Progress in Botany 72

Editorial......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Part I Review......Page 13
Sixty Years Research with Characean Cells: Fascinating Material for Plant Cell Biology......Page 17
1 Biology as the Major......Page 19
2 Transcellular Osmosis and Polar Water Permeability......Page 20
2.2 Water Channel......Page 22
3.1 Development of Vacuolar Perfusion Method......Page 23
3.2 Osmoregulation of Cells Having Artificial Cell Sap......Page 24
4 Artificial Control of the Cytoplasmic Composition: Tonoplast-Free Cell......Page 25
5.2 Ca2+ Signal as a Second Messenger in the Hypotonic Turgor Regulation......Page 26
6 Mechanosensing in Fresh-Water Characean Cells......Page 27
7 Salt Tolerance and Ca2+......Page 28
8.1 Motive Force Measurement......Page 29
8.3 Ca2+ as a Key Factor in E-C coupling......Page 31
8.4 Nature of the Ca2+ Inhibition of Cytoplasmic Streaming......Page 32
8.5 Cell Models as Tools to Study the Structural and Molecular Basis of Cytoplasmic Streaming in Characean Cells......Page 34
9.1 Light-Induced Potential Change......Page 35
9.2 Direct Demonstration of the Electrogenic H+-Pump (H+-ATPase)......Page 36
10.2 Demonstration of the Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Channel in the Plasma Membrane of Nitellopsis......Page 37
10.3 Possible Involvement of Protein Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation in Regulation of Ca2+ Channel Activity......Page 38
12 Intercellular Transport of Ions and Photoassimilates......Page 39
References......Page 40
Part II Genetics......Page 47
Root Apical Meristem Pattern: Hormone Circuitry and Transcriptional Networks......Page 49
2 An Overview of RAM Organization in Plants......Page 50
3 Environmental Cues and RAM Patterning......Page 53
4.1 Morphogenetic Establishment of the RAM During Embryogenesis......Page 55
4.2 RAM Pattern......Page 56
4.3 Positional Signaling and Genetic Network Operating in Root Patterning......Page 57
4.3.1 RAM Establishment......Page 59
4.3.2 RAM Maintenance......Page 63
5.1 Auxin/Cytokinin Interplay......Page 67
5.2 Ethylene, Gibberellin, Abscisic Acid, and Brassinosteroids......Page 70
6 Stem-Cell State and Chromatin Remodelers......Page 72
7 Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 74
References......Page 75
Evolution, Physiology and Phytochemistry of the Psychotoxic Arable Mimic Weed Darnel (Lolium temulentum L.)......Page 85
2.1 The L. temulentum Genome......Page 86
2.2 Molecular Systematics of Lolium......Page 88
2.3 Selection of Domestication Traits in L. temulentum......Page 89
2.5 Other Lolium spp. Following a Similar Evolutionary Pathway......Page 91
3.1 A Model for the Study of Photoperiodic Control of Flowering......Page 93
3.2 Leaf Development and Senescence in L. temulentum......Page 95
3.3 Carbohydrate Metabolism and Carbon Partitioning......Page 97
3.4 L. temulentum and Abiotic Stress......Page 100
4.1 Symptoms of Darnel Poisoning......Page 103
4.2 Fungal Endophytes and the Chemistry of Lolium Toxins......Page 104
4.3 Darnel and Ergot......Page 105
4.4 Other Possible Sources of Toxicity in L. temulentum......Page 106
5 L. temulentum in History and Literature......Page 107
References......Page 109
``Omics´´ Technologies and Their Input for the Comprehension of Metabolic Systems Particularly Pertaining to Yeast O......Page 117
2 ``Omics´´ Technologies......Page 118
2.1 Genomics......Page 119
2.2 Functional Genomics......Page 120
2.2.1 Transcriptomics......Page 121
2.2.2 Proteomics......Page 125
2.2.3 Metabolomics......Page 127
2.3 Phenomics......Page 128
References......Page 129
Part III Physiology......Page 135
Rhizosphere Signals for Plant-Microbe Interactions: Implications for Field-Grown Plants......Page 137
1 Introduction......Page 138
2.1.1 Plant Signals in the Root Nodule Symbiosis......Page 139
