Process Safety Calculations

Front-Matter_2021_Process-Safety-Calculations
Front Matter
Copyright_2021_Process-Safety-Calculations
Copyright
Author-Biography_2021_Process-Safety-Calculations
Author Biography
Preface-to-the-Second-Edition_2021_Process-Safety-Calculations
Preface to the Second Edition
Chapter-1---Chemistry-of-Process-Safety_2021_Process-Safety-Calculations
Chemistry of Process Safety
Stoichiometry and Mass Balances
Mass Balances
Chemical Reactions
Jet Flows From Pressurised Systems
Flash Flow
Absorption and Adsorption
States of Substances in Process Safety
Gases and Vapours
Liquids
Dusts
Hybrid Mixtures
Explosive Mists
Supercritical Fluids
Mass and Concentration Units in Process Safety
Partial Volumes (Gas Phase)
Mass Fraction (Gas and Liquid Phase)
Mass-to-Volume Concentration (Gas and Liquid Phase)
Parts per Million (Gas and Liquid Phase)
Parts per Million (Gas Phase)
Molar Concentration (Aqueous Solutions)
Concentration Units Conversion Summary
Solutions and Chemical Equilibrium
Gaseous Solutions
Kinetics and Equilibrium in Gas Reactive Mixtures
Liquid Solutions
Liquid-liquid solutions
Vapour-liquid equilibrium in liquid solutions
Azeotropic Mixtures
Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in Liquid Solutions
Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in Acid Gas Removal (AGR) Units
Equilibria in Aqueous Solution
Hydrogen Sulphide
Sulphuric and Sulphurous Acid
Carbon Dioxide
Ammonia
Chlorine
Hydrolysis
Absorption and Adsorption
Absorption With Chemical Reaction
Stripping
Adsorption
Applications
Kinetics and Equilibrium of Sulphur Oxides
Properties of Hydrogen Sulphide
Properties of Ammonia
Properties of Sulphur Dioxide
Properties of Sulphur Trioxide
Properties of Carbon Monoxide
Properties of Carbon Dioxide
Properties of Chlorine
Properties of Benzene
Chapter-2---Thermodynamics-and-Thermochemistry-of-_2021_Process-Safety-Calcu
Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry of Process Safety
Ideal Gases
Standard and Normal Conditions
Real Gases
Virial Equation of State
Corresponding States
State Equations
Polytropic Transformations
State Functions
Internal Energy
Enthalpy
Entropy
Thermodynamic Properties
Specific Heats
Vapour Pressure
Latent Heat of Vaporisation
Sound Speed of Liquids and Gases
Heat Transfer Mechanisms
Thermal Conduction
Thermal Convection
Empirical correlations for natural thermal convective flow
Natural convection for vertical and inclined plates
Natural convection for horizontal plates
Natural convection for long horizontal cylinders
Natural convection for spheres in fluids
Empirical correlations for forced thermal convective flow
Turbulent flow in pipes
Cylinders in cross flow
Flow around spheres
Thermal Radiation
Emissivities of solid surfaces
View factors
Infinitely long parallel cylinders
Infinitely long parallel cylinders of the same diameter
Perpendicular surfaces with a common edge
Linear and circular surfaces
Coaxial parallel disks
Parallel rectangles
Perpendicular rectangles with a common edge
Thermal radiation and emissivities of gases
Water vapour
Carbon dioxide
Applications
Isothermal Processes
Free expansion
Isochoric Processes
Isobaric Processes
Adiabatic Processes
Thermodynamics of LNG
Definition of LNG
Physical-chemical data of LNG
Thermodynamics of Pressurised Liquids
Thermodynamics of LPG
Thermodynamics of Carbon Dioxide
Thermodynamics of Ammonia
Thermodynamics of Chlorine
Chapter-3---Reaction-Engineering-of-Process-Sa_2021_Process-Safety-Calculati
Reaction Engineering of Process Safety
Background
Reactive Hazards
Homogeneous Reactions
Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen Sulphide
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Heterogeneous Reactions
