Programming C# 10: Build Cloud, Web, and Desktop Applications

Preface
Who This Book Is For
Conventions Used in This Book
Using Code Examples
O’Reilly Online Learning
How to Contact Us
Acknowledgments
1. Introducing C#
Why C#?
Managed Code and the CLR
C# Prefers Generality to Specialization
C# Standards and Implementations
Many .NETs
Release Cycles and Long Term Support
Target Multiple .NET Versions with .NET Standard
Visual Studio, Visual Studio Code, and JetBrains Rider
Anatomy of a Simple Program
Writing a Unit Test
Namespaces
Nested namespaces
Classes
Unit Tests
Summary
2. Basic Coding in C#
Local Variables
Scope
Variable Name Ambiguity
Local Variable Instances
Statements and Expressions
Statements
Expressions
Comments and Whitespace
Preprocessing Directives
Compilation Symbols
#error and #warning
#line
#pragma
#nullable
#region and #endregion
Fundamental Data Types
Numeric Types
Numeric conversions
Checked contexts
BigInteger
Booleans
Strings and Characters
Immutability of strings
String manipulation methods
Formatting data in strings
Verbatim string literals
Tuples
Tuple deconstruction
Dynamic
Object
Operators
Flow Control
Boolean Decisions with if Statements
Multiple Choice with switch Statements
Loops: while and do
C-Style for Loops
Collection Iteration with foreach Loops
Patterns
Combining and Negating Patterns
Relational Patterns
Getting More Specific with when
Patterns in Expressions
Summary
3. Types
Classes
Static Members
Static Classes
Records
References and Nulls
Banishing Null with Non-Nullable References
Structs
When to Write a Value Type
Guaranteeing Immutability
Record Structs
Class, Structs, Records, or Tuples?
Members
Accessibility
Fields
Constructors
Default constructors and zero-argument constructors
Chaining constructors
Static constructors
Deconstructors
Methods
Passing arguments by reference
Reference variables and return values
Optional arguments
Overloading
Variable argument count with the params keyword
Local functions
Expression-bodied methods
Extension methods
Properties
Properties and mutable value types
Indexers
Initializer syntax
Operators
Events
Nested Types
Interfaces
Default Interface Implementation
Enums
Other Types
Anonymous Types
Partial Types and Methods
Summary
4. Generics
Generic Types
Constraints
Type Constraints
Reference Type Constraints
Value Type Constraints
Value Types All the Way Down with Unmanaged Constraints
Not Null Constraints
Other Special Type Constraints
Multiple Constraints
Zero-Like Values
Generic Methods
Type Inference
Generics and Tuples
Inside Generics
Summary
5. Collections
Arrays
Array Initialization
Searching and Sorting
Multidimensional Arrays
Jagged arrays
Rectangular arrays
Copying and Resizing
List
List and Sequence Interfaces
Implementing Lists and Sequences
Implementing IEnumerable with Iterators
Collection
ReadOnlyCollection
Addressing Elements with Index and Range Syntax
System.Index
System.Range
Supporting Index and Range in Your Own Types
Dictionaries
Sorted Dictionaries
Sets
Queues and Stacks
Linked Lists
Concurrent Collections
Immutable Collections
Summary
6. Inheritance
Inheritance and Conversions
Interface Inheritance
Generics
Covariance and Contravariance
System.Object
The Ubiquitous Methods of System.Object
Accessibility and Inheritance
Virtual Methods
Abstract Methods
Inheritance and Library Versioning
Sealed Methods and Classes
Accessing Base Members
Inheritance and Construction
Record Types
Records, Inheritance, and the with Keyword
Special Base Types
Summary
7. Object Lifetime
Garbage Collection
Determining Reachability
Accidentally Defeating the Garbage Collector
Weak References
Reclaiming Memory
Garbage Collector Modes
Temporarily Suspending Garbage Collections
Accidentally Defeating Compaction
Forcing Garbage Collections
Destructors and Finalization
IDisposable
Optional Disposal
Boxing
Boxing Nullable
Summary
8. Exceptions
Exception Sources
Exceptions from APIs
Failures Detected by the Runtime
Handling Exceptions
Exception Objects
Multiple catch Blocks
Exception Filters
Nested try Blocks
finally Blocks
Throwing Exceptions
Rethrowing Exceptions
Failing Fast
Exception Types
Custom Exceptions
Unhandled Exceptions
Summary
9. Delegates, Lambdas, and Events
Delegate Types
Creating a Delegate
Multicast Delegates
Invoking a Delegate
Common Delegate Types
Type Compatibility
Behind the Syntax
Anonymous Functions
Captured Variables
Lambdas and Expression Trees
Events
Standard Event Delegate Pattern
Custom Add and Remove Methods
Events and the Garbage Collector
Events Versus Delegates
Delegates Versus Interfaces
Summary
10. LINQ
Query Expressions
How Query Expressions Expand
