Principles of Communication Engineering

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Brief Contents
Table of Contents
1. Basic Concepts and Signal Analysis
1.1 Communication
1.2 Methods of Communication
1.3 Process of Communication
1.4 Brief History of Communication
1.5 Electronic Communication
1.6 Structure of An Electronic Communication System
1.7 Bandwidth Requirement
1.8 Types of Electronic Communication Systems
1.9 Transmission Mediums
1.10 Important Facts About Sound and Light
1.11 Modulation
1.12 Need for Modulation
1.13 Types of Modulations
1.14 Radio (Wireless) Broadcasting, Transmission and Reception
1.15 Reasons of Errors in Communication System
1.16 Types of Communication Systems
1.17 Signals and Classification
1.18 Representation of Signals
1.19 Fourier Analysis of Signals
1.20 Fourier Transformation and Properties
1.21 Polar Fourier Series Representation
1.22 Complex Fourier Exponential Series
1.23 Concept of Negative Frequency
1.24 Hartley and Shannon Hartley Theorem
Summary
2. Noise
2.1 Sources of Noise
2.2 Classification of Noise
2.3 Power Spectral Density (PSD)
2.4 External Noises
2.5 Internal Noises
2.6 Thermal Or Resistance Noise
2.7 Shot Noise
2.8 Partition Noise
2.9 Other Noises
2.10 Harmful Effects of Noise and to Reduce Noise
2.11 Noise Resistance
2.12 Signal-Noise Ratio (SNR)
2.13 Noise Figure or Noise Factor (NF or F)
2.14 Noise Figure (Factor) of Cascaded Amplifiers
2.15 Equivalent Noise Temperature
2.16 Addition of Noise Due to Several Sources
2.17 Addition of Noise in Amplifiers in Cascade
2.18 Noise in Reactive Circuits
2.19 Calculation of SNR and NF
2.20 Experimental Measurement of SNR and NF
2.21 Equivalent Noise Resistance and Noise Figure
2.22 Noise Bandwidth
Summary
3. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
3.1 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
3.2 Expression for Amplitude Modulated Wave
3.3 Frequency Spectrum of A.M. Wave
3.4 Modulation Factor/Index (m)
3.5 Significance of (m)
3.6 Power Distribution In The A.M. Wave
3.7 Calculation for Current
3.8 Limitations of Amplitude Modulation
Summary
4. Various AM (SSB) Techniques
4.1 Different Forms of Amplitude Modulation
4.2 Double Sideband with Full Carrier (DSBFC)
4.3 Double Sideband with Supressed Carrier (DSBSC)
4.4 Single Sideband Amplitude Modulation (SSB-AM)
4.5 Wave Shapes
4.6 Various Single Sideband (SSB AM) Techniques
4.7 Single Side Band with Supressed Carrier (SSBSC)
4.8 Single Side Band with Reduced Carrier (SSBRC)
4.9 Vestigial Single Sideband (VSB) System
4.10 Independent Sideband (ISB) Technique
4.11 SSB Signal Generation Or Supression of Unwanted Sideband
4.12 Filter Method
4.13 Phase Shift Method
4.14 Third (Weaver) Method
Summary
5. AM Transmitters
5.1 Transmitters
5.2 Types of A.M. Transmitters
5.3 Negative Feedback in A.M. Transmitters
5.4 A.M. Modulators
5.5 Linear Modulators
5.6 Non-Linear (Square Law) Modulators
5.7 Types of Non Linear Modulators
5.8 Emitter Modulator
5.9 A.M. Modulator (Using Vacuum Triode)
5.10 A.M. Modulator (Using Transistor)
5.11 Block Diagram of A.M. Transmitter
5.12 A.M. Broadcasting Transmitter
Summary
6. AM Detectors and Receivers
6.1 Demodulation or Detection
6.2 AM Detectors
6.3 Linear/Diode/Envelope Detectors