Solid-Catalysed Reactions
Noncatalytic Gas-Solid Reactions
Reactor Schemes
CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor)
BATCH-DSTR (Discontinuous Stirred Tank Reactor)
PFR (Plug Flow Reactor)
Combustion Reactions
Definitions
Combustion of Hydrocarbons
Lower flammability limit
Upper flammability limit
Limits of flammability in pure oxygen
Quenching distance
Combustion of Nitrogenated Compounds
Combustion of Sulphur Compounds
Combustion of Chlorinated Compounds
Combustion With Halogens Like Oxidant
Reaction of Combustion With Oxides of Nitrogen
Combustion of Phosphorated Compounds
Reaction Heat
Combustion Heat
Heat of Solution
Heat of Neutralisation
Endothermic Processes
Pyrophoricity
Pyrophoric Substances
Pyrophoricity Scenarios
Reactivity of Remarkable Substances
Ammonium Nitrate
Chlorates
Organic Peroxides and Hydrogen Peroxide
Self-Heating
Semenov Model
Frank-Kamenetskii Model
Thomas Model
Choice of a Model
Water and Spray Curtains
Chapter-4---Fluid-Dynamics-of-Process-Safety_2021_Process-Safety-Calculation
Fluid Dynamics of Process Safety
Equations of Conservation
Equation of Mass Conservation
Equation of Conservation of Momentum
Equations of Conservation of Energy
Joule-Thomson Expansion in Process Safety
Turbulent and Laminar Flows
Laminar-Turbulent Transition
Liquid Elasticity (Bulk Modulus)
Bulk Modulus and Sound Velocity
Fluid Hammer (Surge)
Water Hammer in Pipelines
Theory of Jets
Definitions
Jet
Turbulent gas jet
Transitional gas jet
Laminar gas jet
Choked and Unchoked Jet
Isothermal Turbulent (Choked) Gas Steady Jet
Choked Jet
Outlet plane
Shock plane
Unsteady Gas Jet
Transient Release of Turbulent Jets
Effect of Wind on Turbulent Jet
Non-Isothermal Jets
Unchoked (Subsonic) Flow
Equivalent gases
Light gases
Heavy gases
Turbulent to Laminar Jet Comparison
Buoyancy
Flashing Liquids
Jet Shattering by Flashing
Spray Release and Droplet Dynamics
Capillary Break Up
Flashing and Aerodynamic Break Up
Prediction of the Rain-Out Fraction
Pool Evaporation
Simplified Formula for a Single-Component Pool Evaporation
Evaporation Flux From a Cryogenic Pool
Hydrogen Sulphide Release From Free Surfaces
Chapter-5---Loads-and-Stress-Analysis-of-Proces_2021_Process-Safety-Calculat
Loads and Stress Analysis of Process Safety
Structural Failure Scenarios in Process Safety
Key Concepts
Burst
Explosion
Static Pressure
Dynamic Pressure
Shock and Pressure Wave
Deflagration and Detonation
Deflagration to Detonation Transition (DDT)
Physical Explosion
Confined Explosion
Unconfined Vapour Cloud Explosion (UVCE)
Overpressure and Duration
Stagnation Pressure
Side-on Pressure, Reflected Pressure, Diffracted Pressure
Wind or Drag Loads
Buckling
Very long cylinders
Short cylinders
Pressure Piling
BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expansion Vapour Explosion)
Rapid Phase Transition
Stresses
Tensile and Compression Stresses
Shear Stresses
Elastic and Plastic Stresses
Viscous Creep
Membrane Stresses in Thin-Shell Structures
Cylindrical Shell
Longitudinal stress
Circumferential stress
Spherical Shell
Forces in Piping Bends
Thermal Loads
Flixborough UVCE: Analysis of the Structural Causes
Balance of forces
Stress Analysis
Bellow shear stress
Shear stress at the mitre-joint point
Tensile stress at the mitre-joint point
Analysis and Conclusions
Chapter-6---Statistics-and-Reliability-of-Proces_2021_Process-Safety-Calcula
Statistics and Reliability of Process Safety
Background
Gaussian Function
Gaussian Probability Distribution
Probit Function
Probit Functions for Process Safety
Failure Frequency and Probability
Failures and Faults
Definitions
Failure Rates
Composite Failure Rate
Boolean Algebra
Boolean Algebra in Functional Safety
