Many geochemists focus on natural systems with less emphasis on the human impact on those systems. Environmental chemists frequently approach their subject with less consideration of the historical record than geoscientists. The field of environmental geochemistry combines these approaches to address questions about the natural environment and anthropogenic effects on it. Eby provides students with a solid foundation in basic aqueous geochemistry before discussing the important role carbon compounds, isotopes, and minerals play in environmental issues. He then guides students through how these concepts apply to problems facing our atmosphere, continental lands, and oceans. Rather than broadly discussing a variety of environmental problems, the author focuses on principles throughout the text, leading students to understand processes and how knowledge of those processes can be applied to environmental problem solving. A wide variety of case studies and quantitative problems accompany each chapter, giving each instructor the flexibility to tailor the material to his/her course. Many problems have no single correct answer, illustrating the analytical nature of solving real-world environmental problems.
Not-for-sale instructor's resource materials available online to college and university faculty only; contact publisher directly.
Author(s): G. Nelson Eby
Publisher: Waveland Press, Inc.
Year: 2004
Language: English
Commentary: Bookmarks were done manually, OCR done w/ Acrobat
Pages: 514
Cover
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Basic Principles
The Atom
The Bohr Atom
Beyond the Bohr Atom - Quantum Mechanics
Ionization and Valences
Spectra and Elemental Analysis
The Nucelus
Chemical Bonding
Atomic and Molecular Weights
Measurement of Concentration
Types of Chemical Reactions
Determining and Balancing a Chemical Equation
Gases
Structure and Properties of Water
Box Models and Geochemical Cycles
Questions and Problems
Chapter 2: Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Kinetics
The Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Free Energy
Chemical Potential
Activity and Fugacity
The Equilibrium Constant
Henry's Law
Free Energies at Temperatures Other than 25°C
Le Chatelier's Principle
Changes in Concentration
Changes in Pressure
Changes in Temperature
Calculation of Activity-Coefficient
Debye-Hückel Model
Truesdell-Jones Model
Pitzer Model
Why Do We Care about Activity-Coefficient Modelss?
Calculation of Activity Coefficients for Uncharged Species
Activity of Water
Aqueous Complexes
Measurement of Disequilbrium
Kinetics
Order of Reactions
The Arrhenius Equation
Nucleation
Dissolution and Growth
Water-Chemistry Computer Models
Case Studies
Questions and Problems
Chapter 3: Acid-Base Equilibria
Definition of Acids and Bases
Acids
Bases
The Dissociation of Water and pH
pH of Natural Waters
Strong Acids
Weak Acids
Acetic Acid
Carbonic Acid
Silicic Acid
Carbonic Acid-Carbonate System
Salts of Weak Acids and Strong Bases
Strong Bases
Amphoteric Hydroxides
Acidity and Alkalinity
Acidity and Alkalinity Titrations
Buffers
Buffering Index for H2O
Buffering Index for a Weak Monoprotic Acid
Buffering Index for a Weak Polyprotic Acids
Mineral-Water Reactions
Buffering Index for the Calcite-Carbonic Acid System
Buffering Index for the Water-Silicate Mineral Systems
Buffering Capacities of Natural Waters
Mineral Reactivity
Acid-Base Equilibria Case Studies
Questions and Problems
Chapter 4: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Basic Principles
Electrochemical Cells
Electromotive Series
Electromotive Force
Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations
The Nernst Equation and Eh
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and pe
Oxidation-Reduction Diagrams
Stability of Water
Constructing Eh-pH Diagrams
The Iron Eh-pH Diagram
The Nitrogen Eh-pH Diagram
The Role of Microorganisms in Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Microorganisms and Energy Pathways
Examples of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Mediated by Microorganisms
