history
3.3 Structure and the characteristic features of keratin
3.3.1 Classification of keratins
3.3.2 Distribution of keratins
3.3.3 Chemical composition, physicochemical and biological properties of keratin
3.3.3.1 Biocompatibility
3.3.3.2 Biodegradability
3.3.3.3 Biological characteristics of keratins
3.4 Keratin-based biomaterials and their biomedical applications
3.4.1 Keratin films
3.4.2 Biomedical applications of keratin films
3.4.3 Keratin hydrogels
3.4.4 Biomedical applications of keratin hydrogels
3.4.5 Keratin biofibers for biomedical applications
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Fabrication, properties, and biomedical applications of soy protein-based materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Soy protein properties
4.2.1 Surface properties
4.2.2 Mechanical properties
4.2.3 Biodegradability
4.3 Fabrication of soy protein-based biomaterials
4.3.1 Soy protein films
4.3.1.1 Solution casting
4.3.1.2 Film extrusion
4.3.2 Soy protein hydrogels
4.3.3 Soy protein microparticles
4.3.4 Advent of nanoscience
4.3.4.1 Soy protein nanoparticles
Ionic gelation method
Desolvation
Microfluidics
Ultrasonication
Electrospraying
Self-assembly
4.3.4.2 Soy protein nanoemulsions
Microfluidics
Ultrahigh pressure homogenization
Ultrasonic homogenization
4.3.4.3 Soy protein nanofibers
4.3.4.4 Soy protein nanocomposites
Soy protein-organic nanocomposites
Soy protein-inorganic nanocomposites
4.4 Biomedical applications
4.4.1 Drug delivery
4.4.2 Wound dressing
4.4.3 Tissue engineering
4.5 Challenges and future prospects
References
5 Sodium caseinate versus sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as novel drug delivery carriers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Synthesis and characterization of biopolymer composites as hydrogels for controlling the release of drug
5.2.1 Synthesis and characterization of protein- and cellulose-based hydrogels
5.2.2 Evaluating composite hydrogels as drug delivery systems
5.2.3 Cytotoxicity assay of composite hydrogels
5.3 Effective role of protein-based composite hydrogel versus cellulose-based composite hydrogel
5.3.1 SC/Ch composite hydrogel characteristics versus CMC/Ch composite
5.3.1.1 FTIR analysis
5.3.1.2 Differential scanning calorimetry
5.3.1.3 Scanning electron microscopy
5.3.2 Characteristics of SC/Ch and CMC/Ch composite hydrogels as drug delivery system
5.3.2.1 Swelling test
5.3.2.2 Encapsulation efficiency and loading
5.3.2.3 In vitro release study
5.3.2.4 Kinetics and mechanism of drug release
5.3.3 Cytotoxicity assay of the prepared composite hydrogels
5.3.3.1 Neutral red uptake assay
5.3.3.2 Effect of composite gels on cell membrane integrity (LDH assay)
5.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
6 Silk-based biomaterials for biomedical applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Components of silk
6.2.1 Properties of silk fibroin
6.3 Development of silk-based biomaterials
6.4 Biomedical applications
6.4.1 Disease model
6.4.2 Tissue engineering
6.4.3 Gene therapy
6.4.4 Implantable devices
6.4.5 Drug delivery
6.5 Future prospective
6.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
7 Protein-based nanoparticles as drug delivery nanocarriers
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Nanotechnology, nanomaterials and medicinal aspects
7.1.2 Protein nanoparticles
7.1.3 Designing of nanoparticles
7.1.4 Preparation of Pr-NPs
7.2 Pr-NPs and drug delivery
7.2.1 Pr-NPs assisted drug delivery
7.2.2 Pr-NPs and drug
7.2.2.1 Drug encapsulation or drug loading
7.2.2.2 Drug release
7.2.2.2.1 In vitro drug release methods