Probability and Frequency of Failure on Demand
Common Cause Failure
Chapter-7---Source-Models_2021_Process-Safety-Calculations
Source Models
Summary of Scenarios
Subcooled Liquids
Unpressurised Liquid Discharge From Tanks
Unpressurised Liquid Discharge From Horizontal Tanks and Pipelines
Pressurised Liquids
Elastic-to-Torricellian transition (nonvolatile liquids)
Vessel-type systems
Pipeline-type systems
Driving force: Process pressure (highly volatile subcooled liquids)-API 520 method
Step 1: Omega and saturation pressure ratio parameters
Step 2: Subcooling region
Low subcooling region
High subcooling region
Step 3: Critical flow
Low subcooling region
High subcooling region
Step 4: Mass flux calculation
Low subcooling region
High subcooling region
Driving force: Process pressure (highly volatile subcooled liquids)-Transient behaviour
Driving force: Head-space gas pressure
Boiling Liquids
Boiling Liquid Stored at Atmospheric Pressure
Mass flow rate
Jet fragmentation and droplet formation
Droplet evaporation
Rainout distance from the outlet
Boiling Liquids Stored Under Pressure-API 520 Method
Boiling Liquids Stored Under Pressure-Fauske and Epstein Method
Intermediate Situation Between Subcooled and Saturated Stagnation
Transition From Subcooled to Saturated Stagnation
Boiling Liquids Stored Under Pressure-Transient Behaviour
Rainout and Flashing-Liquid Droplets Formation
Flash Vapour Fraction
Rainout for Continuous Releases of Superheated Liquids
Kletz (1977) correlation
DeVaull and King refitted correlation
Lautkaski correlation
Rainout for Instant Releases of Superheated Liquids
Prugh (1987) correlation
Mudan and Croce (1988)
Mean Drop Size
Carbon Dioxide: Liquid-to-Solid Transition
State 1: Stagnation
State 2: Hole Outlet (Ref. Example 7.4)
State 3: Triple Point/Liquid Vapour Equilibrium
State 4: Triple Point: Solid Vapour Nonequilibrium
State 5: Solid Vapour Final Expansion
Particle size and snow-out
Gases and Vapours
Choked and Unchoked Jets
Effect of Pressure and Temperature: Gas Release From Pipelines
Pool Formation and Liquid Evaporation
Transient Pool Radius-Wu and Schroy Formula
Pool Evaporation Formulas
Equations of Cox et al. for noncryogenic and cryogenic pools
Recknagel equation
EPA equation for mixture pools
Sutton equation
Matthiesen (1986) equation
Equations of Kawamura and MacKay
US EPA Offsite Consequence Analysis (OCA) Models
Release Rate From Pools at Ambient Temperature
Release Rate From Pools at Elevated Temperature (50C>T>25C)
Release Rate From Pools at Elevated Temperature (>50C)
Pool Spreading Area (Other Than Diked)
Release Rate From Pools for Mixture Components
Simplified Formulas
Liquid Releases
Subcooled liquids
Subcooled liquids in vertical cylindrical tanks
Boiling liquids
Vapour Flow
Chapter-8---Dispersion-Models_2021_Process-Safety-Calculations
Dispersion Models
Summary of Scenarios
Dispersion Key Drivers
Meteorology
Weather Stability Classes
Wind
Wind Rose
Buoyancy
Momentum-Dominated Jet Behaviour
Turbulent Jets
Transitional and Laminar Jets
Momentum to Buoyancy Transition
Density and Thermal Positively Buoyant Plumes
Momentum-Dominated Positive Buoyant Plumes
Combination of Momentum and Positive Buoyant Plumes
Thermal Plume Rise
Negatively Buoyant Plumes (Dense Gas)
Onset of a Dense Gas Dominating Regime
Decision of Dense Gas Model Application
Britter-McQuaid Model
Hoehne and Luce Model
Transition to Passive Dispersion
Momentum-Jet to Passive-Plume Transition
Positively Buoyant to Passive-Plume Transition
Negatively Buoyant Gas to Neutrally Buoyant Transition
Gaussian Dispersion
Weather Input
Averaging Time
Release Time
Decision on Instantaneous or Continuous Release
Pasquill-Gifford Model
Puff model
Plume Model
Chapter-9---Fire_2021_Process-Safety-Calculations
