Principles of Electronic Materials & Devices

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Elementary Materials Science Concepts
1.1 Atomic Structure and Atomic Number
1.2 Atomic Mass and Mole
1.3 Bonding and Types of Solids
1.3.1 Molecules and General Bonding Principles
1.3.2 Covalently Bonded Solids: Diamond
1.3.3 Metallic Bonding: Copper
1.3.4 Ionically Bonded Solids: Salt
1.3.5 Secondary Bonding
1.3.6 Mixed Bonding
1.4 Kinetic Molecular Theory
1.4.1 Mean Kinetic Energy and Temperature
1.4.2 Thermal Expansion
1.5 Molecular Velocity and Energy -Distribution
1.6 Molecular Collisions and Vacuum Deposition
1.7 Heat, Thermal Fluctuations, and Noise
1.8 Thermally Activated Processes
1.8.1 Arrhenius Rate Equation
1.8.2 Atomic Diffusion and the Diffusion Coefficient
1.9 The Crystalline State
1.9.1 Types of Crystals
1.9.2 Crystal Directions and Planes
1.9.3 Allotropy and Carbon
1.10 Crystalline Defects and Their -Significance
1.10.1 Point Defects: Vacancies and Impurities
1.10.2 Line Defects: Edge and Screw Dislocations
1.10.3 Planar Defects: Grain Boundaries
1.10.4 Crystal Surfaces and Surface Properties
1.10.5 Stoichiometry, Nonstoichiometry, and Defect Structures
1.11 Single-Crystal Czochralski Growth
1.12 Glasses and Amorphous -Semiconductors
1.12.1 Glasses and Amorphous Solids
1.12.2 Crystalline and Amorphous Silicon
1.13 Solid Solutions and Two-Phase Solids
1.13.1 Isomorphous Solid Solutions: Isomorphous Alloys
1.13.2 Phase Diagrams: Cu-Ni and Other Isomorphous Alloys
1.13.3 Zone Refining and Pure Silicon Crystals
1.13.4 Binary Eutectic Phase Diagrams and Pb-Sn Solders
Additional Topics
1.14 Bravais Lattices
1.15 Grüneisen's Rule
Defining Terms
Questions and Problems
Chapter 2 Electrical and Thermal Conduction in Solids: Mainly Classical Concepts
2.1 Classical Theory: The Drude Model
2.2 Temperature Dependence of Resistivity: Ideal Pure Metals
2.3 Matthiessen's and Nordheim's Rules
2.3.1 Matthiessen's Rule and the Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity (α)
2.3.2 Solid Solutions and Nordheim's Rule
2.4 Resistivity of Mixtures and Porous Materials
2.4.1 Heterogeneous Mixtures
2.4.2 Two-Phase Alloy (Ag-Ni) Resistivity and Electrical Contacts
2.5 The Hall Effect and Hall Devices
2.6 Thermal Conduction
2.6.1 Thermal Conductivity
2.6.2 Thermal Resistance
2.7 Electrical Conductivity of Nonmetals
2.7.1 Semiconductors
2.7.2 Ionic Crystals and Glasses
Additional Topics
2.8 Skin Effect: HF Resistance of a Conductor
2.9 AC Conductivity σac
2.10 Thin Metal Films
2.10.1 Conduction in Thin Metal Films
2.10.2 Resistivity of Thin Films
2.11 Interconnects in Microelectronics
2.12 Electromigration and Black's -Equation
Defining Terms
Questions and Problems
Chapter 3 Elementary Quantum Physics
3.1 PHOTONS
3.1.1 Light as a Wave
3.1.2 The Photoelectric Effect
3.1.3 Compton Scattering
3.1.4 Black Body Radiation
3.2 The Electron as a Wave
3.2.1 De Broglie Relationship
3.2.2 Time-Independent Schrödinger Equation
3.3 Infinite Potential Well: A Confined Electron
3.4 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
3.5 Confined Electron in a Finite Potential Energy Well
3.6 Tunneling Phenomenon: Quantum Leak
3.7 Potential Box: Three Quantum Numbers
3.8 Hydrogenic Atom
3.8.1 Electron Wavefunctions
3.8.2 Quantized Electron Energy
3.8.3 Orbital Angular Momentum and Space Quantization
3.8.4 Electron Spin and Intrinsic Angular Momentum S
3.8.5 Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Electron
3.8.6 Total Angular Momentum J
3.9 The Helium Atom and the Periodic Table
3.9.1 He Atom and Pauli Exclusion Principle
3.9.2 Hund's Rule
3.10 Stimulated Emission and Lasers
3.10.1 Stimulated Emission and Photon Amplification
3.10.2 Helium-Neon Laser
3.10.3 Laser Output Spectrum
Additional Topics
3.11 Optical Fiber Amplifiers
Defining Terms
Questions and Problems
Chapter 4 Modern Theory of Solids
4.1 Hydrogen Molecule: Molecular Orbital Theory of Bonding
4.2 Band Theory of Solids
