Principles of Pediatric Nursing: Caring for Children (7th Edition)

Cover......Page 1
Brief Contents......Page 3
Title Page
......Page 6
Copyright Page
......Page 7
Dedication......Page 8
About The Authors......Page 10
Thank You......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 18
Contents......Page 24
Pediatric Healthcare Overview......Page 32
Direct Nursing Care......Page 33
Patient Advocacy......Page 34
Evidence-Based Practice......Page 35
Culturally Sensitive Care......Page 36
Mortality......Page 37
Morbidity......Page 38
Healthcare Technology......Page 39
Accountability and Risk Management......Page 40
Informed Consent......Page 42
Child’s Rights Versus Parents’ Rights......Page 43
Ethical Issues......Page 44
Partnering With Families......Page 46
Family and Family Roles......Page 48
Promoting Family-Centered Care......Page 49
Family Composition......Page 50
Family Size......Page 52
Parenting......Page 53
Assessing Parenting Styles......Page 54
Discipline and Limit Setting......Page 55
Divorce and Its Effects on Children......Page 56
Foster Care......Page 57
Adoption......Page 58
Responses by Adopted Children......Page 59
Family Development Theory......Page 60
Family Stress Theory......Page 61
Collecting Data for Family Assessment......Page 62
Family Assessment Tools......Page 63
Cultural Considerations......Page 64
Cultural Assessment......Page 65
Cultural Practices That Influence Health Care......Page 66
Complementary and Alternative Modalities......Page 69
Safety Issues Concerning CAM Therapies......Page 70
Partnering With Families: Meeting the Standard of Genetic Nursing Care Delivery......Page 76
Impact of Genetic Advances on Health Promotion and Health Maintenance......Page 78
Cell Division......Page 79
Genes......Page 80
Classic Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance......Page 82
Variability in Classic Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance......Page 85
Diagnostic Procedures......Page 86
Quality and Accuracy of Genetic Tests......Page 88
Visions for the Future......Page 94
Principles of Growth and Development......Page 97
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development......Page 99
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development......Page 100
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development......Page 103
Behaviorism......Page 104
Temperament Theory......Page 105
Influences on Development......Page 108
Physical Growth and Development......Page 110
Cognitive Development......Page 111
Psychosocial Development......Page 114
Physical Growth and Development......Page 116
Psychosocial Development......Page 117
Physical Growth and Development......Page 118
Psychosocial Development......Page 120
Cognitive Development......Page 122
Psychosocial Development......Page 123
Psychosocial Development......Page 125
Communication Strategies......Page 129
Data to Be Collected......Page 131
Developmental Approach to the Examination......Page 134
Assessing Skin and Hair Characteristics......Page 136
Palpation of the Skin......Page 137
Palpation of the Hair......Page 138
Inspection of the Head and Face......Page 139
Inspection of the External Eye Structures......Page 140
Inspection of the Tympanic Membrane......Page 143
Hearing Assessment......Page 144
Assessment of Smell......Page 146
Inspection of the Sinuses......Page 147
Inspection of the Mouth......Page 148
Inspection of the Neck......Page 149
Range of Motion Assessment......Page 150
Inspection of the Chest......Page 151
Auscultation of the Chest......Page 153
Percussion of the Chest......Page 154
Palpation of the Precordium......Page 155
Auscultation of the Heart......Page 156
Completing the Heart Examination......Page 157
Auscultation of the Abdomen......Page 158
Assessing the Genital and Perineal Areas for External Structural Abnormalities......Page 159
Inspection of the Male Genitalia......Page 160
Girls......Page 161
Sexual Maturity Timeline......Page 162
Palpation of the Bones, Muscles, and Joints......Page 163
Posture and Spinal Alignment......Page 164
Assessing the Nervous System......Page 165
Cerebellar Function......Page 167
Common Newborn Reflexes......Page 169
Superficial and Deep Tendon Reflexes......Page 171
Performing an Intermittent Examination......Page 172
Analyzing Data From the Physical Examination......Page 173
6 Introduction to Health Promotion and Maintenance......Page 175
General Concepts......Page 176
Components of Health Promotion/Health Maintenance Visits......Page 178
Health Promotion and Maintenance for the Newborn and Infant......Page 185
General Observations......Page 186
Growth and Developmental Surveillance......Page 187
Physical Activity......Page 188
Mental and Spiritual Health......Page 189
