Protective Gloves for Occupational Use

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Terminology and Abbreviations
Section I Introduction to Prevention and Protective Gloves
Chapter 1 Prevention of Contact Dermatitis
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Protective Gloves and Other Methods of Prevention
References
Chapter 2 Occupational Hygiene Assessments for the Use of Protective Gloves
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Requirements for Assessment
2.3 The Occupational Hygiene Process
2.4 Overview of Risk Assessment
2.5 Hazard Characterization
2.6 Skin Notations
2.7 Exposure Assessment
2.8 Risk Characterization
2.9 Consideration of Control Measures
2.10 Reassessment
2.11 Industrial Battery Charging: An Example
2.12 Worker Training
References
Chapter 3 Gloves: Types, Materials, and Manufacturing
3.1 Glove Types
3.1.1 Medical Gloves
3.1.2 Industrial Gloves
3.1.3 Household Gloves
3.2 Materials
3.2.1 Polymers Widely Used for Gloves (Mass Market)
3.2.1.1 Natural Rubber
3.2.1.2 Nitrile Butadiene Rubber and Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (XNBR)
3.2.1.3 Polychloroprene Rubber
3.2.1.4 Polyisoprene Rubber
3.2.1.5 Polyvinyl Chloride
3.2.2 Polymers Used for Niche Market Segments
3.2.2.1 Butyl Rubber
3.2.2.2 Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene
3.2.2.3 Ethylene–Propylene Diene Monomer
3.2.2.4 Fluorocarbon Elastomer
3.2.2.5 Styrenic-Block-Copolymers
3.2.2.6 Polyvinyl Alcohol
3.2.2.7 Polyethylene
3.2.2.8 Polyurethane
3.2.2.9 Silicone Rubber (VMQ, LSR)
3.2.3 Materials and Processes Used in Glove Inner and Outer Surfaces
3.2.3.1 Inner Glove Surface
3.2.3.2 Outer Glove Surface
3.3 Manufacturing
3.3.1 Gloves Made by Dipping
3.3.1.1 Latex Dipping Technology
3.3.1.2 Solution Dipping Technology
3.3.2 Supported Gloves
3.3.3 Cut and Sewn Gloves
3.3.4 Gloves Made by Punching and Welding
3.3.5 Gloves Made by Molding
3.4 Concluding Remarks
List of Abbreviations
References
Chapter 4 Extraction and Chemistry of Rubber Allergens
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Latex Protein Allergens
4.2.1 Standardized Test for Assessing Residual NRL Protein and Antigen Content
4.2.1.1 Total Extractable Protein; ASTM D 5712
4.2.1.2 Total Antigenic Hev b Protein; ASTM D 6499
4.2.1.3 Hev b Allergens; ASTM D 7427
4.3 Rubber Accelerator/Chemical Contact Allergen Analyses
4.3.1 Glove Accelerator Extraction and Spot Test
4.3.2 Glove Accelerator Quantitative Analysis Methods
4.4 Glove Accelerator Chemical Mechanisms of ACD
4.5 Conclusion
References
Section II Regulations and Standards
Chapter 5 European Standards on Protective Gloves
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Development of European Standards
5.3 European Directives and Regulations
5.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment
5.3.2 Medical Gloves
5.4 Standards Related to Protective Gloves
References
Chapter 6 US Rules, Regulations, and Standards for Protective Gloves for Occupational Use
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Rules, Regulations, and Standards
6.3 US Standards on Gloves
6.4 Recent Changes, Important Updates, and Emerging Issues
References
Chapter 7 Japanese Regulations and Standards for Medical and Dental Grade Gloves
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Japanese Medical Device Regulatory System
7.3 Registration and Approval
7.4 Medical Device Classification
7.5 Specifications of Gloves
7.5.1 Classification
7.5.2 Materials
7.5.3 Nominal, Nominal Numbers, and Dimensions
7.5.4 Quality
7.5.5 Other Items
7.6 Quality Management System for Gloves as Medical Devices
7.7 Insurance Reimbursement System for Medical Devices
7.8 Infection Control and Glove Use
7.9 Glove-Related Allergy and Product Selection
References
Chapter 8 Australian Standards for Protective Gloves
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Development of Australian Standards
8.3 Aligning with International Standards
References
Chapter 9 Regulations and Standards for Protective Gloves for Occupational Use in Croatia
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Glove Standards
9.3 Use of Latex Gloves
9.4 Outreach Activities in Croatia
References
Chapter 10 Testing of Protective Effect against Liquid Chemicals
10.1 Terms and Definitions
10.2 Degradation Testing
10.3 Permeation Testing
10.3.1 Key Parameters
10.3.2 Standard Test Methods
10.3.3 Permeation Test Cells
