Progress in Botany, Volume 83

Contents
Contributors
Curriculum Vitae
Plant Evolution and Systematics 1982-2022: Changing Questions and Methods as Seen by a Participant
1 Introduction: Why I Studied Biology and Ended Up in Systematics
2 Monographs, Floras, and Herbarium-Based Species Discovery: The Years in Washington, Aarhus, and Mainz
3 The Move to Molecular Data: Likelihood, Molecular Clocks, and Biogeography
4 The Discovery of Natural Horizontal Gene Transfer in Seed Plants; Mitochondria, Plastomes, Transposons, and Finally Nuclear ...
5 Functional Morphology, Plant/Animal Interactions, and Discovery of Ant-Cultivated Rubiaceae
6 Bee Phylogeny and Behaviour, and a Botanical Garden as a Terrarium
7 Plant Sexual Systems and Molecular Cytogenetics
8 Phenology and Botanical Gardens as Common Gardens
9 History of Botanical Collecting and New Ways to Achieve Stable Scientific Names
10 Epilogue: The Increasing Role of Collaboration in Systematics and the Changing Position of Systematics Within Biology
References
Plants in Space: Novel Physiological Challenges and Adaptation Mechanisms
1 Plants Are Needed for Space Exploration: Space Plant Biology
2 Gravity Perception, Transduction, and Response
3 Auxin and Meristems: Effects of Microgravity on Meristematic Cells
3.1 Effects of Microgravity on the Cell Cycle
3.2 Effects of Microgravity on Ribosome Biogenesis and the Morphofunctional Organization of the Nucleolus
4 Mechanisms of Adaptation to Spaceflight
4.1 Transcriptomic Changes and Adaptation
4.2 The Role of Light in Promoting Adaptation
5 Future Prospects
References
Terrestrialization: The Conquest of Dry Land by Plants
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Challenges of Life on Dry Land
3 Algal Traits for Fitness on Dry Land
3.1 Molecular-Genetic Bases
3.2 Desiccation Tolerance
3.2.1 Distribution of Desiccation Tolerance Among Green Plants
3.2.2 Desiccation Tolerance Traits in Cyanbobacteria
3.3 Loss of Mobility
3.4 Lignin
4 Conquest of Dry Land by Desiccation-Tolerant Thallophytes
4.1 Aerial Cyanobacteria and Green Algae
4.1.1 Terrestrial Prokaryotic Cyanobacteria
4.1.2 Terrestrial Eukaryotic Algae
4.2 Seaweed Algae in the Intertidal Zone
4.3 Bryophytes and Lichens
4.4 Biological Soil Crusts
5 Conquest of Dry Land by Early Vascular Plants
6 Stationary Life of Plants in Two Contrasting Environments: Pedosphere and Atmosphere
6.1 Two Central Questions
6.2 Pedosphere
6.2.1 Plants and the Evolution of Soil
6.2.2 Mycorrhiza
6.2.3 Autotrophy of Plants for Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur
6.3 Atmosphere
6.3.1 Carbon Dioxide, CO2
6.3.2 Oxygen, O2 and O3
6.3.3 Water Vapor, H2O
7 Directed Evolution from Aquatic to Terrestrial Life: Teleology
8 Conclusion
References
Legacies of Human Land Use Impacts in Central European Forests
1 Introduction
2 Definitions and Methodology
2.1 Definition of Legacies and Considered Time Frames
2.2 Search for References and Their Selection
3 Above- and Below-Ground Legacies of Human Land Uses
3.1 Vascular Plants and Cryptogams
3.2 Animal Species and Animal Communities
3.3 Topographical Features
3.3.1 Celtic Fields
3.3.2 Ridges-and-Furrows
3.3.3 Charcoal Burners
3.4 Soils
3.4.1 Profile Characteristics, Including Organic Layers
3.4.2 pH Value
3.4.3 Mineral Soil C, N and P Content
3.4.4 Mineral Soil Ca, K and Mg Content
3.4.5 Soil Biological Activity and Mycorrhizal Associations
3.4.6 Soil Moisture
3.5 Biomass and Productivity of Forests
4 Synthesis and Further Research
5 Conclusion
Appendix
References
Global Forest Biodiversity: Current State, Trends, and Threats
1 Review Scope
2 Definitions of Forest and Forest-Use Categories
3 Original Forest Extent
4 Recent Forest Area and Deforestation Rates
4.1 Forest Area
4.2 Forest Loss
5 Biodiversity in Forests
6 Primary Forests and Their Biodiversity
7 Extent of Forest Degradation
8 Drivers of Forest Degradation and Deforestation
9 Impact of Forest Degradation on Biodiversity
10 Defaunation
11 Forest Fragmentation
12 Current Trends in Forest Biodiversity and Species Losses
12.1 Tropical and Subtropical Forests
12.2 Temperate and Boreal Forests
12.2.1 Site Comparisons
12.2.2 Biodiversity Trends
13 The Biodiversity of Europe´s Temperate Forests with a Focus on Germany
14 Effects of Recent Climate Change on Forest Biodiversity
14.1 Tropical and Subtropical Forests
14.2 Temperate and Boreal Forests
15 A Global Effort to Protect the Last Primary Forests Is Needed
References
An Overview on Dendrochronology and Quantitative Wood Anatomy Studies of Conifers in Southern Siberia (Russia)