Disease Prevention Strategies......Page 191
Injury Prevention Strategies......Page 192
Health Promotion and Maintenance for the Toddler and Preschooler......Page 197
Growth and Developmental Surveillance......Page 198
Nutrition......Page 200
Physical Activity......Page 201
Oral Health......Page 202
Mental and Spiritual Health......Page 203
Relationships......Page 204
Injury Prevention Strategies......Page 205
Health Promotion and Maintenance for the School-Age Child......Page 213
Growth and Developmental Surveillance......Page 214
Physical Activity......Page 215
Oral Health......Page 217
Mental and Spiritual Health......Page 218
Relationships......Page 220
Disease Prevention Strategies......Page 221
Injury Prevention Strategies......Page 222
Health Promotion and Maintenance for the Adolescent......Page 226
Growth and Developmental Surveillance......Page 227
Physical Activity......Page 228
Oral Health......Page 229
Mental and Spiritual Health......Page 230
Disease Prevention Strategies......Page 232
Injury Prevention Strategies......Page 233
Community-Based Health Care......Page 238
Nursing Roles in the Office or Healthcare Center Setting......Page 239
Nursing Roles in the Specialty Healthcare Setting......Page 240
Nursing Roles in the School Setting......Page 241
Nursing Roles in the Childcare Setting......Page 242
Nursing Roles in the Home Healthcare Setting......Page 244
Community Assessment......Page 247
Preparation for Disasters......Page 248
Clinical Therapy......Page 249
11 Nursing Considerations for the Hospitalized Child......Page 253
Children’s Understanding of Health and Illness......Page 254
Family Responses to Hospitalization......Page 257
Family Assessment......Page 258
Planned Hospitalization......Page 259
Unexpected Hospitalization......Page 260
Special Units and Types of Care......Page 261
Parental Involvement and Parental Presence......Page 262
Performing the Procedure......Page 263
Preparation for Surgery......Page 265
Therapeutic Play......Page 269
Strategies to Meet Educational Needs......Page 272
Preparing Parents to Act as Case Managers......Page 274
Overview of Chronic Conditions......Page 277
The Child With a Newly Diagnosed Chronic Condition......Page 279
Discharge Planning and Home Care Teaching......Page 280
Coordination of Care......Page 283
Office or Health Center......Page 284
Schools......Page 285
Home Care......Page 288
Life-Threatening Illness or Injury......Page 291
Coping Mechanisms......Page 292
The Family in Crisis......Page 295
Parental Reactions to Life-Threatening Illness or Injury......Page 296
The Siblings’ Experience......Page 299
Brain Death Criteria......Page 300
Withdrawal of or Withholding Treatment......Page 301
Awareness of Dying by Developmental Age......Page 302
Siblings’ Reactions......Page 307
Staff Reactions to the Death of a Child......Page 309
General Nutrition Concepts......Page 312
Infancy......Page 313
Preschool......Page 317
School Age......Page 318
Adolescence......Page 319
Physical and Behavioral Measurement......Page 320
Dietary Intake......Page 321
Childhood Hunger......Page 323
Overweight and Obesity......Page 324
Food Safety......Page 326
Common Dietary Deficiencies......Page 327
Celiac Disease......Page 328
Feeding and Eating Disorders......Page 329
Lactose Intolerance......Page 335
Herbs, Probiotics, and Prebiotics......Page 336
Enteral Therapy......Page 337
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)......Page 338
Pain......Page 341
Developmental Aspects of Pain Perception, Memory, and Response......Page 342
Cultural Influences on Pain......Page 343
Pain History......Page 345
Pain Assessment Tools......Page 346
Acute Pain......Page 348
Clinical Therapy......Page 349
Nonpharmacologic Methods of Pain Management......Page 353
Clinical Therapy......Page 359
Sedation and Analgesia for Medical Procedures......Page 360
Special Vulnerability of Infants and Children......Page 364
Public Health and Communicable Diseases......Page 365
Immunization......Page 366
Collaborative Care......Page 371
Clinical Manifestations
......Page 379
Emerging Infection Control Threats......Page 395
17 Social and Environmental Influences on the Child......Page 398
Poverty......Page 399
Stress......Page 400
Families......Page 402
Community......Page 403
Culture......Page 404
Tobacco Use......Page 405
Drug Use......Page 407
Injury and Protective Equipment......Page 411
Body Art......Page 413
Sexual Orientation......Page 414
Bullying......Page 415
Domestic Violence......Page 416
Dating Violence......Page 417
Physical Abuse......Page 419
Sexual Abuse......Page 420
Münchausen Syndrome by Proxy (Factitious Disorder)......Page 424
Environmental Contaminants......Page 425
Poisoning......Page 426
Ingestion of Foreign Objects......Page 429
