This book highlights the discussions by renown researchers on questions emerged during transition from the relativistic heavy-ion collider (RHIC) to the future electron ion collider (EIC). Over the past two decades, the RHIC has provided a vast amount of data over a wide range of the center of mass energies. What are the scientific priorities, after RHIC is shut down and turned to the future EIC? What should be the future focuses of the high-energy nuclear collisions? What are thermodynamic properties of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at large baryon density? Where is the phase boundary between quark-gluon-plasma and hadronic matter at high baryon density? How does one make connections from thermodynamics learned in high-energy nuclear collisions to astrophysical topics, to name few, the inner structure of compact stars, and perhaps more interestingly, the dynamical processes of the merging of neutron stars? While most particle physicists are interested in Dark Matter, we should focus on the issues of Visible Matter! Multiple heavy-ion accelerator complexes are under construction: NICA at JINR (4 ~ 11 GeV), FAIR at GSI (2 ~ 4.9 GeV SIS100), HIAF at IMP (2 ~ 4 GeV). In addition, the heavy-ion collision has been actively discussed at the J-PARC. The book is a collective work of top researchers from the field where some of the above-mentioned basic questions will be addressed. We believe that answering those questions will certainly advance our understanding of the phase transition in early universe as well as its evolution that leads to today's world of nature.
Author(s): Xiaofeng Luo, Qun Wang, Nu Xu, Pengfei Zhuang
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 293
City: Singapore
Introduction
Contents
List of Contributors
1 QCD Phase Structure at Finite Baryon Density
1.1 Strong Interaction at Finite Temperature and Baryon Density
1.1.1 Path Integral Formulation of QCD Thermodynamics
1.1.2 QCD in the Low- and High-Temperature Limits
1.1.3 Lattice Regularization and Continuum Limit
1.1.4 Functional QCD Method
1.2 Phase Structure of QCD
1.2.1 QCD Phase Structure at Small Baryon Chemical Potential
1.2.2 QCD Phase Structure at Large Baryon Chemical Potential
1.3 QCD Thermodynamics
1.3.1 Equation of State at Finite Density
1.3.2 High-Order Baryon Number Fluctuations at Finite Density
1.4 Hadron Resonance Gas Model
1.4.1 Exact Charge Conservation and Particle Yields
1.4.2 Non-critical Baseline for Net-Charge Fluctuations
1.5 QCD at High Density and Color Superconductivity
1.5.1 NJL Model Analysis of Color Superconductivity
1.5.2 Pion Superfluidity at Large Isospin Density
1.6 Search for the QCD Critical Point in Heavy-Ion Collisions at RHIC
1.6.1 Experimental Results and Discussions
1.6.2 Pileup Corrections
1.7 Summary
References
2 Nuclear Matter Under Extreme External Fields
2.1 Strong Magnetic Field and Vorticity in Heavy-Ion Collision
2.2 Phase Structures Under Extreme Fields
2.3 Theoretical Aspects of Chiral and Spin Effects
2.3.1 Anomalous Chiral Transports
2.3.2 Berry Phase and Chiral Kinetic Theory
2.3.3 Cavariant Quantum Kinetic Theory for Massless Fermions
2.3.4 Covariant Spin Transport Theory for Massive Fermions
2.3.5 Connection Between Spin Kinetic Theory and Spin Hydrodynamics
2.4 Search for Chiral Effects in Heavy-Ion Collisions
2.4.1 CME and Related Phenomena in Heavy-Ion Collisions
2.4.2 Current Status of the Experimental Search
2.4.3 The Isobar Collision Experiment
2.5 Global Polarization Effects in Heavy-Ion Collisions
2.5.1 Local Orbital Angular Momentum in Heavy-Ion Collisions
2.5.2 Spin–Orbit Couplings in Quark–Quark Scatterings
2.5.3 Quantum Kinetic and Hydrodynamical Theory for Spin
2.5.4 Connecting Vorticity to Spin Polarization
2.5.5 Status of Experiments
2.6 Summary
References
3 Dynamical Evolution of Heavy-Ion Collisions
3.1 Initial Condition
3.1.1 Finite Nuclear Thickness
3.1.2 Dynamical Initialization Schemes
3.1.3 The Three-Dimensional Monte Carlo Glauber with Classical String Deceleration Model
3.1.4 Transport-Based Initial Conditions
3.2 Transport and Hydrodynamics
3.2.1 Equation of State in Microscopic Transport Models
3.2.2 Parton–Hadron Interface in AMPT
3.2.3 Relativistic Viscous Hydrodynamics
3.2.4 Hydrodynamics-Transport Interface
3.2.5 QCD Equation of State from Machine Learning
3.3 Fluctuation Dynamics
3.3.1 Fluctuating Hydrodynamics
3.3.2 Fluctuation Dynamics Near the QCD Critical Point
3.3.3 Other Applications
3.3.4 Open Questions and Future Directions
3.4 Experimental Results on Flow
3.4.1 Energy Dependence of Collectivity
3.4.2 Collectivity in High Baryon Density Region
3.4.3 Multi-particle Correlations and Flow Fluctuations
3.5 Summary
References
4 Nuclear Matter at High Density and Equation of State
4.1 Dense Matter and Compact Stars
4.1.1 Nuclear Matter
4.1.2 Astrophysical Constraints and EOS Interpolations
4.1.3 Quark Matter
4.1.4 Summary
4.2 Equation of State at High Baryon Density and Isospin Asymmetry
4.2.1 Stiffness of High-Density Symmetric Nuclear Matter Constrained by Relativistic Heavy-Ion Reactions
4.2.2 Combined Constraints on Symmetry Energy by Laboratory Experiments and Astrophysical Observations
4.2.3 Bayesian Inference of Nuclear EOS Encapsulating a First-Order Hadron-Quark Phase Transition from Properties of Neutron Stars
4.2.4 Summary and Outlook
4.3 nEOS Above Saturation Density: Experimental Efforts
4.3.1 Collision Dynamics at 1 GeV/u
4.3.2 Constraining the Equation of State of Symmetric Nuclear Matter
4.3.3 The Equation of State of Isospin Asymmetric Nuclear Matter
4.4 Cold Matter Studies
4.4.1 Transparency Ratios for Production
4.4.2 Line Shape Measurements for Vector Mesons
4.5 Electromagnetic Radiation
4.5.1 Basic Features of Dilepton Spectroscopy in Heavy-Ion Collisions
4.5.2 Spectral Properties, Conductivity, and Polarization
4.5.3 Excitation Functions
4.6 Strangeness and Heavy-Flavor Production
4.6.1 Strangeness Production at Finite Baryon Density
4.6.2 Heavy-flavor Production at µBsim 0
4.6.3 Heavy-Flavor Production at Finite Baryon Density
4.7 Hyper-nuclei and Exotics Production
4.8 Future Experimental Facilities
4.8.1 NICA Collider Accelerating Complex and MPD Experiment
4.8.2 FAIR Accelerating Complex and CBM/HADES Experiment
4.8.3 J-PARC Accelerator Complex and Heavy-Ion Program (J-PARC-HI)
4.8.4 HIRFL/HIAF Accelerating Complex and CEE Experiment
4.8.5 RAON Accelerating Complex and LAMPS Experiment
References
Appendix Concluding Remark