1 Introduction
2 Russian Boreal Forests and Southern Siberia
3 Methods in Dendrochronology and Quantitative Wood Anatomy
3.1 Sample Collection
3.2 Preparation of Thin Sections
3.3 Measurement and Analysis
4 Current State of Dendrochronology and QWA in Southern Siberia
5 Conclusions
References
Holobionts in the Plant Kingdom
1 The Holobiont Phenomenon and Concept
2 Holobionts in the Plant Kingdom
2.1 Cryptogams
2.1.1 Protists: Unicellular Partners in Holobionts
2.1.2 Seaweeds
2.1.3 Zooxanthellae in Invertebrates
2.1.4 Fungi and Algae
2.2 Higher Plants
2.2.1 Different Spheres with Microbiomes
2.2.2 The Phyllosphere
2.2.3 The Caulosphere, Anthosphere and Carposphere
2.2.4 The Rhizosphere
The Root Microbiome
Mycorrhiza
2.2.5 The Endosphere
3 Does Holobiosis Collide with the Concept of Species?
3.1 Holobionts as Units of Evolutionary Selection
3.2 The Species Concept in Relation to Holobionts
3.3 Geosiphon and Lichens: Symbioses, Holobionts, and Species
3.3.1 Geosiphon pyriformis (Kütz.) F. Wettst
3.3.2 Lichens
4 Evolution and the Heredity of Microbiome Genetic Information
5 Large Scale Systems as Holobionts
5.1 Below-Ground and Above-Ground Connections: With Mycorrhiza and Cuscuta from Individual Holobionts to Holobiont-Like-System...
5.2 The Holobiont-Like-System (HLS) Concept
5.3 Plants in the Holobiont-Like-Systems at Higher Scalar Levels
5.3.1 Populations
5.3.2 Ecosystems
5.3.3 Biomes
5.3.4 Biosphere, HLS-Earth or Gaia
5.4 Evolution of HLS
6 Conclusion
References
Evolution of Holobiont-Like Systems: From Individual to Composed Ecological and Global Units
1 Introduction
2 The Essence of Holobionts and Holobiont-Like Systems (HLSs)
2.1 Ecological Settings and Scales of HLSs
2.2 Consistency of HLSs with Criteria of Life
2.3 History of Evolution Theory Towards HLS Evolution
2.4 Units of Darwinian Selection
2.5 HLSs as Units of Selection
3 Mechanisms of HLS Evolution
3.1 Co-evolution and Selection
3.2 Adaptive Cycles
3.3 The EvoDevoEco Concept
3.4 Perpetual Adaptation and Evolutionary Progress of HLSs
4 HLS Evolution at High Ecological Scales
4.1 Evolution and Competition Within and Between HLSs
4.2 Global-Scale HLS Evolution Beyond Resource-Related Competition
5 Conclusions
6 Summary
References
Plant Proteolysis in Development: Insights and Functions
1 Introduction
1.1 The Basics of Limited and Digestive Proteolysis
1.2 Digestive Proteolysis
1.2.1 Autophagy
1.2.2 Proteasome
1.2.3 Ubiquitin-Like Pathways
1.2.4 N-End Rule Pathway
1.3 Limited Proteolysis
1.4 The Interplay Between Proteolytic Pathways: The Case of Autophagy-Limited Proteolysis
2 Proteolysis in Reproductive Development and Embryogenesis
2.1 Reproductive Development
2.2 Embryogenesis
3 Proteolysis in Hormonal Regulation
3.1 Examples of Digestive Proteolysis in Hormonal Regulation
3.1.1 Gibberellins
3.1.2 Jasmonates
3.2 Examples of Limited Proteolysis in Hormonal Regulation
3.2.1 Auxin
3.2.2 Ethylene
3.3 Peptidic Hormone-Like Molecules
4 Proteolysis in Leaf Development and Endoreduplication
5 Proteolysis in Senescence
6 Organellar Proteolysis and Development
6.1 Mitochondria
6.2 Chloroplasts
6.2.1 The CHLORAD Pathway
6.2.2 The Autophagy-Rubisco Degradation Pathway
6.2.3 The SAV Pathway
6.2.4 The CV Pathway
6.2.5 ``N-end rule´´ Pathway in Chloroplasts
6.3 Peroxisomes
6.4 Endoplasmic Reticulum
7 Closing Remarks
References
Experimental Evidence for Fruit Memory and Its Applications to Post-harvest Physiology and Technology: An Overview