2.1.2 Plant Signals in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis......Page 144
2.2.1 Nod Factors......Page 145
2.2.2 The Enigmatic ``Myc´´ Factor......Page 147
2.2.3 Quorum Sensing Signals: Implications for Plants......Page 148
2.3 Plant Interference with Rhizosphere Signals......Page 151
2.4 Bacterial Interference with Rhizosphere Signals......Page 152
2.5 Adaptation of Signals for Multiple Purposes and Cross-Signaling......Page 153
3 Signaling in Field Rhizospheres......Page 155
3.1 Time, Distances, and Diffusivities Determine Chance of Signal Exchange......Page 156
3.2 Surfaces and Epitopes for Signal Binding Are Constantly Changing......Page 159
3.3 How Do Root Cells Perceive and Respond to the Rhizosphere Microorganism Community?......Page 161
4 Future Approaches......Page 162
References......Page 163
Impacts of Elevated CO2 on the Growth and Physiology of Plants with Crassulacean Acid Metabolism......Page 175
2 Rising [CO2] and Photosynthesis......Page 176
3 Photosynthesis in CAM Plants Under Elevated [CO2]......Page 178
4 Water Use Efficiency of CAM Plants Under Elevated [CO2]......Page 179
5.1 Organic Acids......Page 180
5.2 Storage Carbohydrates......Page 181
5.3 Carbohydrate Partitioning......Page 182
6 Morphology and Anatomy of CAM Plants Under Elevated [CO2]......Page 185
7 Growth and Biomass Enhancement of CAM Plants Under Elevated [CO2]......Page 186
8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 187
References......Page 188
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Analysis of Enzyme Products......Page 195
1 Introduction......Page 196
2 Polyketide Synthase Products......Page 197
3 Oxygenase Products......Page 200
4 Methyltransferase Products......Page 206
5 Glycosyltransferase Products......Page 208
6 Acyltransferase Products......Page 211
7 Terpene Synthase Products......Page 214
8 Conclusions......Page 216
References......Page 217
Part IV Systematics......Page 219
Phylogeny of Cyanobacteria: An Overview......Page 221
1 Introduction......Page 222
2 Molecular Studies: Problems and Limitations......Page 224
3 Genomic Projects......Page 226
4.1 Gloeobacter and the Origin of Cyanobacteria......Page 227
4.3 Basal Clades......Page 228
4.4 Chroococcidiopsis and the Pleurocapsales......Page 229
5 Conclusions......Page 230
References......Page 231
Part V Ecology......Page 237
Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Trees: Tools to Study Assimilate Transport and Partitioning and to Assess Physiological Response......Page 239
1 Introduction......Page 240
2 Assimilate Fluxes Within Trees and Transfer of Carbon to the Soil: Short-Term Dynamics......Page 241
2.1 Tracer Experiments......Page 242
2.2 Natural Abundance Techniques......Page 244
3 Postphotosynthetic Isotope Fractionation......Page 248
4 Isotope Archives......Page 252
References......Page 255
Appropriate Use of Genetic Manipulation for the Development of Restoration Plant Materials......Page 261
1 Use of Natural and Genetically Manipulated Plant Materials......Page 262
2 Development of Genetically Manipulated Plant Materials......Page 264
3.1 Objection: Manipulated Plant Materials Are Not Genetically Appropriate......Page 266
3.2 Objection: Nonlocal Material May Result in Outbreeding Depression Upon Hybridization with Remnant Indigenous Material......Page 267
3.4 Objection: Manipulated Plant Materials Are Too Well Adapted......Page 269
3.5 Objection: Manipulated Plant Materials Are Poorly Adapted......Page 270
3.6 Objection: Manipulated Plant Materials Developed via Hybridization Have Too Much Genetic Variation......Page 272
3.7 Objection: Cultivars Have Inadequate Levels of Genetic Variation......Page 273
References......Page 274
Photosynthesis and Stomatal Behaviour......Page 277
1 Introduction......Page 278
