Probability and Mechanics of Ship Collision and Grounding provides simplified analytical procedures for ship collision and grounding assessments, including probabilistic methods, an estimation of the energy released during collisions, and a prediction of the extent of damage on involved structures. An additional chapter is dedicated to current finite element analysis techniques that are used for estimating structural damage during ship collisions. The book encapsulates reliable and fast analysis methods for collision and grounding assessment, presenting tactics that have been extensively validated with experimental and numerical results. In addition, all described analysis methods include realistic calculation examples to provide confidence in their use.
Author(s): Shengming Zhang Preben Terndrup Pedersen Richard Villavicencio
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 385
Cover......Page 1
Probability and Mechanics
of Ship Collision and
Grounding
......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Risk based analyses......Page 8
Risk acceptance criteria......Page 9
Probability of ship-ship collisions......Page 11
Ship traffic distribution......Page 13
Collisions in crossing waterways......Page 18
Head-on and overtaking collisions......Page 23
Collisions in bends of the seaway......Page 24
Estimation of the causation factor Pc......Page 25
Effect of aversive manoeuvres......Page 28
Calculation examples......Page 29
Probability of ship collisions against offshore structures......Page 32
Quantitative assessment of ship collision probability......Page 33
Probability of ship collision events......Page 34
Calculation examples......Page 39
Probability of ship collisions against bridges......Page 41
Critical meeting situations......Page 43
Ship-bridge collision probability analysis......Page 50
Acceptance criteria and Heinrich factor......Page 56
Calculation example......Page 59
Probability of ship grounding......Page 61
Model for estimation of ship grounding frequency......Page 62
An application of the grounding frequency analysis......Page 64
Concluding remarks......Page 65
References......Page 66
Coupled analysis based on time simulations......Page 69
Uncoupled analytical procedures......Page 72
Motions of Ship A......Page 73
Motions of Ship B......Page 74
Relative motions of the Ship A and the Ship B......Page 75
Determination of the impact impulse......Page 77
Energy released for crushing of ship structures......Page 78
Velocities at the end of the collision......Page 80
Summary of the formulations for ship-ship collision analysis......Page 81
Added mass coefficients of the surrounding water......Page 82
Effective mass coefficients of internal liquid on ship......Page 84
Effective friction coefficient for ship collisions in sliding case......Page 85
Comparison between the analytical method and numerical simulations......Page 86
Model-scale perpendicular collision experiment......Page 88
Model-scale oblique collision experiments......Page 91
Model-scale collision experiments carrying liquid with free surface......Page 93
Full-scale experiments......Page 96
Effect of the roll motion of the struck ship......Page 97
Hand calculation exercise: Simplified outer collision mechanics for ship-ship collisions......Page 102
Ship collision with offshore platforms or wind turbines......Page 104
Ship collision with semisubmersibles......Page 106
Ship collision with spar platforms......Page 108
Calculation examples for a ship collision with a Tension Leg Platform......Page 111
Analytical formulation for ship collisions with fixed offshore structures (or wind turbines)......Page 114
Calculation example for fixed platforms......Page 119
Analytical formulation......Page 122
Verification......Page 124
Calculation example......Page 125
Ship collision with gravity supported foundations......Page 126
Numerical example for gravity supported foundations......Page 129
Ship collision with ice......Page 130
Analytical formulation......Page 131
Calculation example......Page 132
External mechanics of ship grounding events......Page 133
Simplified outer mechanics of ship grounding on hard sea beds......Page 134
Phase I. Change in momentum at time t=0......Page 135
Phase II. The sliding motion......Page 138
Model experiments......Page 141
Numerical example: Grounding of a 4000 DWT ship in ballast......Page 143
Sectional forces after grounding......Page 144
Analysis of groundings on soft sea beds......Page 150
References......Page 151
Empirical methods......Page 154
Experimental methods......Page 156
Simplified analytical methods......Page 158
Materials properties......Page 162
Temperature effects......Page 166
Strain rate effects......Page 167
Uncertainties in materials properties......Page 170
Collapse analysis theorems......Page 172
Formulation of the upper-bound method......Page 173
