Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Biography
Preface
Chapter 1 Background and Basic Knowledge of Perovskite Solar Cells
1.1 Background
1.2 The Principle of Solar Cells
1.2.1 Silicon Solar Cells
1.2.2 Dye‐sensitized Solar Cells
1.2.3 Organic Solar Cells
1.2.4 Perovskite Solar Cells
1.3 The Typical Structures of PSC
1.3.1 Mesoscopic Structure
1.3.2 Triple‐mesoscopic Layer Structure
1.3.3 Regular Planar n‐i‐p Structure
1.3.4 Inverted Planar p‐i‐n Structure
References
Chapter 2 Characterization Methods and Technologies for Halide Perovskite Materials and Devices
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Printing Layer Quality
2.2.1 Thickness Measurement
2.2.1.1 Profilometry
2.2.1.2 SEM
2.2.1.3 Ellipsometry
2.2.2 Porosity Estimation
2.2.2.1 Gas Adsorption (BET Method)
2.2.2.2 SEM/FIB 3D Nanotomography
2.2.3 Sheet Resistance
2.2.3.1 Four‐point Probe Measurement
2.2.4 Shunt Resistance of Unfilled Cell
2.3 Material and Crystal Properties
2.3.1 X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
2.3.2 UV–Vis–NIR Spectroscopy
2.3.3 Raman Shift Spectroscopy
2.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Spectroscopy (EDX)
2.3.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.3.4.2 Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Spectroscopy (EDX)
2.3.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
2.3.6 Contact Angle Measurement
2.4 Spatially Resolved Steady‐state Photophysical Methods
2.4.1 Photoluminescence Microscopy Imaging
2.4.2 Microscopic Photoluminescence Spectroscopy Mapping
2.4.3 Electroluminescence Imaging
2.4.4 Bias‐dependent Photoluminescence Imaging
2.4.5 Real‐time Photoluminescence Measurement
2.4.6 Dark Lock‐in Thermography (DLIT)
2.4.7 Light‐Beam‐Induced Current (LBIC)
2.5 Transient Optoelectronic Methods
2.5.1 Intensity‐modulated Photocurrent/Photovoltage Spectroscopy (IMPS/IMVS)
2.5.2 Transient Photocurrent/Photovoltage (TPC/TPV)
2.5.3 Open‐circuit Voltage Decay (OCVD) Analysis for Shunt Detection
2.5.4 Transient Absorption Spectroscopy (TAS)
2.5.5 Time‐resolved Photoluminescence (TRPL)
2.5.5.1 Typical Setup: Pulsed (Transient) Excitation
2.5.5.2 Alternative Setup: Steady‐state Excitation
2.5.5.3 Some Notes on Sample Preparation
2.5.6 Note on the Extension to Spatially Resolved Measurements
2.6 I–V Performance: Transient and Steady State
2.6.1 I–V Characterization
2.6.2 I–V Hysteresis
2.6.3 Stabilized Efficiency Measurement
2.6.4 Spectral Response/External Quantum Efficiency (SR/EQE)
2.6.5 Voc vs. Light Intensity Measurement
2.6.6 Effect of Parallel and Series Resistance Rp
2.6.7 Effect of Saturation Current J01 and J02
2.6.8 Certification of PV Performance
2.6.9 Long‐term Stability Measurement
References
Chapter 3 Printable Processing Technologies for Perovskite Solar Cells
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Solution‐Based Technologies
3.2.1 Spin Coating
3.2.2 Blade Coating
3.2.3 Slot‐Die Coating
3.2.4 Bar Coating
3.2.5 Spray Coating
3.2.6 Inkjet Printing
3.2.7 Screen Printing
3.2.8 Chemical Bath Deposition
3.2.9 Soft‐Cover Deposition
3.2.10 Brush Painting
3.3 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Chapter 4 Mesoscopic Anodes and Cathodes for Printable Perovskite Solar Cells
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fabrication Methods
4.3 Comact Layer (TiO2)
4.4 Mesoporous Anodes (n‐Type Semiconductor: TiO2, etc.)
4.5 Mesoporous Cathodes (NiO and Co3O4)
4.6 Back‐Contact Porous Carbon
4.7 Photovoltaic Measurements
4.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Insulating Layers for Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells
5.1 Introduction
5.2 ZrO2‐Insulating Mesoscopic Layers
5.3 Al2O3‐Insulating Mesoscopic Layers
5.4 SiO2‐Insulating Mesoscopic Layers
5.5 Multilayer Insulating Mesoscopic Layers
5.5.1 Al2O3 + ZrO2
5.5.2 Al2O3 + NiO
5.5.3 ZrO2 + NiO
5.6 Conclusion and Perspective
References
Chapter 6 Perovskite Materials and Perovskite Solar Cells
6.1 Perovskite Materials
6.1.1 3D Halide Perovskites
6.1.2 2D Halide Perovskites
6.1.3 Synthesis of Halide Perovskites
6.2 Compositional and Interfacial Engineering of Perovskite Solar Cells
6.2.1 Solvent Engineering
6.2.2 Cation Optimization
6.2.3 Halide Optimization
6.2.4 Stoichiometric and Nonstoichiometric Compositions
6.2.5 The Influence of Inorganic Cations on the Formation of Different Phases
6.2.6 Halide Segregation
6.2.7 Interface Engineering
6.2.8 Charge Transfer Dynamics
References
Chapter 7 The Efficiency Progress in Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Solvent Engineering and Annealing
7.2.1 Solvent Engineering
7.2.2 Solvent Annealing
7.3 Composition Engineering
7.3.1 The A‐Site Cation
7.3.2 The B‐Site Cation and X‐Site Anion
7.4 Additive Engineering
7.4.1 Functional Molecular Additives
7.4.2 Other Additives
7.5 Interfaces Engineering
7.5.1 Interface of Perovskite and Electron Transport Materials
7.5.2 Interface of Perovskite and Counter Electrode
7.6 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Chapter 8 Stability Issues and Solutions for Perovskite Solar Cells
8.1 Substrate
8.2 Electron Transport Layer
8.3 Hole Transport Layer
8.4 Back Electrode
8.5 Encapsulant
8.6 Halide Perovskite Light Absorbing Layer
8.6.1 Thermal Stability
8.6.2 Phase Stability
8.6.3 Ambient Stability
8.6.4 Operational Stability
8.6.4.1 Degradation Pathways
8.6.4.2 Heat Management
8.6.4.3 Grain Boundary Modification
8.6.4.4 Interface Strengthening
8.6.4.5 Defect Degeneration
8.6.4.6 Reverse‐bias Voltages
8.7 Summary
References
Chapter 9 Manufacture, Modules, and Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Manufacture
9.2.1 Screen Printing
9.2.1.1 Ink Properties
9.2.1.2 Mesh Characteristics
9.2.1.3 Gap Between Screen and Substrate
9.2.1.4 A Case Study: TiO2
9.2.2 Deposition of the Compact TiO2
9.2.3 Deposition of the Mesoscopic Layers
9.2.4 Deposition of Additional Interlayers
9.2.5 Infiltration of Perovskite
9.3 Modules
9.3.1 Designs
9.3.2 Optimization
9.3.2.1 A Simplified Approach
9.3.2.2 2D Poisson's Equation
9.3.2.3 Carbon Cells and Contact Resistance
9.4 Applications
9.4.1 Modules Performance
9.4.2 Encapsulation and Outdoor Performance
9.4.3 Indoor Applications
9.5 Summary
References
Chapter 10 Perspective
10.1 Commercializing
10.2 Exceeding SQ Limit
10.3 Efficiency Breaking Out of SQ Limit
References
Index
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