Problematic Wildlife II: New Conservation and Management Challenges in the Human-Wildlife Interactions

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Introduction to ‘Problematic Wildlife II’: Problematic Species Are Increasing, in a World that Is Constantly Changing
Chapter 1: The Need and Relevance of the Book: Problematic Wildlife and the Modern World
1.1 What Is the Inspiration Behind this New Book?
1.2 Problematic Wildlife: From Direct Danger to Humans to Negative Impact on Human Activities
1.3 Problematic Wildlife: Urban Wildlife Conflicts Are an Emerging Problem
1.4 Problematic Wildlife: Hunting and Ecotourism – Possible Mechanisms for Conservation and Coexistence?
1.5 Problematic Wildlife: Species Extinction
1.6 Problematic Wildlife: Zoos, Conservation, and Animal Rights
1.7 Problematic Wildlife: Humans and Herpetofauna
References
Part II: From Direct Danger to Humans to Negative Impact on Human Activities
Chapter 2: Large Felid Predators and “Man-Eaters”: Can We Successfully Balance Conservation of Endangered Apex Predators with the Safety and Needs of Rapidly Expanding Human Populations?
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Evolution and Environmental Niche of the Large Felid Carnivores
2.3 Evolution
2.4 Developmental Advantages in the Large Felid Carnivores
2.5 Hunting Methods
2.6 Humans as Large Feline Prey
2.7 Human Large Felid Conflict
2.8 Man-Eaters and Human Predation
2.8.1 Tigers
2.8.2 Lions
2.8.3 Leopards
2.8.4 Other Large Cats
2.8.5 Current Management Strategies
2.8.6 Eradication
2.8.7 Preservation
2.8.8 Translocation
2.8.9 Management Strategies Going Forward
2.8.10 Multifactorial Approach
2.8.11 Increasing Wild Prey Populations
2.8.12 Changes in Animal Husbandry
2.8.13 Understanding and Managing Human Factors
2.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: A Large Carnivore Among People and Livestock: The Common Leopard
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.2.1 Study Areas
3.2.2 Food Habits
3.2.3 Forest Cover Changes
3.2.4 Socioeconomic Implications of Livestock Losses
3.3 Results
3.3.1 Food Habits
3.3.2 Forest Cover Changes
3.3.3 Socioeconomic Implications of Livestock Losses
3.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 4: Recent Changes in Wolf Habitat Occupancy and Feeding Habits in Italy: Implications for Conservation and Reducing Conflict with Humans
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Changes in Wolf Range in Italy Over the Last 50 Years
4.3 Changes in Wolf Diet in Relation to the Increase in Wild Ungulate Species
4.4 Impacts on Husbandry and Wild Ungulate Populations
4.5 Management of Wolf-Human Conflicts
4.6 Case Studies in Northern Italy
4.6.1 North-Western Apennines
4.6.1.1 Changes in Habitat Use
4.6.1.2 Changes in Wolf Diet
4.6.2 The Liguria Region
4.6.2.1 Wolf Diet: Differences Between Packs and Dispersing Individuals
4.6.2.2 Livestock Depredation and Prevention Measures
4.6.2.3 Wolves and Wild Ungulates Interactions
4.6.3 Ticino Natural Park
4.7 Conclusions
4.7.1 How to Mitigate Conflicts with Husbandry and Hunting?
4.7.2 Perspectives on the Management of Wolf Populations
References
Part III: Urban Wildlife Conflicts Are an Emerging Problem
Chapter 5: “Good” and “Bad” Urban Wildlife
5.1 Urban Environments and Wildlife
5.1.1 Cities as Habitat: “Good” Interactions
5.1.2 Wildlife as Urban Problems: “Bad” Interactions
5.1.3 Urban Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers
5.2 Taxonomic Focus
5.2.1 Reptiles
5.2.1.1 Turtles
5.2.1.2 Crocodilians
5.2.1.3 Lizards
5.2.1.4 Snakes
5.2.2 Birds
5.2.2.1 Nocturnal Roosts
5.2.2.2 Heronries and Other Rookeries
5.2.2.3 Geese and Greenspace
5.2.2.4 Pigeons
5.2.2.5 Predatory Birds
5.2.2.6 Airports
5.2.3 Mammals
5.2.3.1 Mammals Declining near Humans
5.2.3.2 Co-Adaptation of Humans and Nonhuman Mammals
5.2.3.3 “Adapter” Mammals
5.2.3.4 Nocturnal Roosts
5.2.3.5 Urban Structures as Dens
5.2.3.6 Urban Mammals and Roads
5.3 Urban Wildlife and Disease
5.3.1 Urban Wildlife as Vectors of Human Disease
5.3.2 Vectors of Urban Wildlife Disease
5.4 Urban Wildlife, Global Change, and the Future
5.5 Summary
References
Chapter 6: Wildlife and Traffic: An Inevitable but Not Unsolvable Problem?
