Probiotics for Human Nutrition in Health and Disease

Front cover
Half title
Full title
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Preface
section I - General aspects of probiotics
Chapter
1 - Probiotics: Concepts, evolution, and applications
1.1 History and concepts
1.2 Safety aspects, physiological, and technological characteristics
1.2.1 Microorganisms and derived products used as probiotics
1.3 Evolution of probiotic applications in foods
1.4 Final remarks
References
Chapter
2 - Legislation of probiotic foods and supplements
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Legislation in Europe
2.2.1 Italy
2.2.2 Czech Republic
2.2.3 France, Belgium, and Portugal
2.2.3.1 France
2.2.3.2 Belgium
2.2.3.3 Portugal
2.2.4 Spain
2.3 Legislation in America
2.3.1 United States of America
2.3.2 Canada
2.3.3 Latin America
2.3.3.1 Brazil
2.3.3.2 Argentina
2.3.3.3 Bolivia
2.3.3.4 Chile
2.3.3.5 Colombia
2.3.3.6 Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
2.3.3.7 Uruguay
2.3.3.8 Mexico
2.3.3.9 Venezuela
2.4 Legislation in Asia Pacific
2.4.1 Japan
2.4.1.1 The “Foods for Specified Health Use” (FOSHU) system
2.4.1.2 The “Foods with Function Claims” (FFC) system
2.4.2 China
2.5 Australia
2.6 Conclusion
Authors’ note
References
Chapter
3 - Authenticity of probiotic foods and supplements: Up-to-date situation and methods to assess it
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Labels of probiotic foods and supplements and implications of incompliance
3.2.1 What should be written on a label of probiotic foods and supplements?
3.2.2 What happens if a probiotic food or supplement is not authentic?
3.3 Characterization and authenticity of probiotics: From culture-dependent methods to multi-omic approaches
3.3.1 What are the methods available to assess the authenticity of a probiotic product?
3.3.2 The importance of omics technologies
3.4 Up-to-date studies assessing the authenticity of probiotic foods and supplements
3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter
4 - Indigenous probiotic microorganisms in fermented foods
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fermented milk and dairy products
4.2.1 Characterization and selection of indigenous probiotics from fermented milk and dairy products
4.3 Indigenous probiotics isolated from non-dairy fermented foods
4.3.1 Fermented vegetables and fruits
4.3.1.1 Characterization and selection of indigenous probiotics from vegetable and fruit fermentation
4.3.1.2 Benefits of indigenous probiotics from fermented vegetables and fruits
4.3.2 Probiotics isolated from fermented fish and fermented meat products
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter
5 - Foods and supplements as probiotic delivery vehicles
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Changes in the nomenclature of the genus Lactobacillus and consequences for the industry
5.3 Factors influencing the probiotic delivery by food or supplements
5.4 Evidence from human intervention trials the probiotic delivery by food or supplements
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter
6 - Technology aspects of probiotic production and live biotherapeutics
6.1 Probiotics and health
6.2 Challenges of probiotics production
6.3 Technological strategies for probiotics production
6.3.1 Production at large scale of dehydrated probiotics
6.3.2 Storage of dehydrated microorganisms
6.3.3 Rehydration
6.3.4 Industrial food processing and composition of food matrices
6.3.5 Food shelf-life
6.3.6 Passage through the gastrointestinal tract
6.4 Probiotics in biotherapeutics
6.4.1 Immunomodulation by probiotics
6.4.2 Probiotics and obesity
6.4.3 Probiotics as antibiotic replacers
6.4.4 Probiotics in diabetic disease
6.4.5 Probiotics and cancer
6.4.6 Probiotics in psychiatric disorders
6.4.7 Para and postbiotics in biotherapeutics
6.5 Industrial perspectives of probiotic production
6.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter
7 - Probiotics and bioactive metabolite production
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Defining the gut microbiome
7.3 Probiotic bioactive metabolites and their mechanism of action
7.3.1 Bacteriocins
7.3.1.1 Types of bacteriocins
7.3.1.2 Mechanism of action
7.3.2 Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
7.3.2.1 Mechanism of action
7.3.3 Exopolysaccharides (EPS)
7.3.3.1 Mechanism of action
7.3.4 Oligosaccharides
