Principles of Chemical Sensors, Second edition

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When first published in 1989 this was the leading book on chemical sensors. Since then, many undergraduate textbooks on chemical sensors have been published, but no graduate ones. This book is the first advanced undergraduate/graduate textbook on chemical sensors, and as with the first edition it will also garner strong interest as a reference volume.

Author(s): Jiří Janata
Edition: 2nd ed. 2nd Printing.
Year: 2009

Language: English
Pages: 350
Tags: Приборостроение;Микро- и наносистемная техника;

Cover......Page 1
Principles of Chemical Sensors, Second Edition......Page 4
Copyright - ISBN: 0387699309......Page 5
Preface......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
1.1 Introduction......Page 17
1.2 General Response Curve......Page 19
Irreversible Binding......Page 26
Reference......Page 27
2.2 Equilibrium-Based Selectivity......Page 29
2.2.1 Shape Recognition......Page 30
2.2.2 Bioselectivity......Page 33
2.2.2.1 Immunochemical Selectivity......Page 34
2.2.2.2 Nucleotide-Based Selectivity......Page 38
2.2.2.3 Aptamers......Page 39
2.2.3 Imprinted Polymers......Page 40
2.2.3.1 Solubility in Organic Materials......Page 42
2.2.3.2 Solubility in Inorganic Materials......Page 44
2.3.1 Enzyme Kinetics......Page 46
2.3.2 Zero-Flux-Boundary Sensors......Page 56
2.4 Mass Transport Selectivity......Page 58
2.5.1 Preparation of the Substrate......Page 59
2.5.2 Immobilization of Specific Binding Sites......Page 62
DNA Selectivity......Page 63
Linear Solubility Energy Relationship......Page 64
Symbols......Page 65
References......Page 66
3.2 General......Page 67
3.3 Push–Pull Operation......Page 68
3.4.1 Platinumor Platinum–Iridium Alloy Resistors......Page 69
3.4.3 Thermistors......Page 70
3.6 Examples of Thermal Chemical Sensors......Page 71
3.6.1 Glucose Thermistor......Page 72
3.6.2 Catalytic Gas Sensors......Page 73
Equivalent Circuit for a Thermal Sensor......Page 77
References......Page 78
4.1 Introduction......Page 79
4.2 Mass Sensors Based on Piezoelectric Materials......Page 83
4.2.1 Thickness-Shear-Mode (TSM) Resonators......Page 84
4.2.1.1 QCMin the Gas Phase......Page 87
4.2.1.2 QCMin Aerosols and Suspensions......Page 90
4.2.1.3 QCMin Liquids......Page 92
Modeling with Equivalent Electrical Circuits......Page 95
4.2.2 Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors......Page 102
4.2.3 Plate Mode Oscillators......Page 107
4.3 Nonpiezoelectric Mass Sensors......Page 108
4.3.1 Resonant Cantilevers......Page 109
Impedance Matching......Page 112
Symbols......Page 113
References......Page 114
5.1 Introduction......Page 115
5.2 General Rules of Electrochemistry......Page 116
5.2.1 Thought Experiment I (Curve A)......Page 117
5.2.2 Thought Experiment II (Curve B)......Page 119
5.3 Nature of Interfaces......Page 120
5.4 Nature of the Current–VoltageCurve......Page 123
5.4.1 Throught Experiment III......Page 124
5.4.2 Charge-Transfer Region......Page 125
5.4.3 Mass Transport Region......Page 127
5.5.1 Tafel Plots......Page 128
5.5.2 The Equivalent Electrical Circuit Approach......Page 129
Interfaces......Page 132
Symbols......Page 133
References......Page 134
6.2.1 Interfaces in Ion Sensors......Page 135
6.2.1.1 Ion-Selective Interface......Page 136
6.2.1.2 Semipermeable Interface......Page 139
6.2.1.3 Nonselective Interface with Low R_{ct}......Page 140
6.2.1.4 Nonselective Interface with High R_{ct}......Page 145
6.2.2.1 Reference Electrodes......Page 147
Second Kind......Page 148
Redox Reference Electrode......Page 151
Miniaturization of Reference Electrodes......Page 152
6.2.2.2 Ion-Selective Electrodes......Page 154
Glass Electrode......Page 155
Fluoride Electrode......Page 159
Electrodes......Page 160
6.2.2.2.2 Liquid Membrane Electrodes......Page 162
6.2.3 Assembled Electrochemical Cell......Page 165
6.2.3.2 Asymmetric Membrane Ion Sensors......Page 167
6.2.3.2.1 Coated Wire Electrodes......Page 169
6.2.3.2.2 Field-Effect Transistors......Page 172
pH ISFET......Page 178
ISFETs for Other Ions......Page 181
Multiple Ion ISFETs......Page 182
