South America was populated relatively recently, probably around 15,000 years ago. Yet, instead of finding a relatively small number of language families, we find some 118 genealogical units. So far, the historical processes that underlie the current picture are not yet fully understood. This book represents a preliminary attempt at understanding the socio-historical dynamics behind language diversification in the region, focusing on the Kawapanan languages, particularly on Shawi. The book provides an introduction to the ideas behind the flux approach of Dynamic linguistics and later concentrates on prehistorical language contact, specifically in the northern Peruvian Andean sphere. The number of studies presented shed light on a layered picture in which a number of Kawapanan lects were used in non-polyglosic multilingual settings. The book explores the potential contact relationships between Kawapanan languages, Quechuan, Aymaran, Chachapuya, Cholón-Hibito, Arawak, Carib and Puelche. The analysis draws on data collected in the field over a period of eight years (2012-2020) with both Shawi and Shiwilu speakers and includes the first comprehensive grammar sketch of Shawi.
Author(s): Luis Miguel Rojas-Berscia
Series: Contact Language Library
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 279
Tags: Peru; Shawi; Chayahuita; Loreto; Alto Amazonas; Maynas; Cahuapana; Kawapana
Pre-Historical Language Contact in Peruvian Amazonia
Editorial page
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication page
Table of contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Acknowledgments
1. Introduction
1.1 The South American paradox
1.2 Theoretical considerations: From trees to waves and the emergence of a speaker-centred approach
1.2.1 The emergence of the family tree model
1.2.2 Wave Theory and the speaker-centred approach
1.3 The glossography of power
1.4 Polylectal Internally Dynamic Competence: Towards a Flux approach
1.4.1 The rebirth of the Wave approach within Generative Semantics
1.4.2 A Flux approach, a first sketch
1.5 The present study
1.5.1 Main research questions
1.5.2 Structure of the book
2. The Shawi community
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The prehistorical Kawapanan area
2.3 The Jesuit Missions and the colonial society
2.4 Modern Shawi society
2.5 The impact of modern Western society
3. A short gramar of Shawi
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Structure
3.2 Languages, language varieties and speaker profiles
3.2.1 Dialectology and “family tree” structure
3.2.2 Glottonyms
3.3 Grammatical profile
3.4 Phonology
3.4.1 Phonemes
3.4.1.1 Details on pronunciation of consonants
3.4.1.2 Acoustic analysis of vowels
3.4.2 Syllable structure
3.4.3 Processes
3.5 Orthography
3.6 Open word classes
3.6.1 Nouns
3.6.1.1 Noun derivation
3.6.1.2 Noun inflection
3.6.1.2.1 Possessive markers
3.6.1.3 Oblique case system
3.6.1.4 The noun phrase
3.6.2 Verbs
3.6.2.1 Common morphological processes
3.6.2.2 Compound verbs and serial verbs
3.6.2.3 Associated motion and related phenomena
3.7 Closed word classes
3.7.1 Adjectives
3.7.2 Pronouns
3.7.3 Deictics
3.7.4 Numerals
3.7.4.1 Numeral classifiers
3.7.5 Adverbs
3.7.6 Conjunctions
3.7.7 Interjections
3.8 Major morpho-syntactic processes
3.8.1 Valency changing operations
3.8.2 Nominalisation
3.8.2.1 Strong nominalisations
3.8.2.2 Weak nominalisations
3.8.3 Grammatical relations and alignment
3.8.3.1 Case marking in Shawi
3.8.3.2 Participant reference marking in Shawi
3.8.4 Discourse elements
4. From Proto-Kawapanan to Shawi
4.1 Introduction
4.2 A reconsideration of the proposal in Valenzuela Bismarck (2011)
4.3 Rhyme correspondences
4.3.1 Current proposal
4.3.1.1 Proto-Kawapanan *-ʔ
4.3.1.2 Proto-Kawapanan *-’
4.3.1.3 Proto-Kawapanan *-n
4.3.1.4 Proto-Kawapanan *î
4.3.1.5 Paragogic -k in Shiwilu
4.3.1.6 Preaspiration in Shawi
4.4 Some historical phonological processes in Shawi
4.4.1 Shawi ablaut
4.4.2 Glide amalgamation in Shawi
4.4.3 Dispreference for word-initial ɘ in Shawi
4.4.4 Palatalisation in Shawi
4.4.5 Initial a- before vowels in Shawi
4.5 Further discussion
5. The history of Kawapanan pronouns, a first Bayesian phylogenetic analysis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Using phoneme-level data in phylogenetic reconstructions
5.2.1 Limitations of the method
5.3 Methods
5.3.1 Data
5.3.2 Cognate coding and alignment
5.3.3 Bayesian phylogenetic analysis
5.4 Results
5.4.1 Examples
5.5 Discussion
5.5.1 The Kawapanan-Puelche hypothesis and beyond
Anchor 104
6. Kawapanan in its geographical context1
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Farming-Agricultural Flux, the Chavín type?
6.2.1 The Andean non-future and Subject Raising
6.2.2 Some other features
6.3 Further uphill, the Carib and Chachapuya elements in Kawapanan
6.4 The Arawak trade route Flux
6.4.1 The Arawak Matrix
6.4.2 The Arawak lexicon in Kawapanan
6.4.3 Predicate Raising and branching directionality change
6.4.4 The alienable/inalienable distinction
6.5 The Jivaroan wars Flux
6.6 Final ideas
7. The Marañón-Huallaga exchange route
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Linguistic survey
7.3 Classifiers in the area
7.3.1 Hibito-Cholón
7.3.2 Kawapanan
7.3.3 Muniche
7.3.4 Quingnam
7.4 Stones and grains as counting devices
7.5 Sociohistorical scenario: The salt mines of Cachiyacu
7.6 Final ideas
8. Shawi disassembled
8.1 From the first settlement to the consolidation of Shawi vernaculars
8.2 A timeline of Fluxes for the linguistic history of Kawapanan
8.3 Avenues of future research
References
Index
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