7.3.5 Enzymes
7.3.6 Amino acids
7.3.7 Vitamins
7.3.8 Immunomodulatory compounds
7.4 Food supplementation with probiotic microflora
7.4.1 Animal origin foods
7.4.1.1 Meat-based products
7.4.1.2 Dairy-based products
7.4.2 Plant origin foods
7.4.2.1 Soy-based foods
7.4.2.2 Cereal-based foods
7.4.2.3 Fruit- and vegetables-based probiotic foods
7.4.2.4 Chocolate
7.5 Challenges in the industrial production of probiotics products
7.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter
8 - Probiotics and human gut microbiota modulation
8.1 Intestinal microbiota and its functions
8.2 Fermented foods and the beginning of probiotics
8.3 Probiotic mechanisms of action
8.3.1 Antimicrobial activity
8.3.2 Stabilization of intestinal epithelial barrier and enhancement of barrier function
8.3.2.1 The mucosal immune system
8.3.2.2 Influence of the intestinal microbiota on the immune system
8.3.2.3 Probiotics as a strategy for the immune system modulation
8.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter
9 - Interplay between probiotics and prebiotics for human nutrition and health
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Probiotics
9.1.2 Prebiotic
9.1.2.1 Prebiotic substances and their selection criteria
9.1.2.2 Novel prebiotic substances and sources
9.1.2.3 Mechanism of action and health benefits associated with prebiotics
9.1.2.3.1 Modulation of the gut microbiota
9.1.2.3.2 Inhibition of colorectal cancer
9.1.2.3.3 Cardiovascular diseases
9.1.2.3.4 Mental health
9.1.2.3.5 Mineral absorption
9.1.2.4 Effects of prebiotics on the growth/survival and metabolism of probiotics
9.2 Synbiotic emergent association between probiotics and prebiotics
9.3 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter
10 - Evidence on the risks and safety of probiotics for humans
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The conformity of the product according to current rules and regulations
10.3 The manufacturers’ and distributors’ claims
10.4 The scientific evidence
10.5 Conclusions
References
section II - Probiotics in human nutrition
Chapter
11 - Probiotics in pregnancy and lactation
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Vaginal microbiota and vaginal infections
11.3 Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy
11.4 Premature rupture of membrane and preterm labor
11.5 Colonization with Group B Streptococcus
11.6 Allergies
11.7 Gastrointestinal disorders
11.7.1 Constipation in pregnancy
11.7.2 Infantile colic
11.8 Obesity and metabolic disorders
11.8.1 Probiotics as preventive or curative treatments in metabolic disorders
11.9 Human milk microbiota and lactational mastitis
11.9.1 Lactational mastitis and probiotics
11.10 Mental health
11.11 Conclusions
References
Chapter
12 - Probiotics in Pediatrics
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Probiotics in newborns and infants
12.2.1 The usefulness of probiotics in perinatology
12.2.2 Probiotics and prevention of preterm birth
12.2.3 Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis
12.2.4 Probiotics and prebiotics in infant milk formulas
12.3 Digestive pathology
12.3.1 Acute infectious diarrhea
12.3.2 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
12.3.3 Pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders
12.3.4 Probiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
12.3.5 Short bowel syndrome
12.3.6 Bacterial overgrowth syndrome
12.3.7 Celiac disease
12.3.8 Lactose malabsorption
12.3.9 Helicobacter pylori infection
12.3.10 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
12.3.11 Hepatic encephalopathy
12.3.12 Liver transplantation
12.3.13 Cystic fibrosis
12.3.14 Pancreatitis
12.4 Non-digestive pathology
12.4.1 Cow’s milk protein allergy
12.4.2 Atopic dermatitis
12.4.3 Prevention of respiratory and otorhinolaryngologic infections
12.4.4 Prevention of urogenital infections
12.4.5 Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) infection
12.4.6 Coronavirus infection
12.4.7 Dental caries
12.4.8 Probiotics and vaccines
12.4.9 Obesity
12.4.10 Severe malnutrition
12.4.11 Hypercholesterolemia
12.4.12 Diabetes mellitus type 1
12.4.13 Autism spectrum disorders
12.4.14 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
12.5 Conclusions
Abbreviations
References
Chapter
13 - Probiotics in old age
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Age-related changes in microbiota