Fire
Summary of Scenarios
Ignition Sources
Pyrophoric Materials
Relevance and Effects of Ignition Sources
Analysis of Ignition Sources
Calculation Schemes for Static Electricity
Streaming Current and Charge Balance
Adiabatic Compression
Cool Flame
Ignition Probability
Generic Ignition Probabilities
Cox et al. (1990)
Uijt de Haag et al. (TNO, Purple book, 2005)
EGIG (European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group, 2015)
Ignition Delays Models
UKOOA Ignition Model
Fire Scenarios
Flash Fire
Modelling
Hajek and Ludwig method (1960)
Eisenberg method (1975)
Pool Fires with Round or Equivalent Basis
Modelling
Input data
Pool fire main parameters
Burning rate and burning velocity
Effect of wind on burning rate
Instantaneous and continuous spill
Transient pool formation
Transient unconfined pool fire diameter
Unconfined pool fire of a liquid flowing from a storage tank
Pool fire on land: The flame
Flame size
Height of a highly emissive clear flame
Flame tilt
Flame elongation (drag)
Trench Fires
Flame height
Flame elongation (drag)
Flame tilt
Height of a highly emissive clear flame
Pool Fire Diameter on Water (Sea Surface)
Diameter-Immediate ignition
Diameter-Delayed ignition
Continuous spill
Discontinuous spill
Gravity and inertial force-driven regime
Large slicks and viscous forces-driven regime
Surface tension-driven regime
Flame length
Maximum ignition delay for discontinuous spill
Heat Transmission in Pool Fires
The surface emissive power
Luminous fires
Sooty fires
General fires
The heat transfer equation
View factors for solid flame model
Screening methods
View factors for solid flame model
No-wind condition
Wind condition
Graphical view factors
Recommended Incident Heat Fluxes
Practical Data on Pool Fires
Heat fluxes in hydrocarbons pool fire (FABIG, 2010)
Pool fire of liquefied natural gas
Pool fire of methanol
Practical data of pool fire
Leak Rate Categories for Fire Risk Assessment (FABIG, 2010)
Jet Fire
Scenario
Fluid dynamics of jet fire
Gas and vapour jet fires
Liquid jet fires
Flame stability
Flame temperature
Modelling
No-wind scenario
Flame length
Flame lift-off distance
Wind scenario
API 521 Model
Kalghatgi solid flame model
Wind to discharge speed ratio
Expanding jet data
Source diameter
Mass flow rate
Vertical flame length
Calculation of angle αB
Calculation of angle α
Calculation of LB
Visible flame length
Lift-off distance
Flame widths
Heat transfer
Recommended incident heat fluxes
Fire Damage to People
Chapter-10---Explosions_2021_Process-Safety-Calculations
Explosions
Summary of Scenarios
The Explosion
Recall of key definitions
Laminar Burning Velocity
Flame Speed and Turbulent Velocity
Explosion With Oxidisers Other Than Oxygen
Confined Explosion: Deflagration and Detonation
Deflagration
Shepherd's model
Practical data
Deflagration of a gas pocket
Cube root law
Detonation
Conditions for detonation
Detonation in Pipes
Length to Detonation
Deflagration to Detonation Transition
Reflected Shock Wave and Pressure Temporal-Spatial Distribution
Maximum Overpressure in Pipes
Semiconfined Explosion
Semiconfined Explosions in Enclosures With Some Degree of Confinement
Explosions in blast-resistant vessels and pipes with free openings not fitted with venting panels
Explosions in blast-resistant structures protected with venting panels
Unconfined Vapour Cloud Explosion
Multienergy Model
Summary of the MEM
Obstructions
Parallel plane confinement
Ignition strength
Outline placeholder
Procedure to use the MEM model
Instantaneous release: Van Buijtenen's model
Dense gases
Definition of D1 and D2
Baker-Strehlow-Tang Model
Summary of the BST method
Congestion
Potential explosion sites (PES)
Reactivity (Zeeuwen and Wiekema, 1978)