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Identifying the Conflict: Disruptions to Movement
6.2.1 Disrupting the Movement of Wildlife
6.2.2 Disrupting the Movement of People
6.3 Addressing and Mitigating the Conflict
6.3.1 Reducing the Impact Begins with Planning
6.3.2 Mitigating Road Mortality and Barrier Effects
6.3.3 Identifying the Problem Helps Identifying the Solution
6.4 Conclusion: Conflict Resolution Begins by Changing the Way We View the Problem
References
Chapter 7: The Colonization of the Western Yellow-Legged Gull (Larus michahellis) in an Italian City: Evolution and Management of the Phenomenon
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Colonization of Cities in Europe
7.2.1 The Colonization of Italian Cities
7.3 The Process of Colonization and the Ecology of the Species in Urban Areas
7.4 Problems Created by Urban Gulls to Humans
7.4.1 Prevention of the Phenomenon
7.4.2 Strategies to Be Adopted in Case of Nesting
Appendix: Experiments for the Management of the Species in the City of Trieste
References
Part IV: Hunting and Ecotourism: Possible Mechanisms for Conservation and Coexistence?
Chapter 8: How Hunting and Wildlife Conservation Can Coexist: Review and Case Studies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Conservation of Fauna (Wildlife Stricto Sensu and Its Ecosystem Services)
8.3 Coexistence
8.4 Types of Coexistence
8.5 Non-impactful Hunting (NIH) and Its Effects on Conservation
8.6 Hunting That Is Both Impactful and Eliminatory: Impactful and Eliminatory Hunting (IEH)
8.7 Impactful but Resilient Hunting (IRH)
8.8 Special Situations Involving IRH
8.9 Impactful but Contributory Hunting (ICH)
8.10 Interventions on Wildlife
8.11 Environmental Improvements
8.12 Interventions on the Local Community
8.13 Creating an Improvement in the Approach to Fauna (Nonresidents)
8.14 The Problem of Trophy Hunting Especially for the Venator Emptor
8.15 Case Studies of Hunting Related to Positive or Critical Consequences to Conservation
8.15.1 Case Study 1 Italy
8.15.2 Case Study 2 Hunting, Wetland Restoration, Game Conservancy
8.15.3 Case Study 3 Oregon (USA)
8.15.4 Case Study 4 Safari Club International
8.15.5 Case Study 5 Trophy Hunting in Sub-Saharan Africa
8.16 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: What Do We Know About Wild Boar in Iberia?
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Study Area
9.3 History of Research
9.4 Population Development
9.5 Diet and Environmental Impacts
9.6 Behaviour and Habitat Use
9.7 Conflicts with Human Activities
9.8 Hunting Management
9.9 Survey Methods
9.10 The Future
References
Chapter 10: Traveling in a Fragile World: The Value of Ecotourism
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Ecotourism: Definition, Principles, and Practices