7.2.2.2.2 Sample and separate
7.2.2.2.3 Continuous flow method
7.2.2.2.4 Dialysis method for drug release
7.2.2.2.5 Modified methods
7.3 Emerging research on Pr-NPs assisted drug delivery
7.3.1 Bioadhesive food Pr-NPs for pediatric oral drug delivery
7.3.2 Coiled-coil formation for targeted drug delivery (TDD) using Pr-NPs
7.3.3 Self-assembled protein shell lipophilic core nanoparticles for drug delivery
7.3.4 Drug delivery from nanoparticles derived from silk-elastin-like protein polymers
7.3.5 Dual-sensitive hydrogel nanoparticles with protein filaments for triggerable drug delivery
7.3.6 Blood−brain-barrier-penetrating albumin nanoparticles for biomimetic drug delivery
7.4 Future approach for Pr-NPs assisted drug delivery
7.4.1 Metal organic ionic framework assisted drug delivery
7.4.2 Protein nanoparticles conjugated metal organic ionic framework for drug delivery
7.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
8 Peptide and protein-based hydrogels for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds and tissue engineering applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Characteristics of gels
8.3 Gel formulation methods
8.4 Classification and types of gels
8.5 Hydrogels
8.5.1 Introduction to hydrogels
8.5.2 Classification of hydrogels
8.5.3 Biodegradability
8.5.4 Biomolecules
8.5.5 Proteins
8.6 Protein-based hydrogels
8.7 Peptide-based hydrogels
8.8 Synthesis of peptide-based hydrogels
8.9 Bioactive compounds
8.10 Encapsulation
8.11 Peptide hydrogels for encapsulating bioactive compounds
8.12 Tissue engineering
8.13 Keratin
8.14 Keratin-based hydrogel for wound healing
8.15 Regeneration of bone tissue engineering using Nap-FFY based hydrogels
8.16 Formation of a desired organ/tissue
8.17 Albumin based hydrogels for skin regeneration and wound healing
8.18 Blood vessels formation in damaged tissues with mussel adhesive protein
8.19 Heparin-mediated delivery of bone morphogenetic protein-2 improves spatial localization of bone regeneration
8.20 Cartilage tissue engineering using silk-based hydrogels
8.21 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
9 Silver nanoparticles and protein polymer-based nanomedicines
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Protein-based Ag nanoparticles
9.2.1 Study on the interaction of protein and Ag nanoparticles
9.2.2 Impact of surface coating/food-mimicking media on silver nanoparticle-protein interaction
9.2.3 Protein concentration effects on the silver nanoparticles surface
9.2.4 Impact of proteins on the aggregation of silver nanoparticles
9.2.5 Effects of surface modification on protein conformation
9.3 Collagen-based silver nanoparticles
9.3.1 Synthesis and characterization
9.3.2 Stability of collagen-silver nanoparticles-based materials
9.3.3 Biological applications of collagen-based silver nanoparticles
9.3.3.1 Antimicrobial activity
9.3.3.2 Wound healing
9.3.3.3 Bone healing
9.3.3.4 Other medical applications
9.4 Keratin-silver nanoparticles
9.4.1 Synthesis and characterization of keratin-silver nanoparticle-based materials
9.4.2 Stability of keratin protein-stabilized silver nanoparticles
9.4.3 Biomedical applications of keratin-silver nanoparticles-based materials
9.4.3.1 Antibacterial activity
9.4.3.2 Wound healing
9.5 Soy protein-silver nanoparticles-based materials
9.5.1 Synthesis and characterization of soy protein-silver nanoparticles-based materials
9.5.2 Stability of silver nanoparticles stabilized by soy protein
9.5.3 Biological applications of soy protein-silver nanoparticles-based materials
9.5.3.1 Antimicrobial activity
9.5.3.2 Drug delivery
9.6 Controlling agents for particle formation