Oxidation-Reduction Processes in Natural Systems
Redox Buffering
Classification of Oxidation-Reduction Environments
Oxidative and Reductive Capacity
Oxidation-Reduction Ladders
The Redox Interface
Questions and Problems
Chapter 5: Carbon Chemistry
Basic Structures and Naming of Organic Compounds
Formulas
Isomers
Hydrocarbons
Naming and Types of Hydrocarbon Compounds
Alkanes
Alkenes and Alkynes
Cyclic Hydrocarbons
Aromatic (Aryl) Hydrocarbons
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
Functional Groups
Organohalide Compounds
Organooxygen Compounds
Organonitrogen Compounds
Organsulfer Compounds
Organophosphorus Compounds
Esters
Polymers
Carbon Compounds in the Environment
Natural Sources
Anthropogenic Sources
Humic Substances
Soil and Marine Organic Matter
Soil Organic Matter
Marine Organic Matter
Fossil Fuels
Coals
Petroleum
Natural Carbon Inputs to Surface and Ground Waters
Anthropogenic Carbon Inputs to Surface and Ground Waters
Organic Carbon
Pesticides
Dioxins, PCBs, and Dibenzofurans (DFs)
PAHs
NAPLs
Geochemical and Biochemical Processes That Control the Concentration or Oganic Chemicals in Water
Sorption/Partition
Precipitation
Volatilization
Oxidation-Reduction
Biolgical Processes
Degradation Half-life
Questions and Problems
Chapter 6: Isotopes
Radioactive Isotopes
Basic Principles
Radioactive Decay and Growth
Measurement of Radioactivity
Radioactive Isotopes Used in Environmental Studies
Tritium Dating
Carbon-14 Dating
U-series Disequilibrium Methods of Dating
²³⁰Th Dating of Marine Sediments
²³⁰Th/²³²Th Dating of Marine Sediments
²³⁰Th/²³¹Pa Dating of Marine Sediments
Activity and Sedimentation-Rate Relationships
²³⁰Th/²³⁴U Dating of Calcium Carbonate
Who Do We Want to Date Marine Sediments and Carbonate Minerals?
²¹⁰Pb Dating
Radiogenic Isotopic Tracers
Rb-Sr System
Th-U-Pb Isotopic Systems
Stable Isotopes
Basic Principles
Stable Isotope Fractionation
Fractionation Factor
The ẟ (Delta) Notation
Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in Water
Factors Affecting the Isotopic Composition of Water
Climate Change
Carbon
DIC in Aqueous Systems
Sources in Methane
DOC in Aqueous Systems
Tracers in Food Chains
Nitrogen
Nitrates in Surface and Ground Waters
NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ in Rain
Sulfur
Mixing
Binary Isotopic Mixing
Multi-End-Member Mixing of Chemical Species
Paleothermometry
Questions and Problems
Chapter 7: Environmental Mineralogy
Basic Mineralogy
Definition of a Mineral
Types of Minerals
Crystal Chemistry
Types of Bonding
Coordination Numbers
Ionic Substitutions
X-ray Crystallography
Basic Silicate Structures
Clay Minerals
Clay Mineral Structures
1:1 Clays
2:1 Clays
Ion-Exchange Properties-Origin
Suface Charge
Surface Area
Ion-Exchange Properties - Determination
Batch Method
Adsorption Isotherms
Column Test Method
Zeolites
The Asbestos Minerals
Crystal Structures of Asbestos Minerals
Types of Asbestos and Their Uses
Health Effects of Asbestos Exposure
Dissolution of Fibers
Chemistry of Exposed Fiber Surface
Surface Charge
Biological Interactions
Determining the Effect of Asbestos Exposure
Crystalline and Amorphous Silica
Dissolution of Silica Minerals
Health Effects of Silica Exposure
Mineral-Microorganism Interactions
Questions and Problems
Chapter 8: The Atmospheric Environment
Properties of the Earth's Atmosphere
Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere
Solar and Terrestrial Radiation
Atmospheric Circulation
Temperature and Water Vapor Variations
Air Pollution
Types of Air Pollutants
Aerosols
Smogs
Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change
Greenhouse Gases
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
Methane (CH₄)
Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)
Climate Change and the Geologic Record
Ice Cores
Sediment Record
Ozone
Stratospheric Ozone
Ozone-Destroying Reactions
Kinetic Considerations
The Antartic Ozone Hole
Tropospheric Ozone
Radon
Rainwater Chemistry
Ionic Species
Gaseous Species