Supporting Query Expressions
Deferred Evaluation
LINQ, Generics, and IQueryable
Standard LINQ Operators
Filtering
Select
Data shaping and anonymous types
Projection and mapping
SelectMany
Chunking
Ordering
Containment Tests
Specific Items and Subranges
Aggregation
Set Operations
Whole-Sequence, Order-Preserving Operations
Grouping
Joins
Conversion
Sequence Generation
Other LINQ Implementations
Entity Framework Core
Parallel LINQ (PLINQ)
LINQ to XML
IAsyncEnumerable
Reactive Extensions
Summary
11. Reactive Extensions
Fundamental Interfaces
IObserver
IObservable
Implementing cold sources
Implementing hot sources
Publishing and Subscribing with Delegates
Creating an Observable Source with Delegates
Subscribing to an Observable Source with Delegates
Sequence Builders
Empty
Never
Return
Throw
Range
Repeat
Generate
LINQ Queries
Grouping Operators
Join Operators
SelectMany Operator
Aggregation and Other Single-Value Operators
Concat Operator
Rx Query Operators
Merge
Windowing Operators
Demarcating windows with observables
The Scan Operator
The Amb Operator
DistinctUntilChanged
Schedulers
Specifying Schedulers
ObserveOn
SubscribeOn
Passing schedulers explicitly
Built-in Schedulers
Subjects
Subject
BehaviorSubject
ReplaySubject
AsyncSubject
Adaptation
IEnumerable and IAsyncEnumerable
.NET Events
Asynchronous APIs
Timed Operations
Interval
Timer
Timestamp
TimeInterval
Throttle
Sample
Timeout
Windowing Operators
Delay
DelaySubscription
Reaqtor—Rx as a Service
Summary
12. Assemblies
Anatomy of an Assembly
.NET Metadata
Resources
Multifile Assemblies
Other PE Features
Win32-style resources
Console versus GUI
Type Identity
Loading Assemblies
Assembly Resolution
Explicit Loading
Isolation and Plug-ins with AssemblyLoadContext
Assembly Names
Strong Names
Version
Version Numbers and Assembly Loading
Culture
Protection
Target Frameworks and .NET Standard
Summary
13. Reflection
Reflection Types
Assembly
Module
MemberInfo
Type and TypeInfo
Generic types
MethodBase, ConstructorInfo, and MethodInfo
ParameterInfo
FieldInfo
PropertyInfo
EventInfo
Reflection Contexts
Summary
14. Attributes
Applying Attributes
Attribute Targets
Compiler-Handled Attributes
Names and versions
Description and related resources
Caller information attributes
CLR-Handled Attributes
InternalsVisibleToAttribute
JIT compilation
STAThread and MTAThread
Interop
Defining and Consuming Attributes
Attribute Types
Retrieving Attributes
Metadata-Only Load
Summary
15. Files and Streams
The Stream Class
Position and Seeking
Flushing
Copying
Length
Disposal
Asynchronous Operation
Concrete Stream Types
One Type, Many Behaviors
Random Access and Scatter/Gather I/O Without Stream
Text-Oriented Types
TextReader and TextWriter
Concrete Reader and Writer Types
StreamReader and StreamWriter
StringReader and StringWriter
Encoding
Code page encodings
Using encodings directly
Files and Directories
FileStream Class
File Class
Directory Class
Path Class
FileInfo, DirectoryInfo, and FileSystemInfo
Known Folders
Serialization
BinaryReader, BinaryWriter, and BinaryPrimitives
CLR Serialization
JSON
JsonSerializer
JSON DOM
Summary
16. Multithreading
Threads
Threads, Variables, and Shared State
Thread-Local Storage
The Thread Class
The Thread Pool
Launching thread pool work with Task
Thread creation heuristics
Thread Affinity and SynchronizationContext
ExecutionContext
Synchronization
Monitors and the lock Keyword
How the lock keyword expands
Waiting and notification
Timeouts
SpinLock
Reader/Writer Locks
Event Objects
Barrier
CountdownEvent
Semaphores
Mutex
Interlocked
Lazy Initialization
Lazy
LazyInitializer
Other Class Library Concurrency Support
Tasks
The Task and Task Classes
ValueTask and ValueTask
Task creation options
Task status
Retrieving the result
Continuations
Schedulers
Error Handling
Custom Threadless Tasks
Parent/Child Relationships
Composite Tasks
Other Asynchronous Patterns
Cancellation
Parallelism
The Parallel Class
Parallel LINQ
TPL Dataflow
Summary
17. Asynchronous Language Features
Asynchronous Keywords: async and await
Execution and Synchronization Contexts
Multiple Operations and Loops
Consuming and producing asynchronous sequences
Asynchronous disposal
Returning a Task
Applying async to Nested Methods
The await Pattern
Error Handling
Validating Arguments
Singular and Multiple Exceptions
Concurrent Operations and Missed Exceptions
Summary
18. Memory Efficiency
(Don’t) Copy That
Representing Sequential Elements with Span
Utility Methods
Stack Only
Representing Sequential Elements with Memory
ReadOnlySequence
Processing Data Streams with Pipelines
Processing JSON in ASP.NET Core
Summary
Index