9.6.1 Size of protein-Ag nanoparticles
9.6.2 Shape of Ag nanoparticles functionalized by protein
9.7 Toxicity of protein-stabilized Ag nanoparticles
9.8 Protein polymer-based nanomedicines
9.9 Conclusions
Authors’ contributions
Conflicts of interest
References
10 Antimicrobial potential of protein-based bioplastics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Bioplastics production
10.2.1 Raw materials
10.2.1.1 Proteins
10.2.1.2 Plasticizers
10.2.2 Processing techniques
10.2.2.1 Casting
10.2.2.2 Compression molding
10.2.2.3 Extrusion
10.2.2.4 Injection molding
10.3 Methods to enhance bioplastic functions
10.3.1 Addition of antimicrobial agents
10.3.2 Addition of a crosslinking stage
10.3.3 Use of coatings
10.4 Evaluation of the properties of antimicrobial protein-based bioplastics
10.4.1 Antimicrobial properties
10.4.1.1 Bactericidal assay
10.4.1.2 Cytotoxicity assay
10.4.1.3 Turbidity method
10.4.2 Mechanical properties
10.4.2.1 Dynamic mechanical tests
Time, strain and frequency sweep tests
Temperature ramps
10.4.2.2 Static mechanical tests
10.4.3 Morphological properties
10.4.3.1 Scanning electron microscopy
10.4.4 Other functional properties
10.4.4.1 Evaluation of the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity
Water contact angle
Water uptake capacity
10.5 Current status and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
11 Reinforced protein polymers in biomedical engineering
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Polymerization
11.3 Polymers and biopolymers
11.3.1 Synthetic polymers
11.3.2 Natural polymers
11.3.2.1 Amino acids
11.3.2.2 Peptides
Polypeptides
11.4 Physiochemical properties of proteins
11.4.1 Dissociation
11.4.2 Optical activity
11.4.3 Solubility or swelling power
11.4.4 Formation or stabilization of foams
11.4.5 Emulsifying effect
11.4.6 Denaturation
11.4.6.1 Hydrolysis
11.4.6.2 Alkaline reactions
11.4.6.3 Oxidation
11.4.6.4 Biomolecules
11.4.6.5 Carbohydrates
11.4.6.6 Lipids
11.4.6.7 Proteins
11.4.6.8 Nucleic acids
11.5 Biopolymers
11.5.1 The use of biopolymers
11.5.2 When designing a biopolymer certain things must be considered
11.5.3 Advantages of biopolymers
11.5.4 Disadvantages of biopolymers
11.6 Reinforcement of a protein
11.6.1 Reinforced protein
11.7 Chemical and physical treatment
11.7.1 Chemical block copolymerization
11.7.2 Preparation of blends
11.8 Applications of reinforced protein in tissue engineering
11.8.1 Naturally occurring fiber protein
11.8.2 Banana fibers reinforced with soy protein
11.8.3 Polylactic acid
11.8.4 Silk protein fiber-reinforced with polylactic acid
11.8.5 Innovation in the field of polymer composites
11.8.5.1 Nonmulberry silk fibroin with carbon nano fiber
11.8.6 Collagen
11.8.7 Silk
11.8.8 Silk matrix
11.8.9 Bombyx mori silk-based composite
11.8.10 Accelerated skin wound healing using electrospun nanofibers reinforced with mussel adhesive proteins (mussel adhesi...
Acknowledgments
References
12 Enzymes: classification and biomedical applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Classification of enzymes
12.3 Role of enzymes in biosensors
12.3.1 Applications of glucose oxidase, an oxidoreductase, in biosensors
12.3.2 Applications of glutathione S-transferases in biosensors
12.3.3 Biomedical applications of urease, a hydrolase
12.3.4 Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase as therapeutic agent
12.3.5 Applications of protein disulfide isomerase
12.3.6 Application of ligase in biosensors
12.4 Isolation and modification of enzymes
12.5 Conclusions
References
Index
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