Confinement
BST flame speed correlations
Procedure to use the BST model
Congestion Assessment Method
Summary of the CAM method
Fuel factor
Blockage ratio
Other affecting parameters
Procedure to use the CAM model
Vessels Burst
Boiling Liquid Expansion Vapour Explosion
Background
BLEVE Scenarios
BLEVE Phases
BLEVE TNO Model
Diameter of BLEVE
Duration of fireball
Heat radiation
BLEVE Pressure Wave
Fragments Generated by BLEVE
Rapid Phase Transition (RPT)
Modelling
Thermal Runway
Definitions
Thermal runaway
Time to thermal runaway
Causes of Thermal Runaway
Semenov Model
Design and Operational Issues: Hot Spots
Pressure Piling
Definition
Factors Influencing Pressure Piling
Modelling
Drag Loads
Loads on Buildings
Blast-Resistant Structures in the QRA Framework
Blast-Resistant Buildings
BRA Data and Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings
Overpressure
Cumulative and exceedance frequency
Iso-contours charts
Tabulated design accidental loads (DAL)
Building Damage Probability Assessment
Blast Effects on Process Equipment
Hazardous Area Classification
EN 60079-10-1
Inerting
Definitions
Calculations
Explosion Protection by Limiting Oxidant Concentrations
Chapter-11---Dust-Explosions_2021_Process-Safety-Calculations
Dust Explosions
Powders Classification
Dust Explosions Thermodynamics
Semi-Confined Explosion
Confined Explosion
Maximum pressure
Pressure Piling
Pressure Rise Rate
Characteristics of Explosivity
Minimum ignition energy (MIE)
Minimum explosive concentration (MEC)
Minimum ignition temperature (MIT)
Limiting oxidant concentration (LOC)
Ignition severity (IS) and explosion severity (ES)
Parameters of Influence
Chemistry
Size
Humidity
Turbulence
Oxygen contents
Initial cloud temperature
Initial cloud pressure
Glow temperature
Hybrid mixtures
Electrical resistivity
The standard 61,241-2-2
NFPA 77
Ignition sources
Explosion Inherent Hazard
Dusts Explosivity Data
Venting Devices
Venting Devices for Items With AR 120
Equipment Plants for Dust Processing
Vessel-Type Equipment
Pipe-Type Equipment
HAZID of Equipment and Process Scenarios
Pneumatic Transport
Bucket Elevators
Screw Conveyors
Silos and Dust Collectors
Inertisation
Spray Dryers
Spray dryer: Lesson learnt
Quantified Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment in the ATEX Framework
Reference Standards
Risk Assessment and ATEX Compliance
Analysis of an Incident: Imperial Sugar Company Explosion
The Site
The Substances
Analysis of Intrinsic Explosivity Parameters
Production Flow Chart
Process and Equipment
Silos complex
Belt conveyors
Bucket elevators
Screw conveyors
Bosch packing building
South packing building
Bulk sugar building
The Explosion: Description and Consequences Assessment
Primary explosion
The causes: The combustible material
The causes: Ignition sources
Sugar glow temperature
Consequence assessment
Secondary explosions
Root Causes
Chapter-12---Quantitative-Risk-Assessment_2021_Process-Safety-Calculations
Quantitative Risk Assessment
Definitions
Risk Indices (RI)
Location Specific Individual Risk (LSIR)
Individual Risk Per Annum (IRPA)
Maximum Individual Risk
Average Individual Risk
Potential Loss of Life (PLL) or Rate of Death (ROD)
Fatal Accident Rate (FAR)
ALARP
Safety Integrity
Safety Integrity Level (SIL)
ALARP Model
ALARP Limits for Workers and the Public
ALARP Limits for Land-Use Planning
FN Curves
PLL from the FN Curve
ALARP Demonstration-ICAF Method
Parts Count
QRA Release Models
Gas releases
Liquid releases
Two phase releases
Transient Analysis
Total leaks frequency of 8 pipe (200mm, 55m)
Total leaks frequency of 10 pipe (250mm, 5m)
Total leaks frequency of 8 flanges
Total leaks frequency of 10 flanges
Total leaks frequency of 8 hand valves