10.3.4 Factors Influencing the Permeation Test Results
10.3.5 Evaluation of Test Results
10.3.6 Intermittent Contact Permeation Testing
10.3.7 Protection Index
10.3.8 Modified Permeation Testing
10.4 Penetration Testing
10.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 Standard Quality Control Testing, Virus Penetration, and Glove Durability
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Standard Tests for Glove Integrity
11.2.1 The 1000 mL Water Leak Test
11.2.2 Virus Leak Tests
11.2.3 Puncture Resistance
11.2.4 Breaking Strength
11.2.5 Tear Strength
11.3 Integrity Studies of New and Used Gloves
11.3.1 Leak Tests on Used Gloves
11.3.1.1 Testing with 1000 mL of Water
11.3.1.2 Testing with a Modified Water Leak Test
11.3.1.3 Testing with Viruses
11.3.2 Leak Tests on Punctured Gloves
11.3.2.1 Results from 1000 mL Water Leak Tests
11.3.2.2 Results from Virus Tests
11.3.3 Studies of Puncture Resistance
11.3.3.1 Earlier Studies
11.3.3.2 Recent Studies
11.4 Barrier (Glove) Durability
11.4.1 Material Fatigue
11.4.1.1 Earlier Studies
11.4.1.2 Recent Studies
11.4.2 Tribologic Studies
11.4.3 Other Factors That Influence Integrity
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 In Vivo Testing of the Protective Effect of Gloves
12.1 Introduction
12.2 In Vivo Testing of Gloves
12.2.1 Patch Testing with Allergen and Glove
12.2.2 Use of an Open Chamber System
12.2.2.1 Testing Device
12.2.2.2 Method
12.2.2.3 Evaluation
References
Section III Glove Sensitivity and Effects on Skin
Chapter 13 Irritation and Contact Dermatitis from Protective Gloves: An Overview
13.1 Introduction
13.2 History
13.3 Symptoms and Signs
13.4 Exposure Conditions
13.5 Skin Irritation—Strategy for Examination and Suggested Investigations
13.5.1 Provocation Tests
13.5.2 Patch Tests with Pieces of Glove
13.5.3 Workplace Visits
13.6 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Rubber and Plastic Gloves
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Frequency of Allergic Contact Dermatitis Due to Gloves
14.2.1 Rubber Gloves
14.2.2 Plastic Gloves
14.3 Sensitizers
14.3.1 Rubber Gloves
14.3.2 Plastic Gloves
14.4 Clinical Aspects
14.4.1 Predisposing Factors
14.4.2 Location and Appearance of Dermatitis
14.5 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
14.6 Prevention of Glove Dermatitis
References
General Reading
Chapter 15 Clinical Testing of Occupational Glove Sensitivity
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Contact Urticaria from Latex Rubber
15.3 Allergic Contact Dermatitis
15.4 Penetration of Chemicals through Gloves
15.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16 Management of Natural Rubber Glove Sensitivity
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Manufacturing of NRL Gloves
16.3 NRL Gloves-Related Allergens and Reactions
16.3.1 Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions
16.3.2 Contact Urticaria Syndrome
16.3.3 Type IV Hypersensitivity Reactions
16.3.4 Allergic Contact Dermatitis
16.3.5 Irritant Reactions
16.3.5.1 Irritant Contact Dermatitis
16.4 Diagnostic Evaluation
16.4.1 History
16.4.2 Diagnostic Tests
16.4.2.1 Type I Hypersensitivity
16.4.2.2 Type IV Hypersensitivity
16.5 Management
16.5.1 Education and Awareness
16.5.2 Product Selection in Patients with Natural Rubber Glove Sensitivity
16.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17 Allergic Responses to Powdered Natural Rubber Latex Gloves in Healthcare Workers
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Natural Rubber Latex Gloves: An Overview
17.3 NRL Allergy and Risk Factors in Healthcare Workers
17.4 Clinical Manifestations of NRL Allergy in Healthcare Workers
17.5 Diagnostic Tests for NRL Allergy
17.5.1 Serum-Specific IgE Levels
17.5.2 Skin Prick Testing
17.5.3 Patch Testing
17.5.4 Glove Use Test
17.5.5 Nasal Challenge Test
17.5.6 Diagnosis of NRL-Induced Occupational Asthma
17.6 Treatment of NRL Allergy
17.7 Prevention
17.7.1 Labeling
17.7.2 Primary Prevention
17.7.3 Secondary Prevention
17.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Other Reactions from Gloves
18.1 Introduction, Glove Composition, and COVID-19
18.2 Irritant Reactions
18.3 Contact and Other Urticaria
18.4 Chemical Leukoderma
18.5 Endotoxins
18.6 Ethylene Oxide and Other Sterilization Methods
References
Chapter 19 Occlusion vs. Contact Dermatitis
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Skin and Effects of Occlusion