Introduction......Page 176
Plates subjected to lateral point loads......Page 177
Line loads......Page 181
Patch loads (eccentric impact)......Page 182
Circular plate subjected to lateral patch loads......Page 183
Bulbous bow impact on shell plating......Page 184
Critical deflection of the shell plate at initial rupture......Page 187
Example 1......Page 190
Example 3......Page 194
Analysis method......Page 195
Membrane energy rate......Page 196
The total energy and crushing force......Page 197
Subsequent folding......Page 198
Concertina folding/tearing......Page 199
Analysis formulas......Page 201
MIT crushing experiment......Page 203
Drop impacting experiment......Page 204
Analysis method for the mean crushing force......Page 206
Subsequent crushing......Page 208
Calculation examples......Page 210
Axial crushing analysis of cylindrical shells......Page 211
Axial crushing of conical shells......Page 214
Axial crushing of L-, T-, and X-structural elements......Page 215
Quasistatic axial crushing tests by......Page 217
Quasistatic axial crushing tests by......Page 219
Dynamic axial crushing tests by......Page 220
Analysis procedure for bow crushing......Page 221
Striking bow shape......Page 224
Ship main dimension......Page 228
Bow crushing loads and bow damage in head-on collision......Page 231
Bridge pylon or pier design against ship collisions......Page 236
Introduction and collision scenarios......Page 238
Analysis procedure for deformable striking ship and deformable struck ship......Page 242
Lower hole......Page 245
Introduction......Page 247
Rigid cylinder impact to side shell plating of a ship......Page 249
Tubular structures: Local plastic bending and tension......Page 251
Tubular structures: Local denting (ship drifting to chords)......Page 254
Deformation transition between local denting and local bending......Page 255
Calculation example: Deformation transition between local denting and local bending of tubulars......Page 257
Calculation example: Collision between a deformable ship and a deformable tubular chord......Page 258
Introduction......Page 259
Mechanics of plate cutting by a wedge......Page 260
Bending energy rate......Page 261
Membrane energy rate......Page 262
Contribution of friction......Page 263
Summary of some formulations for plate cutting by a wedge......Page 264
Steady-state of plate cutting......Page 265
Estimation of the horizontal grounding force in ship grounding......Page 266
Horizontal grounding force for oil tankers of different sizes......Page 267
Thin plate cutting experiment by......Page 268
Thick plate cutting experiment by......Page 269
Thick stiffened plate cutting experiment by......Page 270
References......Page 272
Prediction methodology......Page 278
Energy absorption by the crushing and folding damage mode......Page 279
Explanation of the parameters used in the calculations......Page 280
Three model tests by......Page 282
Four model tests by......Page 283
Nine model tests by......Page 285
Model test by......Page 289
Large scale model test by......Page 294
Discussion on the validation of the method with side collision experiments......Page 295
Comparison with bow crushing experiments......Page 296
Comparison with bow crushing tests......Page 298
Model 1-Rectangular box with transverse frames......Page 299
Results summary of the four model crushing test......Page 300
Comparison with grounding tests......Page 301
Model 3......Page 303
Comparison with ASIS grounding tests......Page 304
Application......Page 306
Application to a full-scale collision accident......Page 307
Application to a full-scale grounding accident......Page 308
Collision management and risk control for LNG carriers......Page 310
Absorbed energy of oil tankers at initial rupture of the side shell in ship collisions......Page 313
The prediction method......Page 314
Application example to a high-speed craft......Page 315
Application example to a high-speed Ro-Ro ferry......Page 318
Introduction......Page 320
Prediction of the relative damage extent in grounding......Page 322
Calculation example and comparison with grounding damage data......Page 324
Concluding remarks......Page 326
References......Page 328
Introduction......Page 331
Finite elements......Page 336
Mesh size......Page 338
Boundary conditions......Page 340
True stress-true strain curve......Page 343
Critical failure strain......Page 350
Strain rate......Page 353
Failure criteria for ship collision assessments......Page 357
PES criterion......Page 359
Contact definition and friction......Page 360
Double hull models......Page 363
Container ship model......Page 369
Concluding remarks......Page 372
References......Page 373
C......Page 376
E......Page 377
I......Page 378
O......Page 379
S......Page 380
W......Page 383
Z......Page 384
Back Cover......Page 385