Total leaks frequency of 10 hand valves
Total leaks frequency of 8 isolation valve
Total leaks frequency of 10 isolation valve
Total leaks frequency of fittings (50 hole)
Total leaks frequency of flash drum (50mm hole)
Total leaks frequency of heat exchanger (50mm hole)
Total leaks frequency of filter (50mm hole)
Parts count summary
Chapter-13---Structural-Dynamics-of-Buildings-Subje_2021_Process-Safety-Calc
Structural Dynamics of Buildings Subject to Blast Loads
Shock and Pressure Waves
Box-Like Structure Model
Blast Loads
Side-on Overpressure
Dynamic Pressure
Stagnation Pressure
Reflected Pressure
Blast Parameters
Decay Time of a Blast Wave
Blast Front Velocity
Decay Time of the Reflected Pressure of a Box-Like Structure
Blast Wavelength
Back Face Load
Sides and Roof Average Load
Design Criteria for Blast-Affected Building
Definition of the Design Overpressure and Duration
Iso-contour charts
Tabulated design accidental loads (DAL)
Selection of the Exceedance Frequency
Standard Recommendations and Guidance
Dynamic Blast Analysis of Buildings
Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) Analysis
Definition of the SDOF
Behaviour of construction materials
Biggs Idealised System
Tabulated Transformation Factors
The Blast Design
Definition of Design Parameters
Ductility ratio
Dynamic increase factor (DIF)
Hinge rotation
Strength increase factor (SIF)
Dynamic yield stress
Allowable ductility ratio and support rotation
Graphical Solution Chart
Chapter-14---Layer-of-Protection-Analysis_2021_Process-Safety-Calculations
Layer of Protection Analysis
Definitions
Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA)
Initiating Events
External Initiating Events
Equipment-Related Initiating Events
Control station failures:
Outline placeholder
Mechanical failures
Multiple Initiating Events
Independent Protection Layers (IPLs)
Requirements for IPLs
Active IPLs
Passive IPLs
Vendor Safeguards
Firefighting Systems
Human IPLs
Limits and Restrictions for IPLs
SIF as an IPL
Passive IPLs
Operator's intervention
Preventive IPLs vs mitigating IPLs
Common cause failure
Conditional Modifiers (CMs)
Probability of Hazardous Atmosphere
Ignition Probability
Probability of a Flammable Atmosphere
Normal operation
Loss of containment
Explosion Probability
Probability of Personnel Presence
Procedure of LOPA Execution for SIL Assignment
Step 1: Definition of the Risk Target Frequencies
Step 2: Data Collection and Data Integration
Step 3: Impact Events Selection
Step 4: Severity Level Assignment
Step 5: Definition of the Initiating Causes
Step 6: Identification of IPLs
Step 7: Identification of Conditional Modifiers
Step 8: Determination of Intermediate Event Likelihood (IEL) Calculation
Step 9: Safety Integrity Level (SIL) Assignment
Step 13: Mitigated Event Likelihood (MEL) Calculation
Chapter-15---Explosion-Protection-of-Vessels-and-_2021_Process-Safety-Calcul
Explosion Protection of Vessels and Enclosures
Scope
Definitions
Rules of Thumb
Stress Analysis of Vessels and Related Structural Elements
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
Cylindrical shells (longitudinal Joints)
Spherical shells
Conical and truncated-conical head
Semiellipsoidal heads
Torispherical heads (Fig. 15.3)
Joint Efficiencies for Welded Joints
Establishment of Reduced Pressure Pred
NFPA 68
Plates and Ducts (IChemE)
Circular plates
Rectangular or square plates
Venting ducts
Square duct into square plate
Circular duct into circular plate
Square duct into circular plate
Circular duct into square plate
Venting of Gas Explosions in Isolated Compact Enclosures
NFPA 68 Method
Low Pred enclosures (low panel inertia)
Step 1-Calculate the effective hydraulic diameter, Dhe
Step 2-Calculate factor phi1