4.2.1 Energy Band Formation
4.2.2 Properties of Electrons in a Band
4.3 Semiconductors
4.4 Electron Effective Mass
4.5 Density of States in an Energy Band
4.6 Statistics: Collections of Particles
4.6.1 Boltzmann Classical Statistics
4.6.2 Fermi-Dirac Statistics
4.7 Quantum Theory of Metals
4.7.1 Free Electron Model
4.7.2 Conduction in Metals
4.8 Fermi Energy Significance
4.8.1 Metal-Metal Contacts: Contact Potential
4.8.2 The Seebeck Effect and the Thermocouple
4.9 Thermionic Emission and Vacuum Tube Devices
4.9.1 Thermionic Emission: Richardson-Dushman Equation
4.9.2 Schottky Effect and Field Emission
4.10 Phonons
4.10.1 Harmonic Oscillator and Lattice Waves
4.10.2 Debye Heat Capacity
4.10.3 Thermal Conductivity of Nonmetals
4.10.4 Electrical Conductivity
Additional topics
4.11 Band Theory of Metals: Electron -Diffraction in Crystals
Defining Terms
Questions and Problems
Chapter 5 Semiconductors
5.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors
5.1.1 Silicon Crystal and Energy Band Diagram
5.1.2 Electrons and Holes
5.1.3 Conduction in Semiconductors
5.1.4 Electron and Hole Concentrations
5.2 Extrinsic Semiconductors
5.2.1 n-Type Doping
5.2.2 p-Type Doping
5.2.3 Compensation Doping
5.3 Temperature Dependence of -Conductivity
5.3.1 Carrier Concentration Temperature Dependence
5.3.2 Drift Mobility: Temperature and Impurity Dependence
5.3.3 Conductivity Temperature Dependence
5.3.4 Degenerate and Nondegenerate Semiconductors
5.4 Direct and Indirect Recombination
5.5 Minority Carrier Lifetime
5.6 Diffusion and Conduction Equations, and Random Motion
5.7 Continuity Equation
5.7.1 Time-Dependent Continuity Equation
5.7.2 Steady-State Continuity Equation
5.8 Optical Absorption
5.9 Piezoresistivity
5.10 Schottky Junction
5.10.1 Schottky Diode
5.10.2 Schottky Junction Solar Cell and Photodiode
5.11 Ohmic Contacts and Thermoelectric Coolers
Additional Topics
5.12 Seebeck Effect in Semiconductors and Voltage Drift
5.13 Direct and Indirect Bandgap Semiconductors
5.14 Indirect Recombination
5.15 Amorphous Semiconductors
Defining Terms
Questions and Problems
Chapter 6 Semiconductor Devices
6.1 Ideal pn Junction
6.1.1 No Applied Bias: Open Circuit
6.1.2 Forward Bias: Diffusion Current
6.1.3 Forward Bias: Recombination and Total Current
6.1.4 Reverse Bias
6.2 pn Junction Band Diagram
6.2.1 Open Circuit
6.2.2 Forward and Reverse Bias
6.3 Depletion Layer Capacitance of the pn Junction
6.4 Diffusion (Storage) Capacitance and Dynamic Resistance
6.5 Reverse Breakdown: Avalanche and Zener Breakdown
6.5.1 Avalanche Breakdown
6.5.2 Zener Breakdown
6.6 Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
6.6.1 LED Principles
6.6.2 Heterojunction High-Intensity LEDs
6.6.3 Quantum Well High Intensity LEDs
6.7 Led Materials and Structures
6.8 Led Output Spectrum
6.9 Brightness and Efficiency of LEDs
6.10 Solar Cells
6.10.1 Photovoltaic Device Principles
6.10.2 Series and Shunt Resistance
6.10.3 Solar Cell Materials, Devices, and Efficiencies
6.11 Bipolar Transistor (BJT)
6.11.1 Common Base (CB) DC Characteristics
6.11.2 Common Base Amplifier
6.11.3 Common Emitter (CE) DC Characteristics
6.11.4 Low-Frequency Small-Signal Model
6.12 Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)
6.12.1 General Principles
6.12.2 JFET Amplifier
6.13 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
6.13.1 Field Effect and Inversion
6.13.2 Enhancement MOSFET
6.13.3 Threshold Voltage
6.13.4 Ion Implanted MOS Transistors and Poly-Si Gates
Additional Topics
6.14 pin Diodes, Photodiodes, and Solar Cells
6.15 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers and Lasers
Defining Terms
Questions and Problems
Chapter 7 Dielectric Materials and Insulation
7.1 Matter Polarization and Relative -Permittivity
7.1.1 Relative Permittivity: Definition
7.1.2 Dipole Moment and Electronic Polarization
7.1.3 Polarization Vector P
7.1.4 Local Field Eloc and Clausius-Mossotti Equation
7.2 Electronic Polarization: Covalent -Solids