6.4 Synchronous/Square Law Detector
6.5 Distortions in Diode Detectors
6.6 Types of AM Receivers
6.7 Tuned Radio Frequency (T.R.F.) Receivers
6.8 Superheterodyne Receiver (Superhet)
6.9 Block Diagram of A Superheterodyne Receiver
6.10 Double Heterodyne Receiver
6.11 Advantages of Superheterodyne Receivers
6.12 AM Superheterodyne Receiver Using I.C.
6.13 AM Receiver Using PLL
6.14 Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
6.15 Automatic Frequency Control (AFC)
6.16 Noise Limiter
6.17 General Qualities of Receivers
Summary
7. Frequency Modulation (FM)
7.1 Frequency Modulation
7.2 Expression of FM Wave in Time Domain
7.3 Frequency Spectrum of FM Wave
7.4 Power of FM Wave
7.5 Transmission BW of FM Wave
7.6 Calculation of BW (Carson Rule)
7.7 Plotting Frequency Spectra
7.8 FM and the Noise
7.9 Amplitude Limiter in FM
7.10 Various FM (Amplitude) Limiter Circuits
7.11 Limiter/Limiting Action
7.12 Capture Effect/Co-Channel Interference in F.M. Limite
7.13 Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis
7.14 FM Versus AM
Summary
8. FM Generation, Modulators and Transmitters
8.1 FM Generation
8.2 Direct Methods of FM Generation
8.3 Reactance Modulator
8.4 Varactor Diode Modulator
8.5 Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) Modulator
8.6 Stabilized Reactance Modulator
8.7 Limitations of Direct Methods
8.9 Armstrong Method: Principle
8.10 Frequency Stabilized Armstrong FM Modulator/Transmitter
8.11 RC Phase Shift Method
8.12 FM Transmitters
8.13 Direct FM Transmitters (Employing Reactance Method)
8.14 Indirect FM Transmitter
Summary
9. FM Discriminators and Receivers
9.1 Demodulation (Detection) of FM Waves
9.2 Frequency Discriminators/Detectors
9.3 Slope Discriminator/Detector
9.4 Phase Difference Discriminators/Detectors
9.5 Other FM Detectors
9.6 FM Receivers
Summary
10. Phase Modulation (PM)
10.1 Phase Modulation
10.2 Comparison of AM, FM and PM
10.3 Expression for PM Wave
10.4 Generation, Transmission and Reception of PM/FM Wave
10.5 Complete PM System
10.6 Generation of PM Signal from Frequency Modulator
10.7 Generation of FM Signal from Phase Modulator
10.8 FM vs PM
Summary
11. More About Transmitters and Receivers
11.1 Basic Requirement of AM Transmitter: Flywheel Effect
11.2 Negative Feedback in AM Transmitters
11.3 AM vs FM Broadcasting
11.4 Frequency Drift
11.5 Frequency Stabilisation
11.6 Radio Telephone Transmitters
11.7 AM Radio Transmitter
11.8 Frequency Scintillation
11.9 Privacy Devices in Radio Telephony
11.10 Image Frequency Rejection
11.11 Tracking and Alignment of Receivers
11.12 Procedure for Tracking
11.13 Procedure for Alignment
11.14 Frequency Conversion/Mixing
11.15 Types of Mixing
11.16 Additive Mixing
11.17 Additive Mixers
11.18 Multiplicative Mixing
11.19 Multiplicative Mixer
11.20 RF Amplifiers (RFA)
11.21 Methods/Types of Neutralisation
11.22 Intermediate Frequency (IF)
11.23 IF Amplifier (IFA)
11.24 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
11.25 FM Channel Allocation
11.26 Stereo FM Transmitter and Receiver
11.27 SSB Receivers
11.28 General SSB Receiver
11.29 SSB Receiver with Squelch and BFO (Double Conversion System)
11.30 Types of SSB Receivers
11.31 Pilot Carrier SSB Demodulator/Receiver
11.32 Suppressed Carrier/ISB Receiver