19.3 Local Reactions of Occlusion
19.4 Conclusions
References
Section IV Protection against Chemical and Microbial Agents
Chapter 20 Gloves and Dermal Exposure to Chemicals
20.1 Introduction
20.2 A Conceptual Model of Dermal Exposure
20.3 Monitoring Exposure to Assess the Protection Afforded by Gloves
20.3.1 Available Methods for Monitoring Dermal Exposure
20.3.1.1 Interception Methods
20.3.1.2 Removal Methods
20.3.1.3 In Situ Methods
20.3.1.4 Comparison of Dermal Exposure Monitoring Techniques
20.3.2 Role of Biological Monitoring in Assessing Dermal Exposure
20.3.3 What Can These Methods Measure?
20.3.4 Modeling Dermal Exposure and Uptake
20.4 Studies That Have Attempted to Assess the Workplace Effectiveness of Gloves
20.5 Impact of Gloves on Uptake through the Skin
20.6 Implications for Testing the Effectiveness of Gloves
20.7 Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 21 Percutaneous Absorption of Chemicals from Fabric (Textile)
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Methods
21.3 Results
21.3.1 Percutaneous Penetration: In Vitro Studies
21.3.1.1 Liquids
21.3.1.2 Gaseous Chemicals
21.3.2 Percutaneous Penetration: In Vivo Studies
21.3.2.1 Liquids
21.3.2.2 Gaseous Chemicals
21.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 22 Practical Considerations When Selecting and Using Gloves for Chemical Protection
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Should We Be Providing Gloves for Chemical Protection?
22.3 What Factors That Affect Glove Performance Do We Need to Consider
22.4 Why Some Gloves Can Fail to Protect
22.4.1 Misuse
22.4.1.1 Using the Wrong Glove
22.4.1.2 Not Donning or Removing the Glove Correctly
22.4.1.3 Using Gloves beyond the Time for Which They Can Provide Protection
22.4.1.4 Improper Storage of Gloves When Temporarily Not in Use
22.4.1.5 Incorrect Disposal
22.4.2 Physical Damage
22.4.3 Degradation
22.4.4 Permeation
22.4.4.1 Chemical Coverage, Flexing, and Stretching of the Glove
22.4.4.2 Impact of Temperature on Glove Permeation
22.4.4.3 Effects of Mixtures on Glove Permeation
22.4.4.4 At What Point Do We Consider Permeation to Be Significant?
22.4.4.5 Establishing the SMUT (Safe Maximum Use Time)
22.5 The Effect of Occlusive Gloves on the Skin
22.6 A Structured Approach to Selection and Use of Gloves
22.6.1 Select Task
22.6.2 Identify Hazard
22.6.3 Establish Exposure
22.6.4 Identifying Other Factors
22.6.4.1 Dexterity
22.6.4.2 Physical Hazards
22.6.4.3 Temperature
22.6.4.4 Grip
22.6.4.5 Flexing and Stretching
22.6.4.6 Glove Specification
22.6.4.7 Glove Manufacturer
22.6.5 Identify Suitable Gloves
22.6.6 Glove Protocol
22.6.7 In-Use Testing
22.6.8 Acceptance Trials
22.6.9 Incorporation into Glove System
22.6.10 Procurement and Supply
22.6.11 Logistics
22.6.12 Training
22.6.13 Monitoring for Impact on the Skin
References
Chapter 23 Glove Selection for Work with Acrylates Including Those Cured by Ultraviolet, Visible Light, or Electron Beam
23.1 Introduction
23.2 General Overview of Acrylates
23.2.1 Chemistry1,13,14
23.2.1.1 Oligomers
23.2.1.2 Monomers
23.2.2 Industrial Applications
23.2.3 Other Occupational Applications
23.3 Dermatological Problems with Acrylates in Industrial Applications
23.3.1 Earlier Studies
23.3.2 More Recent Studies
23.3.2.1 Dental Acrylates
23.3.2.2 Cured Acrylic Nails and Long-Lasting Nail Polish
23.3.2.3 UV-Cured Acrylic Adhesives
23.3.2.4 UV-Cured Inks, Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers, and Coatings
23.3.2.5 Anaerobic Adhesives
23.3.2.6 Two-Component Adhesives
23.3.2.7 Cyanoacrylates
23.3.2.8 Isobornyl Acrylate (IBA)
23.4 Resistance of Protective Gloves to Permeation by Acrylates
23.5 Recommendations for Protective Gloves for Work with Acrylates
23.5.1 Brief Direct Contact with Acrylates without Organic Solvents
23.5.2 Long-Lasting Contact with Acrylates without Organic Solvents
23.5.3 Long-Duration Contact with Acrylates with Organic Solvents
23.5.4 Handling of HDDA or DPGDA with or without Solvents