7.3 Polarization Mechanisms
7.3.1 Ionic Polarization
7.3.2 Orientational (Dipolar) Polarization
7.3.3 Interfacial Polarization
7.3.4 Total Polarization
7.4 Frequency Dependence: Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Loss
7.4.1 Dielectric Loss
7.4.2 Debye Equations, Cole-Cole Plots, and Equivalent Series Circuit
7.5 Gauss's Law and Boundary -Conditions
7.6 Dielectric Strength and Insulation Breakdown
7.6.1 Dielectric Strength: Definition
7.6.2 Dielectric Breakdown and Partial Discharges: Gases
7.6.3 Dielectric Breakdown: Liquids
7.6.4 Dielectric Breakdown: Solids
7.7 Capacitor Dielectric Materials
7.7.1 Typical Capacitor Constructions
7.7.2 Dielectrics: Comparison
7.8 Piezoelectricity, Ferroelectricity, and Pyroelectricity
7.8.1 Piezoelectricity
7.8.2 Piezoelectricity: Quartz Oscillators and Filters
7.8.3 Ferroelectric and Pyroelectric Crystals
Additional Topics
7.9 Electric Displacement and Depolarization Field
7.10 Local Field and the Lorentz Equation
7.11 Dipolar Polarization
7.12 Ionic Polarization and Dielectric Resonance
7.13 Dielectric Mixtures and Heterogeneous Media
Defining Terms
Questions and Problems
Chapter 8 Magnetic Properties and Superconductivity
8.1 Magnetization of Matter
8.1.1 Magnetic Dipole Moment
8.1.2 Atomic Magnetic Moments
8.1.3 Magnetization Vector M
8.1.4 Magnetizing Field or Magnetic Field Intensity H
8.1.5 Magnetic Permeability and Magnetic Susceptibility
8.2 Magnetic Material Classifications
8.2.1 Diamagnetism
8.2.2 Paramagnetism
8.2.3 Ferromagnetism
8.2.4 Antiferromagnetism
8.2.5 Ferrimagnetism
8.3 Ferromagnetism Origin and the Exchange Interaction
8.4 Saturation Magnetization and Curie Temperature
8.5 Magnetic Domains: Ferromagnetic Materials
8.5.1 Magnetic Domains
8.5.2 Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy
8.5.3 Domain Walls
8.5.4 Magnetostriction
8.5.5 Domain Wall Motion
8.5.6 Polycrystalline Materials and the M versus H Behavior
8.5.7 Demagnetization
8.6 Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials
8.6.1 Definitions
8.6.2 Initial and Maximum Permeability
8.7 Soft Magnetic Materials: Examples and Uses
8.8 Hard Magnetic Materials: Examples and Uses
8.9 Energy Band Diagrams and Magnetism
8.9.1 Pauli Spin Paramagnetism
8.9.2 Energy Band Model of Ferromagnetism
8.10 Anisotropic and Giant Magnetoresistance
8.11 Magnetic Recording Materials
8.11.1 General Principles of Magnetic Recording
8.11.2 Materials for Magnetic Storage
8.12 Superconductivity
8.12.1 Zero Resistance and the Meissner Effect
8.12.2 Type I and Type II Superconductors
8.12.3 Critical Current Density
8.13 Superconductivity Origin
Additional Topics
8.14 Josephson Effect
8.15 Flux Quantization
Defining Terms
Questions and Problems
Chapter 9 Optical Properties of Materials
9.1 Light Waves in a Homogeneous Medium
9.2 Refractive Index
9.3 Dispersion: Refractive Index-Wavelength Behavior
9.4 Group Velocity and Group Index
9.5 Magnetic Field: Irradiance and Poynting Vector
9.6 Snell's Law and Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
9.7 Fresnel's Equations
9.7.1 Amplitude Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
9.7.2 Intensity, Reflectance, and Transmittance
9.8 Complex Refractive Index and Light Absorption
9.9 Lattice Absorption
9.10 Band-To-Band Absorption
9.11 Light Scattering in Materials
9.12 Attenuation in Optical Fibers
9.13 Luminescence, Phosphors, and White Leds
9.14 Polarization
9.15 Optical Anisotropy
9.15.1 Uniaxial Crystals and Fresnel's Optical Indicatrix
9.15.2 Birefringence of Calcite
9.15.3 Dichroism
9.16 Birefringent Retarding Plates
9.17 Optical Activity and Circular Birefringence
9.18 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
9.19 Electro-Optic Effects
Defining Terms
Questions and Problems
Appendix A Bragg's Diffraction Law and X-ray Diffraction
Appendix B Major Symbols and Abbreviations
Appendix C Elements to Uranium
Appendix D Constants and Useful Information
Index
Periodic Table