11.33 Trans-Receiver for SSB Signals
11.34 Coherent and Non Coherent SSB Detection
Summary
12. Analog Pulse Modulation
12.1 Pulse
12.2 Pulse Modulation
12.3 Quantizing/Quantization
12.4 Pulse Communication System
12.5 Concept of Sampling
12.6 Sampling Electronic Signals (or TDM)
12.7 Sampling Theorem for Low Pass Signals: Nyquist Theorem
12.8 Effects of Sampling Rate on A Frequency Spectrum
12.9 Sampling Techniques
12.10 Classification of Analog Pulse Modulation Systems
12.11 PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)
12.12 Pulse Time Modulation (PTM)
12.13 PWM (PDM Or PLM)
12.14 PPM (Pulse Position Modulation)
Summary
13. Digital Pulse Modulation
13.1 Analog and Digital Signals
13.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Communication
13.3 Logic System
13.4 Principle of Digital Communication
13.5 Communication Speed
13.6 Quantizing
13.7 Quantizing Error
13.8 Types of Digital Pulse Modulations
13.9 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
13.10 Differencial PCM (DPCM)
13.11 Delta Modulation (DM)
13.12 Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM)
Summary
14. Digital Carrier Modulation
14.1 Digital Carrier Modulation
14.2 Power Spectral Density (PSD)
14.3 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK or BASK)
14.4 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK/BFSK)
14.5 Phase Shift Keying (PSK/BPSK)
14.6 Types of PSKS
14.7 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)
14.8 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
14.9 Multiplexing
14.10 Transmission and Reception of TDM
14.11 Transmission and Reception of FDM
14.12 TDM vs FDM
14.13 TDM is Superior to FDM
14.14 How the Principle of TDM is Different to FDM?
14.15 Telephone Modulation System
14.16 Transmission Medium Characteristics for Digital Communication
14.17 Modulation used in Various Communications
Summary
15. Antennas
15.1 Antenna
15.2 Antenna Reciprocity
15.3 Antenna as A Transmission Line
15.4 Evaluation of A Dipole–The Basic Antenna
15.5 Terms Related to Antennas
15.6 Omni Directional and Directional Antennas
15.7 Length of Antenna
15.8 Polarisation
15.9 How Does An Antenna Radiate Energy?
15.10 Skywave Communication
15.11 Types of Antennas
15.12 UHF and Micro Wave Antenn
15.13 Special Antennas
Summary
16. Television – Monochrome (T.V.)
16.1 Television
16.2 TV Applications
16.3 Broadcasting, Transmission and Reception of Monochrome TV
16.4 TV Camera
16.5 Working Principle (Function) of Camera
16.6 Basic Construction of Camera
16.7 Resolution of a Camera
16.8 Persistence of Vision and Aspect Ratio
16.9 Various TV Cameras
16.10 Image Orithicon (I.O.) Camera
16.11 Vidicon Camera
16.12 Plumbicon Camera Tube
16.13 Human Eye
16.14 Accommodation Power of Human Eye
16.15 Comparison Between Human Eye and the Camera
16.16 Picture Tube
16.17 Monochrome (B & W) Picture Tube
16.18 Scanning
16.19 Scanning Frequencies
16.20 Retrace Time in Scanning
16.21 Number of Scanning Lines
16.22 Flicker in Scanning
16.23 Interlaced Scanning
16.24 Scanning Period
16.25 Actual Process of Interlaced Scanning
16.26 Synchronization and Blanking Pulses
16.27 Frequencies of Scanning, Synchronising and Blanking Pulses
16.28 Horizontal and Vertical Blanking
16.29 The TV Standards
16.30 Composite Video Signal