10.3 Ecotourism and the Value of Natural Capital
10.4 Trophy Hunting
10.4.1 Trophy Hunting Incomes
10.5 Whale Watching
10.5.1 Whale Watching-Related Issues
10.5.2 Total Value of Whales
10.5.3 How Much Does Whaling Cost? How Much Money Do NGOs Spend to Save Whales?
10.6 African Countries
10.6.1 Botswana
10.6.1.1 The Case of Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
10.6.2 Kenya
10.6.2.1 The Masai Mara Nature Reserve
10.6.3 Namibia
10.6.3.1 The Case of Etosha National Park (ENP)
10.6.4 Rwanda
10.6.4.1 The Case of Volcanoes National Park and the Mountain Gorilla
10.6.5 South Africa
10.6.5.1 The Case of Kruger National Park
10.6.6 Tanzania
10.6.6.1 The Case of the Serengeti-Ngorongoro Circuit
10.6.7 Uganda
10.6.7.1 The Case of Bwindi Forest National Park
10.6.8 Zimbabwe
10.6.8.1 The Case of Gonarezhou National Park (GNP)
10.7 Asian Countries
10.7.1 India
10.7.1.1 The Corbett National Park
10.7.2 Malaysia
10.7.2.1 The Case of Redang Island Marine Park
10.7.3 Nepal
10.7.3.1 The Chitwan National Park and the Baghmara Buffer Zone Community Forest
10.8 American Countries
10.8.1 Canada
10.8.1.1 The Case of the Spirit Bear Lodge in the Great Bear Rainforest
10.8.2 United States of America (USA)
10.8.2.1 The Case of Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming
10.8.3 Brazil
10.8.3.1 The Brazilian Pantanal
10.8.4 Costa Rica
10.8.4.1 The Case of Osa Peninsula and the Corcovado National Park
10.8.5 Ecuador
10.8.5.1 The Case of Galapagos National Park
10.9 European Countries
10.9.1 Italy
10.9.1.1 The Case of the Abruzzo Region’s Parks
10.9.2 Norway
10.9.2.1 Protected Areas in Svalbard
10.9.3 Poland
10.9.3.1 The Case of the Bialowieza Forest
10.10 Oceanian Countries
10.10.1 Australia
10.10.1.1 The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
10.11 Conclusions
References
Part V: Species Extinction
Chapter 11: Assessing Presence, Decline, and Extinction for the Conservation of Difficult-to-Observe Species
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Value of Efforts to Recover Small Populations
11.3 The Basis for Knowledge of a Species
11.4 Key Concepts in Assessing Extinction Versus Survival
11.4.1 The Precautionary Principle
11.4.2 The Thylacine Effect
11.4.3 ‘Lazarus’ Species
11.4.4 Romeo’s Error or Extinction by Assumption
11.5 The Nature of Cryptic or Difficult-to-Observe Species
11.5.1 Low Population Density
11.5.2 Impenetrable Habitats
11.5.3 Remote Locations
11.5.4 Extensive Ranges
11.5.5 Combined Problematic Factors Affecting Observation
11.6 The Importance of Relic or Rediscovered Populations
11.6.1 Survival in Marginal Habitat or Preference for Degraded Habitat
11.6.2 Presence in Unexpected Locations
11.6.3 Revival of Relic Populations
11.6.4 Lessons from Lost Relic Populations
11.6.5 Challenges with Newly Discovered and Rediscovered Species
11.7 Building an Understanding of Cryptic Species Status
11.7.1 Using Analogue Indicators of Presence for Cryptic Species
11.7.2 Opportunities from New Technologies
11.7.3 Using Local Knowledge and Eyewitness Accounts
11.7.4 Expert Opinion
11.7.5 Sequential, Opportunistic Evidence Gathering
11.8 Analysis of Species Status from Available Data
11.8.1 Modelling Based on Habitat Suitability
11.8.2 Mathematical Modelling of Sightings, Survival, and Extinction
11.8.3 Using ‘Messy’ Longitudinal Datasets to Understand Species Status
11.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Extinct or Perhaps Surviving Relict Populations of Big Cats: Their Controversial Stories and Implications for Conservation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Case Studies
12.2.1 Cape Lion (Panthera leo melanochaita Smith, 1842) EX
12.2.2 Barbary Lion (Panthera leo leo Linnaeus, 1758) EX
12.3 Tiger (Panthera tigris)
12.3.1 Bali Tiger (Panthera tigris balica Schwarz, 1912) EX
12.3.2 Javan Tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica Temminck, 1884) EX
12.3.3 Caspian Tiger (Panthera tigris virgata Illiger, 1815) Probably EX
12.4 Leopard (Panthera pardus)
12.4.1 Anatolian Leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856) EX?
12.4.2 Barbary Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera, Schreber 1777) CR-EX?
12.4.3 Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock, 1932) EX?