6.3.1 Potentiometric Enzyme Sensors......Page 184
6.3.2 Severinghaus Electrodes......Page 187
6.3.3 Work Function Sensors......Page 189
6.3.3.1 Kelvin Probe......Page 190
6.3.3.2 Suspended Gate Field-Effect Transistor......Page 191
6.3.3.3 Field-Effect Transistors with Semiconductor Gate......Page 192
6.3.3.3.1 Physics of WF Modulation......Page 193
6.3.3.3.2 Chemical Modulation of WF......Page 197
6.3.3.4 High-Temperature Ionic Sensors......Page 205
Contact Potential......Page 210
Hydrogel ISFET......Page 211
Reference Electrode......Page 212
Symbols......Page 213
References......Page 214
7.1 General Considerations......Page 217
7.2 Microelectrodes......Page 222
7.3 Oxygen Electrodes......Page 224
7.4 Clark Electrode......Page 226
7.5 Amperometric Selectivity......Page 230
7.5.1 Modified Electrodes......Page 232
7.5.2 Potentiodynamic Sensors......Page 236
7.5.3 Amperometric Biosensors......Page 237
7.5.3.1 Oxygen-Based Enzyme Electrodes......Page 239
7.5.3.2 Oxidation of Hydrogen Peroxide......Page 241
7.5.3.3 Direct Oxidation of Glucose Oxidase......Page 243
7.6 Amperometric Fuel Cells......Page 246
7.7 High Temperature Limiting Current Sensors......Page 248
Electrode Placement in Potentiometric and Amperometric Measurement......Page 253
Symbols......Page 254
References......Page 255
8.1 Introduction......Page 257
8.1.1 The Origin of Sensor Response......Page 258
8.1.1.1 Contact Resistance......Page 260
8.1.1.1.2 Schottky Contacts......Page 261
8.1.1.3 Surface Resistance......Page 263
8.2.1 ThinMetal Film Sensors......Page 264
8.2.2 Semiconductor Film Sensors......Page 265
8.2.2.1 Inorganic Semiconductor Chemiresistors......Page 266
8.2.2.2 Organic Semiconductor Chemiresistors......Page 271
Organic Field-Effect Transistors (OFETs)......Page 274
8.3.1 Gas Membrane Sensors......Page 275
8.3.2 Dielectrometric Sensors......Page 276
8.3.3 Interfacial Charge Sensors......Page 277
Channel Conductivity Sensors......Page 279
Missing Warburg......Page 280
Symbols......Page 281
References......Page 282
9.1 Introduction......Page 283
9.2 Corpuscular Properties of Light......Page 284
9.2.1 The Lambert–Beer Law......Page 286
9.2.2 Luminescence......Page 288
9.3 Wavelike Properties of Light......Page 292
9.3.1 Guiding of Light......Page 294
9.3.2 Coupling of Light......Page 297
9.3.3 GuidedModes......Page 298
9.3.4.1 Diffuse Reflectance......Page 300
9.3.4.2 Plasmon Resonance......Page 302
9.3.5 Photoluminescent Schottky Diodes......Page 304
9.4 Selectivity......Page 307
9.4.1 Design of Optical Sensors......Page 308
9.4.2 Optical Arrays......Page 313
9.4.3 Optical Ion Sensors......Page 315
9.4.4 Fluorescence Gas Sensors......Page 319
9.4.5 Optical Biosensors......Page 321
Evanescent Field......Page 324
Symbols......Page 325
References......Page 326
10.1 Introduction......Page 329
10.2 Higher-Order Sensors......Page 330
10.3 Sensing Arrays......Page 333
10.4.1 Preprocessing of Input Data......Page 334
10.4.3 Data Processing......Page 335
10.4.3.1 Principal Component Analysis......Page 337
10.4.3.2 Principal Component Regression......Page 338
10.4.3.3 Partial Least Squares......Page 339
10.4.3.4 Self-organizingMaps......Page 340
10.4.3.5 Neural Networks......Page 341
10.4.3.6 Cluster Analysis......Page 343
10.4.3.7 Visual–Empirical Region-of-Influence......Page 344
10.4.3.8 HybridApproaches......Page 345
10.4.4.1 Time as a Parameter......Page 346
10.4.4.2 Spatial Information Obtained with Sensing Arrays......Page 348
Beauty Contest......Page 354
References......Page 355
A.2 The First Law......Page 357
A.3 The Second Law......Page 358
A.3.1 The Equilibrium......Page 359
A.3.2 Chemical Potential......Page 360
A.3.4 Absorption......Page 361
A.3.5 Adsorption......Page 362
A.3.6 Phase Equilibria......Page 363
B.1 Equilibrium and Rate Equations......Page 365
B.2 Activation Energy......Page 366
B.3 Diffusion......Page 367
C.1 Introduction......Page 369
C.2 The Semiconductor Field Effect......Page 375
C.3 Current–Voltage Relationships for the IGFET......Page 376
Reference......Page 381
D Conversions of Equivalent Electrical Circuits......Page 383
Index......Page 385