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Preventing Industrial Accidents: Reappraising H. W. Heinrich – More than Triangles and Dominoes

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Herbert William Heinrich has been one of the most influential safety pioneers. His work from the 1930s/1940s affects much of what is done in safety today – for better and worse. Heinrich’s work is debated and heavily critiqued by some, while others defend it with zeal. Interestingly, few people who discuss the ideas have ever read his work or looked into its backgrounds; most do so based on hearsay, secondary sources, or mere opinion. One reason for this is that Heinrich’s work has been out of print for decades: it is notoriously hard to find, and quality biographical information is hard to get.

Based on some serious "safety archaeology," which provided access to many of Heinrich’s original papers, books, and rather rich biographical information, this book aims to fill this gap. It deals with the life and work of Heinrich, the context he worked in, and his influences and legacy. The book defines the main themes in Heinrich’s work and discusses them, paying attention to their origins, the developments that came from them, interpretations and attributions, and the critiques that they may have attracted over the years. This includes such well-known ideas and metaphor as the accident triangle, the accident sequence (dominoes), the hidden cost of accidents, the human element, and management responsibility.

This book is the first to deal with the work and legacy of Heinrich as a whole, based on a unique richness of material and approaching the matter from several (new) angles. It also reflects on Heinrich’s relevance for today’s safety science and practice.

Author(s): Carsten Busch
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 303
City: London

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Figures
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
1 Introductions
1.1 Why this Book?
1.2 Isn’t the Past, the Past?
1.3 Citing Heinrich in Safety Literature
1.4 Limitations
1.4.1 The Lenses of Today (1)
1.4.2 Conflicting Aims
1.4.3 Was Heinrich Right?
1.4.4 Developments and Critique
1.4.5 Standing in Heinrich’s Shoes
1.4.6 The Lenses of Today (2)
1.4.7 100,000 Words
1.5 About References
2 A Biography
2.1 Early Years
2.2 The Travelers
2.3 First Steps in Safety
2.4 Emerging Foundations
2.5 The Book
2.6 Dominos and Cause Code
2.7 Meanwhile at Travelers
2.8 Teaching, Speaking, and Another Book
2.9 War!
2.10 Post-War Work
2.11 Heinrich, The Person
2.12 Retirement
3 Heinrich’s Work
3.1 General Overview
3.1.1 Phases
3.1.2 Developments and Changes
3.1.3 Industrial Accident Prevention – an Overview
3.2 Main Themes
3.2.1 Scientific Approach
3.2.2 The Economics of Safety
3.2.3 Causation
3.2.4 The Human Element
3.2.5 The Role of Management
3.2.6 The Triangle and Reacting on Weak Signals
3.2.7 Axioms of Safety
3.2.8 Professionalisation of Safety
3.2.9 Practical Accident Prevention
3.2.10 Safety Management
3.2.11 Social Engagement
3.2.12 What About Risk?
3.3 Influences
3.3.1 “Best of” or Original Work?
3.3.2 The Travelers
3.3.3 Bibliography
3.3.4 Associates and Acquaintances
3.3.5 Others
3.4 Success and Longevity
3.5 Heinrich’s Influence and Developments
3.5.1 Lateiner
3.5.2 Bird and Loss Control
3.5.3 Petersen and the Fifth Edition
3.5.4 Behaviour Based Safety
3.5.5 Manuele
3.5.6 Serious Injuries and Fatalities
3.5.7 “New View” Safety
3.5.8 Heinrich or not Heinrich?
3.6 Conclusion
4 A Scientific Approach
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Critique
4.2 Why Did “Scientific” Make Sense?
4.2.1 Understanding the Term
4.2.2 Structured Method, Facts, and Principles
4.2.3 Practicable and Useful
4.2.4 Marketing
4.2.5 Scientific Management and Heinrich
4.3 What About the Missing Data?
5 The Economics of Safety
5.1 Early Safety and Economics
5.2 Efficiency
5.3 Hidden Costs
5.3.1 The Idea
5.3.2 Research and the 1:4 Ratio
5.3.3 The Study’s Importance
5.3.4 After Heinrich
5.4 Heinrich and the Great Depression
5.5 A Continuous Theme
6 Accidents are Caused
6.1 The Importance of Causes
6.1.1 Early 1900S Causation
6.1.2 Real Causes?
6.1.3 Why Did “Real Cause” Make Sense?
6.2 Dualism of Causation
6.2.1 Origin of Accidents
6.2.2 Developments
6.2.3 Cause Code
6.2.4 Critique
6.2.5 Dismantling the “Grand Statement”
6.2.6 Another Reflection
6.3 Accidents as Processes
6.3.1 The Dominos
6.3.2 A Powerful Metaphor
6.3.3 Critique 1: Linearity
6.3.4 Why Did Linearity and Simplicity Make Sense?
6.3.5 Critique 2: Direct Causes
6.3.6 Why Did Focus on Direct Causes Make Sense?
6.3.7 Evolution
6.4 A More Complete Accident Model
6.4.1 Multiple Causes
6.4.2 Reasons and Subcauses
6.4.3 Underlying Causes
6.4.4 Enhancing Heinrich’s Accident Model
6.5 Final Reflections
7 The Human Element
7.1 Humans as an Element to Control
7.1.1 Why Did this Make Sense?
7.1.2 Dealing with Humans
7.1.3 Causes and Actions
7.2 Various Concepts
7.2.1 Psychology
7.2.2 Accident Proneness
7.2.3 Ancestry
7.2.4 Human Error?
7.2.5 Carelessness
7.2.6 Shame and Blame
7.3 Humans as an Asset
7.3.1 The Reward of Merit
8 The Role of Management
8.1 Foremen and Supervisors
8.1.1 Contemporary Thinking
8.1.2 Heinrich and Foremen
8.1.3 Professionalisation
8.1.4 Supervisors and Investigation
8.1.5 Post-Heinrich
8.2 Top Management
8.2.1 Planning
8.3 Responsibility
8.4 Integrating Safety
8.5 Safety Management
8.5.1 Early Developments
8.5.2 Axioms
8.5.3 Structured Management Tools
8.5.4 Another Metaphor
8.5.5 Misconceptions
9 The Triangle
9.1 Origin and Development
9.1.1 Conception
9.1.2 A Ziggurat
9.1.3 Researching and Building
9.1.4 Earlier Ideas
9.1.5 1931
9.1.6 The Triangle
9.1.7 Variations
9.1.8 1950
9.1.9 The Triangle Expanded
9.1.10 Post-Heinrich Triangles
9.2 Studying the Triangle
9.2.1 Ways to Read the Triangle
9.2.2 Underlying Principles
9.3 Interpretations and Critique
9.3.1 Behaviour
9.3.2 Fixed Ratios
9.3.3 Proportional Reduction
9.3.4 Prediction
9.3.5 Metric
9.3.6 Zero
9.4 Some Reflections
9.4.1 Opportunity
9.4.2 Challenges and Limitations
9.4.3 Conclusion
10 Other Main Themes
10.1 Professionalisation of Safety
10.2 Social Engagement
10.3 Practical Remedy
11 Heinrich in the 21st Century
11.1 Famous Last Words
Appendix 1: The Heinrich Bibliography
References
Index