16.31 TV Signal Transmission
16.32 Preference of Modulation for Transmission
16.33 TV Transmiss
16.34 TV Receivers
16.35 Monochrome TV Receiver
Summary
17. Colour Televisions
17.1 Colour Television
17.2 Primary, Secondary and Complementary Colours
17.3 Additive and Subtractive Mixing of Colours
17.4 Tristimulus Values
17.5 Trichromatic Values (Coefficients) and Colour Triangle
17.6 Colour Circle
17.7 Types of Colour Video Signals
17.8 Chrominance and Luminance Signals
17.9 Colour TV Receivers–Important Terms
17.10 Visibility Curve
17.11 Sub Carrier and Multiplexing
17.12 Compatibility
17.13 Popular TV Systems
17.14 NTSC System
17.15 The SECAM (Sequential) System
17.16 PAL System
17.17 Colour TV Camera
17.18 Colour Picture Tubes
17.19 Delta Gun Colour Picture lube
17.20 Colour Screens
17.21 Transmission (Broadcast) of Colour TV Signals
17.22 Reception of Colour TV Signals
17.23 Colour TV Receiver
17.24 Description of Important Circuits of Colour TV Receivers
17.25 Solid State Video Camera
17.26 Special TV
17.27 Projection TV
17.28 Closed Circuit TV
17.29 Flat Panel Television
17.30 Digital Television
17.31 Three Dimensional Television (3 DTV)
17.32 HDTV (High Definition Television)
17.33 LCD/LED TV
17.34 Plasma TV
17.35 LCD vs LED vs Plasma TVs
17.36 Satellite Television
17.37 Home Theatre TV System
17.38 TV Studio
17.39 Plan of a TV Studio
Summary
18. Cable Television and DTH
18.1 Cable TV (CATV)
18.2 CATV Through Internet
18.3 DTH (Direct to Home) Service
18.4 Merits of DTH Communication
Summary
19. Facsimile (FAX)
19.1 Facsimile (FAX)
19.2 FAX vs TV Transmission
19.3 Applications of FAX
19.4 Basic Fax System
19.5 Operation of Fax
19.6 Types of Fax Machines
19.7 Conversion of Optical Signal into Electrical Signal
19.8 Spot Lighting
19.9 Fax Transmitter
19.10 Scanning Spot
19.11 Fax Receiver
19.12 Synchronisation of The Signal
Summary
20. Radar Systems
20.1 The Radar
20.2 Basic Principles of Radar
20.3 Frequencies and Powers Used in Radars
20.4 Measurement of Azimuth (Bearing or Position) and Range
20.5 Functions (Applications) of a Radar System
20.6 Antenna Scanning Patterns
20.7 Simple Radar System
20.8 Classification of Radars
20.9 Pulse Radar
20.10 MTI Radar
20.11 Beacon Radar (Responders)
20.12 CW Radars
20.13 Tracking Radar
20.14 Laser Radar
20.15 Radar Displays
20.16 Terms Related to Radar Systems
Summary
21. Telegraphy
21.1 Telegraphy
21.2 Code
21.3 Morse Code
21.4 Five (5/7.5) Unit Code (Teleprinter Code)
21.5 ASKEE or ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code
21.6 Punched Paper Transmission
21.7 Ordinary Telegraphic System (Wire Telegraphy)
21.8 Telecommunication Lines
21.9 Carrier Telegraphic System (Wireless Telegraphy)
21.10 Picture Telegraphy
21.11 Telegraphy Systems
21.12 Duplex System
21.13 Teleprinter
21.14 Components of a Teleprinter
21.15 Block Diagram of a Teleprinter
21.16 Telegraphy Terms
Summary
22. Telephony
22.1 Telephony
22.2 A Telephone Hand Set
22.3 Electronic Telephone
22.4 Telephone Exchange
22.5 Systems of Electronic Exchanges
22.6 Terms Related to Telephony
22.7 Telephone Modulation System
22.8 Telephone Lines and Cables
22.9 PLCC (Power Line Carrier Communication)
22.10 Components of a PLCC System
Summary
23. Satellite Communication