23.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 24 Chemical Permeation through Disposable Gloves
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Finding Information
24.3 Test Methods
24.4 Disinfectants
24.4.1 Chemical Permeation Studies
24.4.2 Recommendations
24.5 Isocyanate Compounds
24.5.1 Chemical Permeation Studies
24.5.2 Recommendations
24.6 Cytostatic Drugs
24.6.1 Earlier Chemical Permeation Studies
24.6.2 More Recent Chemical Permeation Studies
24.6.3 Recommendations
24.7 Solvents
24.7.1 Chemical Permeation Studies
24.7.2 Recommendations
24.8 Other Chemicals, Mixtures, and Formulations
24.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 25 The Selection and Use of Gloves against Pesticides
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Dermal Exposure to Pesticides
25.3 Comfort and Use of Gloves
25.4 Exposure Scenarios
25.4.1 Mixing and Loading
25.4.2 Distribution
25.4.3 Reentry
25.4.4 Non-Occupational Use
25.5 Important Determinants Describing Penetration Characteristics of Gloves
25.6 Permeation of Pesticides through Gloves
25.6.1 Carbamates
25.6.2 Pyrethroids
25.6.3 Aryloxyalcanoic Acids (Phenoxy Herbicides)
25.6.4 Organochlorines
25.6.5 Organophosphates
25.6.6 Fungicides (Wettable Powders)
25.6.7 Fumigants
25.7 Resistance of Gloves to Penetration of Pesticides
25.7.1 Polyethylene Gloves
25.7.2 Latex/Natural Rubber
25.7.3 PVC
25.7.4 Neoprene
25.7.5 Silver Shield™/Laminate
25.7.6 Nitrile
25.7.7 Additional Considerations
25.8 Pesticide Formulations
25.9 Use of Gloves After Storage, Washing, or Cleansing
References
Chapter 26 Gloves as Protection against Microbial Contamination
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Protection against Microorganisms
26.2.1 Surgery
26.2.2 Patient Care
26.3 Barrier Integrity of Gloves
26.4 Effects of Chemicals Commonly Used in Medical Care
26.5 Selection of Gloves
26.6 Conclusions
References
Section V Special Topics
Chapter 27 Hydro-Alcoholic Gels and Glove Use
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Preventive Measures
27.2.1 Respect for Physical Distance between Individuals
27.2.2 Ventilation
27.2.3 Wearing a Facial Protective Medical Mask
27.2.4 Hydro-Alcoholic Gels for the Protection of the Hands against COVID-19 Infection
27.2.5 Ingredients That Enter in the Composition of Hydro-Alcoholic Gels
27.2.5.1 Ethanol
27.2.5.2 Emollients (Humectants)
27.2.5.3 Viscosity Enhancers
27.2.5.4 Miscellaneous
27.2.6 Skin Lesions of the Hands Related to Hydro-Alcoholic Gels
27.2.6.1 Skin Dryness Linked with the Application of Ethanol
27.2.6.2 Irritant Contact Dermatitis
27.2.6.3 Atopic Subjects
27.2.6.4 For All Patients, Atopic or Not, the Nuisance Is Quite Obvious
27.2.7 Use of Gloves in Occupational Medicine
27.2.8 The Concomitant Use of Hydro-Alcoholic Gels and Gloves against COVID-19
27.2.9 Skin Lesions of the Hands Due to Gloves Used Simultaneously with Hydro-Alcoholic Gels
References
Chapter 28 Clinical Relevance of Masks in the Operating Room
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Materials and Methods
28.2.1 Search Strategy
28.2.2 Eligibility
28.2.3 Data Screening
28.2.4 Data Extraction
28.3 Results
28.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 29 Are Masks Effective as Source Control in Index Influenza Patients? A Review
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Materials and Methods
29.2.1 Search Strategy
29.2.2 Eligibility
29.2.3 Data Screening
29.2.4 Data Extraction
29.3 Results
29.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 30 Extended Use and Disinfection of N95 Respirators and Exam Gloves During a Pandemic
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Extended Use of N95 Respirators
30.3 Supporting Research on N95 Respirators
30.3.1 N95 Methods Implemented in Hospitals
30.3.2 N95 Methods under Investigation
30.3.3 N95 Methods Not Recommended
30.4 Extended Use of Disposable Exam Gloves
30.5 Supporting Research on Exam Gloves
30.5.1 Physical Integrity
30.5.2 Mechanical Integrity
30.6 Additional Issues During the Pandemic
30.7 Conclusions
References
Index