Lead Poisoning......Page 430
18 Alterations in Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance......Page 435
Extracellular Fluid Volume Deficit (Dehydration)......Page 440
Extracellular Fluid Volume Excess......Page 447
Interstitial Fluid Volume Excess (Edema)......Page 449
Hypernatremia......Page 451
Hyponatremia......Page 453
Hyperkalemia......Page 454
Hypokalemia......Page 456
Hypercalcemia......Page 458
Hypocalcemia......Page 459
Hypomagnesemia......Page 461
Acid–Base Imbalances......Page 463
Respiratory Acidosis......Page 464
Respiratory Alkalosis......Page 466
Metabolic Acidosis......Page 467
Mixed Acid–Base Imbalances......Page 468
Infectious Conjunctivitis......Page 471
Visual Disorders......Page 476
Color Blindness......Page 477
Retinopathy of Prematurity......Page 479
Visual Impairment......Page 483
Otitis Media......Page 486
Hearing Impairment......Page 491
Epistaxis......Page 496
Nasopharyngitis......Page 498
Pharyngitis......Page 499
Tonsillitis and Adenoiditis......Page 500
Disorders of the Mouth......Page 502
Respiratory Distress and Respiratory Failure......Page 505
Foreign-Body Aspiration......Page 509
Respiratory Failure......Page 511
Apparent Life-Threatening Event (ALTE)......Page 512
Obstructive Sleep Apnea......Page 513
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome......Page 514
Croup Syndromes......Page 516
Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Syncytial Virus......Page 519
Pneumonia......Page 522
Tuberculosis......Page 523
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (Chronic Lung Disease)......Page 524
Asthma......Page 526
Cystic Fibrosis......Page 537
Smoke-Inhalation Injury......Page 543
Pneumothorax......Page 544
21 Alterations in Cardiovascular Function......Page 549
Clinical Manifestations......Page 553
Clinical Therapy......Page 554
Clinical Manifestations......Page 556
Clinical Therapy......Page 559
Etiology and Pathophysiology......Page 561
Clinical Manifestations......Page 562
Clinical Therapy......Page 565
Clinical Manifestations......Page 570
Congestive Heart Failure......Page 573
Clinical Therapy......Page 574
Cardiomyopathy......Page 578
Heart Transplantation......Page 580
Infective Endocarditis......Page 581
Acute Rheumatic Fever......Page 582
Kawasaki Disease......Page 583
Cardiac Arrhythmias......Page 584
Dyslipidemia......Page 586
Hypovolemic Shock......Page 587
Cardiogenic Shock......Page 590
Commotio Cordis......Page 591
Immunodeficiency Disorders......Page 594
B-Cell and T-Cell Disorders......Page 597
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease......Page 598
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome......Page 600
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus......Page 609
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis......Page 612
Allergic Reactions......Page 614
Graft-Versus-Host Disease......Page 616
Iron Deficiency Anemia......Page 620
Normocytic Anemia......Page 623
Sickle Cell Disease......Page 624
Hereditary Spherocytosis......Page 632
Hemophilia......Page 633
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation......Page 635
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation......Page 636
24 The Child With Cancer......Page 641
Etiology and Pathophysiology......Page 644
Diagnostic Tests......Page 646
Clinical Therapy......Page 647
Special Issues in Childhood Cancer......Page 653
Brain Tumors......Page 667
Neuroblastoma......Page 671
Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)......Page 672
Ewing Sarcoma......Page 674
Clinical Manifestations......Page 676
Clinical Therapy......Page 677
Hodgkin Disease......Page 679
Rhabdomyosarcoma......Page 680
Retinoblastoma......Page 681
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate......Page 686
Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula......Page 694
Pyloric Stenosis......Page 696
Gastroesophageal Reflux......Page 699
Omphalocele and Gastroschisis......Page 700
Intussusception......Page 701
Volvulus......Page 702
Anorectal Malformations......Page 703
Ostomies......Page 705
Inflammatory Disorders......Page 706
Appendicitis......Page 707
Necrotizing Enterocolitis......Page 710
Inflammatory Bowel Disease......Page 711
Gastroenteritis (Acute Diarrhea)......Page 713
Constipation......Page 717
Short Bowel Syndrome......Page 718
Hepatic Disorders......Page 720
Hyperbilirubinemia of the Newborn......Page 721
Biliary Atresia......Page 722
Viral Hepatitis......Page 723
Cirrhosis......Page 725
Abdominal Trauma......Page 726
Etiology and Pathophysiology......Page 732
Clinical Therapy......Page 736
Bladder Exstrophy......Page 737
Hypospadias and Epispadias......Page 738
Obstructive Uropathy......Page 740
Prune Belly Syndrome......Page 741