12.5 Discussion
12.6 Conclusion
References
Part VI: Zoos, Conservation, and Animal Rights
Chapter 13: Alternative Facts and Alternative Views: Scientists, Managers, and Animal Rights Activists
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Where We Were in 2008: A Brief Recap
13.3 The Past Decade
13.3.1 Animal Rights
13.3.2 Science and Wildlife Management
13.4 Case Studies
13.4.1 Zoos and Aquariums
13.4.2 Invasive Species, with an Emphasis on Cats
13.5 Effective Communication
13.5.1 Information Systems: Attitude Reinforcement and Public Opinion Polarization
13.5.2 Language: Framing an Issue
13.6 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Zoos and Conservation in the Anthropocene: Opportunities and Problems
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Roles of Zoos
14.3 Ex situ Conservation
14.4 In situ Conservation and Fundraising in Support of Field Conservation
14.5 Integrated Species Conservation
14.6 Research and Development of Relevant Technologies
14.7 Public Relations and (Conservation) Education
14.7.1 Zoos as Sanctuaries
14.7.2 Deficiencies
14.8 Conservation and Management Challenges Associated with Zoos
14.8.1 Prioritizing of Biodiversity
14.8.2 Prioritizing of Collections
14.8.3 Taxonomic Instability
14.8.4 Precautionary Principle in Management
14.9 Other Management Issues
14.10 Hidden Risk of the Mean Kinship Criterion?
14.11 Nutrition and Veterinary Issues
14.12 Collaboration with Other Sectors of Society
14.13 Education and Popularization
14.14 Publication of Interesting Observation and Experiences
14.15 Collection of Material
14.16 Zoo Design Trends
14.17 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Problematic Animals in the Zoo: The Issue of Charismatic Megafauna
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Evidence-Based Animal Welfare Versus Ethics
15.3 Zoos in the Media
15.4 Zoo Welfare Research
15.5 Animals in Zoos
15.6 Discussion
References
Chapter 16: Cryptic Problematic Species and Troublesome Taxonomists: A Tale of the Apennine Bear and the Nile White Rhinoceros
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Taxonomic Oversimplification
16.3 Troublesome Taxonomists
16.4 History of Translocations in Conservation Biology
16.5 The Nile or Northern White Rhinoceros
16.6 Apennine Bear
16.7 Implications for Management and Conservation
References
Chapter 17: Communication and Wildlife Conservation (Grey Wolf and Brown Bear in Italy)
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Communication Involving Ursus arctos and Canis lupus
17.3 How Are UA and CL Doing in Italy?
17.4 How Are the Two Species Perceived?
17.4.1 The Case of the Brown Bear
17.4.2 The Case of the Grey Wolf
17.5 Assumptions
17.6 Communication as a Project
17.7 Internal, External and Organizational Communication
17.8 Management Plans
17.9 Communication Problems in the DEF Hypothesis
17.9.1 The Institution
17.10 Technical and Social Communication
17.11 Communication as Negotiation
17.12 The Communicator
17.13 The Italian Model
17.14 Conclusions
References
Part VII: Humans and Herpetofauna
Chapter 18: Snakes, Snakebites, and Humans
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Current Snake Taxonomy
18.2 Snakebites Around the World
18.2.1 Developed Nations
18.2.2 Developing World
18.2.2.1 Africa
18.2.2.2 Americas
18.2.2.3 Asia
18.2.2.4 Australasia
18.2.3 Other Dangerous Snakes
18.3 Clinical Facets of Snakebites
18.3.1 Developed Nations
18.3.2 Developing World
18.4 Folklore
18.4.1 West/Developed World
18.4.2 East/Developing World
18.4.3 Eating Snakes
18.5 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 19: Giant Snake-Human Relationships
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Giant Snakes as Human Commensals
19.2.1 Giant Snakes as Predators on Humans and Their Commensals
19.3 Human Predation on Giant Snakes
19.3.1 The Green Anaconda
19.3.2 The African Pythons
19.3.3 Asian Pythons
19.4 Farming Pythons
19.4.1 Pythons in the Bushmeat Trade in Africa and Asia
19.5 The Australasian Pythons
19.5.1 Giant Snakes as Competitors
19.6 Invasive Populations
19.7 Designer Snakes
19.8 The Value of Giant Snakes
19.9 Conservation
References
Chapter 20: Risk Assessment Model for Brown Treesnake Introduction into the Continental United States
20.1 Methods
20.1.1 Statistical Analysis
20.2 Results
20.3 Discussion
20.3.1 Management Implications
Literature Cited
Chapter 21: The Asian Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) in Madagascar: A Report of an Ongoing Invasion
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Natural History of the Asian Toad
21.3 Ecological Impacts of Toad Invasions
21.4 A Critical Analysis of the Management of the Toad Invasion in Madagascar: What Went Wrong?
21.5 The Risk-Assessment Framework and a Plea for Applied Research
21.5.1 Latest News from the Invasion Front
21.5.2 Modelling Future Scenarios of the Invasion
21.5.3 Investigating Potential Impacts
21.6 Future Steps
References
Index