National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP)
pH of Rainwater and Acid Rain
Chemistry and Sources of Atmospheric Particulates (Aerosols)
Types of Particulates
Mineral Dust
Sea Salt
Sulfates
Carbonaceous Particles
Removal of Particulates from the Atmosphere
Dry Deposition
Wet Deposition
Particulate Sampling
Air Mass Trajectories
Source Identification and Apportionment
Enrichment Factor
Elemental Signatures
Molecular Signatures
Isotopic Signatures - Pb
Isotopic Signatures - C
Temporal Variations in Particulate Compositions
Questions and Problems
Chapter 9: The Continental Environment
The Hydrologic Cycle
Weathering
Dissolution and Precipitation of Silica
Dissolution and Precipitation of Aluminum and Iron Hydroxides
Stability Diagrams
Geochemistry of Surfaces and Ground Waters
Variations in River and Groundwater
Graphical Representations of Water Chemistry
Hydrofacies
Rivers
Groundwaters
Lakes
Structure and Mixing of Lake Waters
Lake (Box) Models
pH of Surface and Ground Waters
Carbonic Acid Systems
Water - Mineral Interactions
Adsorption - Desorption Processes
Adsorption of Metal Cations
Colloids
Isotherms and Partitioning of Species
Ion Exchange
Adsorption and Contaminant Transport
Complex Formation and Chelation
Metals
Metal Cycles
Natural
Anthropogenic
Acid Drainage
Heavy Metals
Transition metals, Zn, Cd, and Pb
Selective Extraction
Arsenic and Selenium
Mercury
Metal Variations in Space and Time
Metal Contamination of Soils and Sediments
Radioactive Isotopes and Radioactive Waste Disposal
Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Nuclear Fission
Mobility and Sequestering of Radioactive Isotopes in the Surface Environment
The Okli Fossil Fission Reactors
Nonmetals
Carbon
Halogens
Fluorine
Cl⁻ and Br⁻
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Questions and Problems
Chapter 10: The Marine Environment
Physical Aspects of the Open Ocean
Vertical Structure of the Ocean
Ocean Circulation
Surface Currents
Upwelling and Downwelling
Thermohaline Circulation
Constancy of Composition and Salinity
Chemical Composition of the Open Ocean
Residence Time of Seawater Species
The Global Chemical Cycle for Seawater Species
Processes Controlling Seawater Composition
Biological Controls on Seawater Composition
Seawater - Sediment Interactions
Seawater - Basalt Interactions
Summary of Processes Controlling Seawater Composition
Seawater Chemistry
Seawater Alkalinity and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC)
Seawater pH
Speciation and Stoichiometric Equilibrium Constants
Seawater Buffers and Buffering Capacity
Inorganic and Organic Ligands in Seawater
Inorganic Ligands
Organic Ligands
Trace Metals in Marine Colloids
Trace Metals in Seawater
Sources of Trace Metals
Removal of Trace Metals from the Ocean
Types of Metal Distributions
Conservative-Type Distributions
Nutrient-Type Distributions
Surface-Water Enrichments
Mid-Depth Maxima and Minima
Determination of Scavenging Rates
Sediment Traps
Radioactivity Measurements
Geochemistry of Marine Sediments
Distribution of Deep-Sea Sediments
Siliceous Sediments
Calcareous Sediments
Authigenesis in Marine Sediments
Age of Seafloor Sediments
Methane Hydrates
The Marginal Marine Environment
Estuaries
Water Circulation in Semi-Isolated Basins
Evaporation Greater than Precipitation
Precipitation Greater than Evaporation
Flushing Time
Water Column Chemistry
Equilbrium Constants
Adsorption-Desportion
Redox Reactions
Suspended Particulate matter (SPM)
Pore Water Chemistry
Release of Metals to Pore Waters and the Water Column
Transport of Metals in Pore Waters
Removal of Metals from Pore Waters
Sediment Chemistry
Sediment Age and Accumulation Rate
Redox Indicators
Metal Indicators
Bioindicators
Organic Contaminants
Questions and Problems
References
Appendix I: Electronic Structure and Valences of the Elements
Appendix II: Standard State Thermodynamic Data
Appendix III: Ionic Radii in A for Different Charges and Coordination Numbers
Appendix IV: Piper Diagram for Water Chemistry Problems
Answers to Selected Problems
Index
Credits