23.1 Satellite Communication
23.2 Classification of Satellites
23.3 Communication Satellite Orbits
23.4 Terms Related to Satellite Communication
23.5 Antenna Beam Width and Size
23.6 Domsat
23.7 Intelsat
23.8 The Satellite Communication System
23.9 Earth Station
23.10 Satellite Station
23.11 Submarine Cable Communication
23.12 Hybrid Communicat
Summary
24. Transmission Lines, Cables and Waveguides
24.1 Transmission Line, Cable and Waveguide
24.2 Transmission Lines
24.3 Special Transmission Lines (RF Lines)
24.4 Characteristic Impedance of A Transmission Line
24.5 The Requirements of Transmission Lines
24.6 Standing Waves
24.7 Standing Wave Ratio (SWR)
24.8 Impedance Matching of Lines
24.9 Co-Axial Cables
24.10 Distortion less Condition in Cables
24.11 Waveguides
24.12 Shape of Waveguides
24.13 Types of Waveguid
24.14 Waveguide Modes
24.15 Propagation Modes in Wave Guides
24.16 Coupling a Waveguide with Co-axial Cable
24.17 Cavity Resonators
Summary
25. Fibre Optic Communication
25.1 Advantages and Applications of Optical Fibre Communication
25.2 Basic Principles Involved in Optical Communication
25.3 Propagation Through Optical Fibre Cables
25.4 Basic Fibre Optic Communication System
25.5 The Optical Fibre
25.6 Types and Structure of Optical Fibres
25.7 Plastic Fibres
25.8 Fibre Materials
25.9 Fibre Bundles
25.10 Optic Fibre Cable (OFC)
25.11 Types of Fibre Cables
25.12 Special Fibre Optic Cables
25.13 Optical Fibre Cable vs Conventional Communication Systems
25.14 Losses in Fibre Cables
25.15 Submarine Optical Cables
25.16 Fibre Optical Sources
25.17 Operating Principle of LED and Laser diode
25.18 Description of Various LEDs
25.19 Description of Various Laser Diodes (LDs)
25.20 Modern Diode Lasers
25.21 Block Diagram of Fibre Optic Communicatio
25.22 Digital Transmission and Reception through Optical Cable
25.23 Various Digital Modulation Schemes Used in Optical Communication
25.24 Optical (Photo) Detectors
25.25 PIN Photodiode
25.26 Avalanche Photodiode (APD)
25.27 Optical Networks
25.28 Optical Fiber couplers
25.29 Optical Splitter
25.30 Wavelength Division Multiplexers and de Multiplexers
25.31 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDMUX)
25.32 Types of WDMUX/DEMUX
25.33 Optical Amplifiers
25.34 Semi Conductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA)
25.35 Duped Fiber Amplifier (DFA)
Summary
26. Propagation of Radio Waves
26.1 Electromagnetic Wave
26.2 Propagation of Radio Waves
26.3 Structure of Atmosphere
26.4 Terms Related to Propagation
26.5 Radio Waves
26.6 Modes of Propagation of Radio Waves
26.7 Fading
Summary
27. Radio Navigation
27.1 Radio Navigation
27.2 Dead Reckoning Navigation and Inertial Navigation
27.3 Generalised Navigational System
27.4 Important Navigation Aids
27.5 Long Range Navigation (LORAN)
27.6 Visual Aural Range (VAR) System
27.7 Visual Omni Range (VOR) System
27.8 Radio Direction Finder (RDF)
27.9 Instrument Landing System (ILS)
27.10 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
Summary
28. Consumer Communication
28.1 Principle of Wireless/Radio Telephony
28.2 Cordless Telephone
28.3 Pager/Radio Bell or Subscriber Radio
28.4 Mobile/Cellular Phone/Cell Phone
28.5 TV Remote Control
28.6 Video Phone
28.7 E-mail
28.8 Internet
Summary
Appendices