Step 3-Calculate factor phi2
Step 4-Calculate the baseline turbulent flame enhancement factor λ
Step 5-Calculate the enclosure length-to-diameter ratio L/D
Step 6-Calculate the turbulent flame enhancement factor λ
Step 7-Calculate the turbulent flame enhancement factor λ
Step 8-Calculation of vent area Avo
NFPA 68 gas-air mixture parameters
Fireball dimension
EN 14994 Method
Gas explosion constant KG
Venting of Dust Explosions in Isolated Compact Enclosures
NFPA 68 Method
EN 14991 and VDI 3673
Protection of Interconnected Vessels
Fireball dimension
Actions on Supporting Structures of Vessels
Vent Ducts
Deflagration Venting With Vent Ducts
Vent ducts in gas enclosures
Vent ducts in dust enclosures
Design of Vent Ducts
Deflectors
Design criteria
Chapter-16---Mitigation-of-Toxic-Risk_2021_Process-Safety-Calculations
Mitigation of Toxic Risk
Scope
Definitions
Acute Toxicity (ECHA, 2017)
Adverse Effect (McNaught and Wilkinson, IUPAC, 1997)
Chronic Toxicity
Exposure (McNaught and Wilkinson, IUPAC, 1997)
Lethal Concentration (McNaught and Wilkinson, IUPAC, 1997)
Lethal Dose (McNaught and Wilkinson, IUPAC, 1997)
Toxicity (McNaught and Wilkinson, IUPAC, 1997)
The Toxic Roadmap
Acute Toxicity of Substances and Mixtures
Acute Toxicity of Mixtures
Toxicity Indices
Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPGs)
Equivalence Between ERPGs and Probit Functions
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) Indices
Workplace Environmental Exposure Levels
Threshold limit value-time-weighted average (TLV-TWA) (ACGIH, 2019)
Threshold limit value-short-term exposure limit (TLV-STEL) (ACGIH, 2019)
Threshold limit value-ceiling (TLV-C) (ACGIH, 2019)
Recommended exposure limit (REL) value
Permissible recommended exposure limit (REL) value
Rationale and Interpretation
Calculations for Mixtures of Toxic Chemicals
Conversion of Concentration Units
TLV of Gas and Liquid Mixtures
Gas mixtures with similar toxicological effects on the same target organ(s)
Liquid mixtures with similar toxicological effects on the same target organ(s)
Quantitative Methods for Offsite Consequence Management
DOT Emergency Protective Distances
Initial isolation distance
Protective action distances
EPA Offsite Consequence Analysis (OCA) (EPA, 2009)
Toxic gases
Toxic liquids
Summary of the Procedure for the Offsite Consequence Analysis
Generic other than ammonia, chlorine, and sulphur dioxide
Ammonia, chlorine, and sulphur dioxide
Techniques of Toxic Risk Mitigation
Detection and Isolation
Identification of toxic concentration thresholds
Response time and process safety time
Mitigation Techniques
Chapter-17---Integrity-Management-of-Equipment-Su_2021_Process-Safety-Calcul
Integrity Management of Equipment Subject to Fires
Scope
Fire on Equipment and Structures
Pool Fires
Pool fires in open spaces
Pool fires in closed spaces
Ventilation-controlled vs fuel-controlled: A determination method
Jet Fires
Jet fires in open spaces
Jet fires in closed spaces
Incident and Absorbed Heat Fluxes by Vessels and Equipment
General equation of absorbed heat flux
Design incident and absorbed heat fluxes
Heat Absorbed by Vessels Containing Liquids: Alternative Method
Fire-protected and promptly drained vessels (uninsulated)
Fire-unprotected vessels
Determination of real surface exposed to fire
Transient Temperature and Heat Absorbed by Steel Surfaces Exposed to Fire-Unprotected Surfaces
Protected Surfaces with No Heat Transfer to Fluid
Criteria for Depressurisation
Fire Scenario
Heat Transfer to Fluid
Temperature Profiles
Wetted shells
Unwetted shells
Pressure Profile
Stress Calculation and Tensile Strength Comparison
Index_2021_Process-Safety-Calculations
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z