1.1 Stomatal Function, Plant Productivity and Water Use Efficiency......Page 279
2.1 Stomatal Responses to CO2 Concentration......Page 281
2.2 Stomatal Responses to Light......Page 283
2.3 Temperature Response of Stomata......Page 284
2.4 Stomatal Responses Under Fluctuating Environmental Conditions......Page 285
3.1 Photosynthetic Pathways and Stomatal Function......Page 288
3.2.1 Evidence for and Against a Mesophyll Driven Signal......Page 291
3.3 Involvement of Guard Cell Photosynthesis in Stomatal Responses......Page 293
3.4 Sucrose as Signal Between Photosynthesis and Stomatal Behaviour......Page 294
3.5 ROS Signalling in Stomata and Relationship with Photosynthesis......Page 295
3.6 Role for Respiration......Page 296
4.1 The Genetic Pathway of Stomatal Development......Page 297
4.2 Interaction Between Stomatal Development Genes and Environmental Signals......Page 298
4.3 Systemic Signals and Control of Stomatal Density in Response to the Environment......Page 299
4.4 Hydraulic Conductance Correlates with Stomatal Behaviour......Page 300
5 Stomatal Manipulation to Improve Water Use Efficiency......Page 301
6 Scaling-Up: From Leaf to Canopy......Page 303
References......Page 305
Impacts of Ultraviolet Radiation on Interactions Between Plants and Herbivorous Insects: A Chemo-Ecological Perspective......Page 317
1 Introduction......Page 318
2.1 UV-B Stress Responses of Plants......Page 319
2.2 Photomorphogenic Plant Responses to UV......Page 320
3.1 Supplemental UV......Page 321
3.2 Selective UV Exclusion......Page 322
4.1 Epicuticular Waxes......Page 323
4.2 Phytohormones......Page 325
4.4 Phenolic Compounds......Page 327
4.4.2 Flavonoids......Page 328
4.4.3 Tannins......Page 337
4.4.5 Furanocoumarins......Page 338
4.5 Alkaloids......Page 339
4.5.1 Glucosinolates......Page 340
4.5.2 Camalexin......Page 341
4.6 Terpenoids......Page 342
4.6.1 Iridoid Glycosides......Page 343
4.6.2 Volatile Organic Compounds......Page 344
5 Direct Effects of UV on Herbivores and Their Natural Enemies......Page 345
6 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 346
References......Page 349
Space as a Resource......Page 361
1.1 ``Empty´´ Space......Page 362
1.3 Space and Resource......Page 363
Cost-Benefit Relations......Page 364
Cost-Efficient Strategies in Competition for Space: Epiphytes, Lianas, and Stranglers......Page 366
2.1.2 Dynamic Situation: The Dimension of Time......Page 368
2.2 Belowground Competition for Water and Nutrients......Page 369
3.1 Importance of Facilitation Relative to Competition......Page 371
3.2.2 Vegetation Islands......Page 372
3.3 Applied Facilitation: Exotic Forest Plantations and Regeneration of Native Vegetation......Page 373
4 Synthesis......Page 375
References......Page 377
Photorespiration in Phase III of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: Evolutionary and Ecophysiological Implications......Page 383
1 Introduction: Conserved Early Properties of Ribulose-Bis-Phosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase and the Evolution of Photorespiratio......Page 384
2 Evolution of RubisCO Specificity and Carbon Concentrating Mechanisms......Page 385
3 Oxidative Stress, Antioxidative Reactions, and Photorespiration in CAM Plants......Page 386
4 O2 Concentrating and Photorespiration in Phase III of CAM......Page 387
5.1 Calculation of the Relevant Concentrations of CO2 and O2 in Aqueous Solution......Page 388
5.2 Assessment of $$ {{{{\bi v^{{{\bf{O}}_{_ {\bf 2}}}}}}} \left/ {{{\bi v^{{\bf{C}}{{\bf{O}}_{_{\bf 2}}}}}}} \right.} $$ Usi......Page 390
5.3 Assessment of $$ {\bi v}^{{{\bf{O_2}}}}/{\bi v}^{{\bf{C}}{{\bf{O_2}}} $$ Using Michaelis-Menten Formalism with Kinetics of......Page 392
7 Evaluation of Assumptions......Page 393
8 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 394
References......Page 395
Index......Page 397