1 Introduction
2 Fruit as Living Part of Plants
3 How to Observe Fruit Memory?
3.1 Epigenetic Memory
3.2 Metabolic Changes and Enzymatic Modulation
3.3 Electrical Memory: Memristors
4 Evidence for Possible Fruit Memory
4.1 The Challenge of Finding Studies on Memory in Fruits
4.2 Pre-harvest Treatments Inducing Long-Lasting Responses
4.3 Post-harvest Treatments Inducing Possible Memory-Associated Responses
5 Perspectives: How to Explore Fruit Memory
6 Conclusions
References
Movement of Aquatic Oxygenic Photosynthetic Organisms
1 Background
2 Classification of Aquatic Oxygenic Photosynthetic Organisms in Relation to Vegetative Motility
3 Phytoplankton and Benthic Microalgae
3.1 Density and Sinking of Phytoplankton
3.2 Periodic Vertical Migration of Phytoplankton
3.3 Energetics of Periodic Vertical Migration in Flagellates
3.4 Energetics of Buoyancy and Periodic Vertical Migration in Cyanobacteria
3.5 The Swimming Cyanobacterium
3.6 Regulation of Sinking Rate of Planktonic Diatoms in Relation to Virus Infection
3.7 Energetics of Intermittent Sinking in Planktonic Diatoms
3.8 Energetics of Buoyancy and Periodic Vertical Migration of Marine Planktonic Diatoms
3.9 Periodic Vertical Migration of Benthic Cyanobacteria and Microalgae
3.10 Energetics of Periodic Vertical Migration by Benthic Cyanobacteria and Microalgae
4 Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in the Absence of Flagella
4.1 Ancestral Sexual Reproduction in Eukaryotes
4.2 Spores of Multicellular Red Algae
4.3 Zygnematophyceae
4.4 Pennate Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae Sensu Stricto)
5 Vegetative Reproduction and Dispersal of Aquatic Macrophytes
6 Elongate Male Gametes and Pollen Grains in Aquatic Macrophytes
6.1 Rhodophyta
6.2 Seagrasses
7 Conclusions
Appendix. Flagella: What they Are and Where They Occur Among Photosynthetic Organisms
Definition of Flagella
Centrioles/Basal Bodies Are Ancestral
Flagellar and Cytoplasmic Dynein Phylogeny
Fungi: Only Photosynthetic as Lichen Symbioses
Number of Species With and Without Flagella in the Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, and Algal Streptophyta
Chlorophyta
Palmophyllophyceae, Prasinophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, and Ulvophyceae
Euglenophyta (Euglenozoa)
Chlorarachniophyceae (Cercozoa/Rhizaria)
Alveolata
Dinophyta
Chromerida
Ochrophyta
Bacillariophyceae (as Bacillariophyta in Guiry and Guiry 2021)
Bolidophyceae
Chrysomerophyceae
Chrysophyceae
Dictyochophyceae
Eustigmatophyceae
Pelagophyceae
Phaeophyceae
Phaeothamniophyceae
Pinguiophyceae
Raphidophyceae
Schizocladiophyceae
Synchromophyceae
Synurophyceae
Tribophyceae (Xanthophyceae)
Haptophyta
Cryptophyta
References
An Overview of Water and Nutrient Uptake by Epiphytic Bromeliads: New Insights into the Absorptive Capability of Leaf Trichome...
1 Introduction
2 Leaf Absorbing Trichomes (LATs): General Morphology and Anatomy
2.1 Nutrient Uptake
2.2 Water Uptake
3 The Absorptive Capability of Epiphytic Tank-Forming Bromeliad Roots
4 Conclusion
References
Phi Thickenings: Their History, Current Status and Role(s) in Mechanically Strengthening the Plant Root
1 Introduction and a History of Phi Thickenings
1.1 Van Tieghem and His Discovery of Phi Thickenings
1.2 Nicolai and the Discovery of Phi Thickenings
1.3 The Origin of the Name ``Phi Thickenings´´
1.4 The Late Nineteenth Century: A Golden Age for Phi Thickening Discovery
1.5 The Scope of This Review
1.6 Suggested Roles for Phi Thickenings
2 Four Experimental Systems for Testing Phi Thickening Functions
2.1 Roots from Geranium and Pelargonium
2.2 Roots of Epiphytic Orchids
2.3 Brassica Roots
2.4 Reticulate Networks in Roots of the Brassicaceae
3 Phi Thickening Induction in Roots
3.1 Water Stress
3.2 Flooding
3.3 Biotic Stresses
3.4 Heavy Metals
3.5 Hormones
3.6 Mechanical Stimulation
4 Biotic Interactions and Phi Thickenings
5 Phi Thickenings: Mechanical Strengthening of the Plant Root
5.1 Historical Concepts
5.2 New Concepts
5.3 Phi Thickenings as a Mechanical Reinforcement in Plant Roots
5.4 Conclusions
6 Phi Thickenings as an Apoplastic Barrier
6.1 The Casparian Strip and the Endodermis
6.2 Why Phi Thickenings Are Dissimilar to the Casparian Strip
6.3 An Evolutionary Perspective on Phi Thickenings
6.4 The Specific Case of Brassicaceae Growing in Extreme Conditions
6.5 Conclusions
7 Future Directions
References