Enuresis......Page 742
Nephrotic Syndrome......Page 743
Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis......Page 746
Acute Renal Failure......Page 749
Chronic Renal Failure......Page 752
Renal Replacement Therapy......Page 756
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome......Page 760
Polycystic Kidney Disease......Page 761
Inguinal Hernia and Hydrocele......Page 762
Sexually Transmitted Infections......Page 763
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)......Page 766
Altered States of Consciousness......Page 770
Clinical Therapy......Page 774
Clinical Therapy......Page 778
Bacterial Meningitis......Page 785
Viral (Aseptic) Meningitis......Page 789
Reye Syndrome......Page 790
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (Postinfectious Polyneuritis)......Page 791
Hydrocephalus......Page 792
Neural Tube Defects......Page 796
Craniosynostosis......Page 800
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome......Page 801
Neurofibromatosis......Page 802
Etiology and Pathophysiology......Page 803
Clinical Therapy......Page 804
Traumatic Brain Injury......Page 808
Skull Fractures......Page 813
Spinal Cord Injury......Page 814
Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury (Drowning)......Page 816
Mental Health Alterations of Children and Adolescents......Page 821
Clinical Manifestations......Page 823
Clinical Therapy......Page 824
Autism Spectrum Disorder (Neurodevelopmental Disorder)......Page 827
Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 831
Depression......Page 834
Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression)......Page 837
Separation Anxiety Disorder......Page 838
Conversion Reaction......Page 839
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 840
Suicide......Page 842
Tic Disorders and Tourette Syndrome......Page 843
Learning Disabilities......Page 844
Intellectual Disability (Formerly Called Mental Retardation)......Page 845
29 Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function......Page 852
Metatarsus Adductus......Page 857
Clubfoot......Page 858
Genu Varum and Genu Valgum......Page 861
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip......Page 862
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease......Page 865
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis......Page 866
Scoliosis......Page 868
Osteoporosis and Osteopenia......Page 872
Osteomyelitis......Page 874
Skeletal Tuberculosis and Septic Arthritis......Page 875
Achondroplasia......Page 876
Osteogenesis Imperfecta......Page 877
Muscular Dystrophies......Page 878
Fractures......Page 882
Sports Injuries......Page 887
Amputations......Page 888
Growth Hormone Deficiency (Hypopituitarism)......Page 892
Diabetes Insipidus......Page 898
Precocious Puberty......Page 899
Hypothyroidism......Page 900
Hyperthyroidism......Page 901
Cushing Syndrome and Cushing Disease......Page 903
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia......Page 904
Pheochromocytoma......Page 906
Type 1 Diabetes......Page 907
Diabetic Ketoacidosis......Page 917
Hypoglycemia in the Child With Diabetes......Page 919
Type 2 Diabetes......Page 920
Amenorrhea......Page 922
Turner Syndrome......Page 923
Phenylketonuria......Page 924
Mitochondrial Diseases......Page 925
Maple Syrup Urine Disease......Page 926
Skin Lesions......Page 931
Dermatitis......Page 934
Contact Dermatitis......Page 935
Diaper Dermatitis......Page 937
Seborrheic Dermatitis......Page 938
Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus......Page 939
Cellulitis......Page 940
Oral Candidal Infection (Thrush)......Page 941
Drug Reactions......Page 942
Atopic Dermatitis......Page 944
Acne......Page 947
Epidermolysis Bullosa......Page 951
Pediculosis Capitis (Lice)......Page 952
Scabies......Page 953
Vascular Tumors (Hemangiomas)......Page 954
Pressure Ulcers......Page 955
Burns......Page 956
Sunburn......Page 964
Hypothermia......Page 965
Frostbite......Page 966
Bites......Page 967
Foreign Bodies......Page 968
Lacerations......Page 970
Appendix A Physical Growth Charts......Page 973
Appendix B Blood Pressure Tables......Page 983
Appendix C Dietary Reference Intakes......Page 985
Appendix D Selected Pediatric Laboratory Values......Page 987
Appendix E Diagnostic Tests and Procedures......Page 990
Appendix F Body Surface Area Nomogram......Page 995
Appendix G Conversions and Equivalents......Page 996
Glossary......Page 997
A......Page 1010
B......Page 1014
C......Page 1015
D......Page 1029
E......Page 1031
F......Page 1036
G......Page 1039
H......Page 1042
I......Page 1046
L......Page 1049
M......Page 1050
N......Page 1053
O......Page 1060
P......Page 1061
R......Page 1070
S......Page 1071
T......Page 1076
V......Page 1078
Z......Page 1079