13.3 The role of probiotics and their indication in old age: What is being prescribed?
13.4 Constipation
13.5 Diarrhea
13.6 Other gastrointestinal diseases
13.7 Immunity markers
13.8 Cold and other infections
13.9 Bone health
13.10 Alzheimer’s disease
13.11 Parkinson’s disease
13.12 Other psychiatric disorders
13.13 Conclusions
References
Chapter
14 - Probiotics in sports and physical exercise
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Morphofunctional considerations of the gastrointestinal tract
14.3 Gastrointestinal tract and exercise
14.4 Microbiota, chronic diseases, and exercise
14.5 Gut microbiota changes in athletes
14.6 Exercise, dysbiosis, and intestinal permeability
14.7 Nutritional strategies for athletes
14.8 Supplementation with probiotics for athletes
14.9 Final considerations
References
Chapter
15 - Probiotics and gut-brain axis modulation
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Overview of the enteric nervous system
15.3 Microbial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract
15.4 Influence of microbiota on the development of the enteric nervous system and central nervous system
15.4.1 Mechanisms of interference of the gut microbiota on the central nervous system development
15.5 Use of probiotics as therapeutics in gut-brain axis modulation
15.6 Probiotics and neurologic diseases
15.6.1 Autism spectrum disorder
15.6.2 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
15.6.3 Major depressive disorder (MDD)
15.6.4 Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
15.6.5 Anorexia nervosa (AN)
15.6.6 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
15.6.7 Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
15.6.8 Parkinson’s disease (PD)
15.7 Conclusion
References
SECTION III - Probiotics in human health promotion and disease treatment
Chapter
16 - Probiotics for oral health and disease treatment
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Probiotics in caries management
16.3 Periodontal diseases and probiotics
16.4 Probiotics and candidiasis
16.5 Unsolved issues
16.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter
17 - Probiotics for gastrointestinal health and disease treatment
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Probiotics for treatment of upper gastrointestinal tract diseases
17.2.1 Mucositis
17.2.2 Gastroesophageal reflux disease and functional dyspepsia
17.2.3 Gastritis and ulcer
17.3 Probiotics for treatment of lower gastrointestinal tract diseases
17.3.1 Chronic constipation
17.3.2 Crohn's diseases
17.3.3 Ulcerative colitis
17.3.4 Irritable bowel syndrome
17.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter
18 - Probiotics in gastrointestinal surgery
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Changes in microbiota induced by surgical stress
18.3 Therapeutic peptides with a probiotic or synthetic origin
18.4 Probiotics in gastrointestinal tract surgeries
18.5 Specific surgeries
18.5.1 Bariatric and metabolic surgery
18.5.2 Gastrectomy
18.5.3 Intestinal resection
18.5.4 Resection of colorectal liver metastases
18.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter
19 - Probiotics for obesity and metabolic syndrome prevention and treatment
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Gut microbiota and its relationship with obesity and metabolic syndrome
19.3 Metabolic endotoxemia and insulin resistance
19.3.1 Food intake and extraction of energy from food
19.4 Adipose tissue and lipid profile
19.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
References
Chapter
20 - Probiotics for diabetes mellitus: prevention and treatment
20.1 Introduction
20.2 General mechanisms of action of probiotics in diabetes
20.3 Examples of results of the probiotics use in diabetes
20.3.1 Type 1 diabetes
20.3.2 Type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes
20.4 Gestational diabetes
20.5 Other specific types of diabetes
20.6 Probiotics as adjuvants in pharmacological treatments
20.7 Probiotics as adjuvants in lifestyle treatments
20.8 Next-generation probiotics
20.9 Discussion
20.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter
21 - Probiotic for dyslipidemia prevention and treatment
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Evidence of probiotic therapy on dyslipidemias in children and adolescents
21.3 Evidence of probiotic therapy on dyslipidemia in pregnant women
21.4 Evidence of probiotic therapy on prevention and treatment of dyslipidemias
21.5 Evidence of probiotic therapy on elderly
21.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter
22 - Probiotics for urinary tract disease prevention and treatment
22.1 Urinary tract infections and related microorganisms
22.2 Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of bacterial diseases of the urinary tract
22.3 Clinical trials applied to the use of probiotics in bacterial urinary infections
22.4 Probiotic in the treatment and prevention of fungal diseases of the urinary tract
22.4.1 Probiotic bacteria with anti-Candida potential
22.4.2 Probiotic yeasts with anti-Candida potential
22.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter
23 - The role of probiotics in people with cancer
23.1 Introduction
23.2 The role of probiotics in cancer prevention and therapy
23.3 Gastrointestinal symptoms and infection
23.4 Mucositis
23.5 Evidence
23.6 Safety of probiotics
23.7 The use of probiotics in children diagnosed with cancer
23.8 Other considerations
23.8.1 The microbioma and its impact on cancer therapy
23.8.2 The use of antibiotics as a supportive care strategy
23.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter
24 - Probiotics for immune disease prevention and treatment
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Microbiota formation and immune system structuring
24.3 Interaction between immune cells and probiotics
24.3.1 Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
24.3.2 Phagocytic cells
24.3.3 Dendritic cells
24.3.4 Microfold cells (M)
24.3.5 Paneth cells
24.3.6 Goblet cells
24.3.7 B and T lymphocytes
24.4 Interaction between MAMP and probiotics
24.5 Probiotics and the modulation of inflammatory cytokines
24.6 Autoimmune diseases and probiotics
24.6.1 Crohn’s disease
24.6.2 Celiac disease
24.6.3 Type 1 diabetes mellitus
24.6.4 Rheumatoid arthritis
24.6.5 Infertility
24.6.6 Myasthenia gravis
24.6.7 Sjogren’s syndrome
24.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter
25 - Probiotics for liver disease prevention and treatment
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Probiotics for treatment of NAFL
25.3 Probiotics in the treatment of NASH
25.4 Probiotics in the treatment of cirrhosis
25.5 Probiotics in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
25.6 Probiotics in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy
25.7 Conclusions
References
Index
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