Fully revised and updated, Processing Contaminants in Edible Oils, 2nd edition, presents the latest research on monochloropropanediol (MCPD) and glycidyl esters in edible oils. These potentially harmful contaminants are formed during the industrial processing of food oils during deodorization. A number of advancements in understanding these have been made since the publication of the first edition. These important changes, which impact industrial mitigation, analytical methods, toxicology and regulation, are highlighted for up-to-date reference.
The mechanisms of formation for MCPD and glycidyl ester contaminants, as well as research identifying possible precursor molecules are reviewed, as are strategies which have been used successfully to decrease the concentrations of these contaminants. From the removal of precursor molecules before processing, modifications of deodorization protocol, to approaches for the removal of these contaminants after the completion of processing, methods of mitigating and eliminating contaminants are presented.
Author(s): Shaun Macmahon, Jessica K. Beekman
Edition: 2
Publisher: Academic Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 280
City: London
Front Cover
PROCESSING CONTAMINANTS IN EDIBLE OILS
PROCESSING CONTAMINANTS IN EDIBLE OILS
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
1 - Introduction
Formation
Mitigation
Analysis
Toxicology
Regulations
References
2 - Formation mechanisms
Introduction
MCPD esters
Precursors
Formation pathways
Glycidyl esters
Precursors
Formation pathways
Conclusions and perspectives
References
3 - Mitigation of MCPD and glycidyl esters in edible oils
Introduction
Influence of precursors on ester formation
Chloride
Acylglycerols
Mitigation in field
Mitigation of the raw material
Crude oil extraction
Oil washing
Mitigation in refining
Degumming
Neutralization
Bleaching
Deodorization
Temperature and time regime
Dual deodorization
Short-path distillation
Steam stripping deodorization of DAG oils
Additives
Removal from fully refined oils (post-refining)
Recommendations
References
4 - Indirect detection techniques
Introduction
Main steps in the analysis of 2- and 3-MCPD esters
Cleavage of the MCPD esters
Neutralization and salting out
Derivatization and GC–MS analysis
Main approaches toward the analysis of glycidyl esters
Elimination of glycidyl esters by acid treatment
Conversion of glycidol to 3-MCPD after alkaline transesterification
Conversion of glycidol to 3-MBPD after alkaline or enzymatic ester cleavage
Conversion of glycidyl esters to 3-MBPD esters prior to acid transesterification
Officially adopted methods
Unilever method
SGS method
DGF method C-VI 18 (10)
BLC method
JOCS method 2.4.14–2016
Method comparison
Studies comparing indirect methods
Studies comparing indirect with direct methods
Official collaborative studies and proficiency tests
Method automation
Analysis of oil-based foodstuffs
Challenges in foodstuff analysis
Development of method for oil-based foodstuffs
AOCS collaborative study
Conclusions
References
5 - Direct analytical detection methods for the food-borne toxicants glycidyl esters
Introduction
Direct methods
Kao corporation
Nestlé
Granvogl and Schieberle
Archer Daniels Midland
Health Canada
US Food and Drug Administration
Steenbergen et al.
References
6 - Direct detection techniques for MCPD esters
Background
Direct methods
Archer Daniels Midland Company
Proctor & Gamble
Nestlé
The Institute of Chemical Technology
Fuji Oil Co
Fuji Oil Co./Osaka University
Kao Corporation
Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau
US Food and Drug Administration
Conclusion
References
7 - Methods to detect MCPD and glycidyl esters in complex food matrices
Background
Discussion
JRC method
U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method
Nestlé method
SGS method
Survey results in infant formulas
Survey results in foods
Conclusions
References
8 - Toxicological properties of glycidyl esters
Introduction
Biological properties of glycidyl esters
ADME and biokinetics studies
Formation of adducts and genotoxicity
Carcinogeniciy
Biological properties of free glycidol
ADME and biokinetics studies
Formation of adducts and genotoxicity
Carcinogenicity
Short-term toxicity and special studies
Conclusions
References
9 - Toxicological properties of MCPD fatty acid esters
Introduction
Toxicology of 3-MCPD
Toxicokinetics and metabolism of 3-MCPD
Toxicity of 3-MCPD in animal studies
Toxic effects in short-term studies
Toxic effects in long-term studies
Genotoxicity data
Toxicological evaluation
Hazard potential of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters
Toxicokinetics and metabolism of 3-MCPD esters
Toxicity studies on 3-MCPD esters
In vitro data
Acute toxicity
Sub-chronic toxicity
Data on toxicity mechanisms
Toxicology of 2-MCPD esters
Risk characterization
Conclusions
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
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