Practical Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Preface
Contents
Editorial Board
Editor-in-Chief
Vice-Editor-in-Chief
Members of the Board
Translators
1: Clinical Basis of Diagnosis Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
1.1 Physics and Technology of Diagnostic Ultrasound
1.1.1 Basic Physics of Ultrasonic Wave
1.1.1.1 Frequency of the Ultrasonic Wave
1.1.1.2 The Relation between Wavelength and Frequency
1.1.1.3 Acoustic Velocity
1.1.1.4 Acoustic Intensity
1.1.2 Physical Basis of Ultrasonic Imaging
1.1.2.1 Acoustic Impedance and Ultrasonic Imaging
1.1.2.2 Attenuation of Ultrasonic Energy in the Body
1.1.3 Ultrasonography Technology
1.1.3.1 B-mode Ultrasound
Transabdominal Ultrasonography
Transvaginal Ultrasonography
1.1.3.2 M-Mode Ultrasound Imaging
1.1.3.3 Doppler Ultrasound
Color Doppler Velocity (CDV)
Color Doppler Energy (CDE)
Spectral Doppler
Hemodynamics
General Parameters and Measurement
Hemodynamic Parameters
1.1.3.4 3D Ultrasound Imaging
1.2 Ultrasonic Anatomy and Physiology of Female Pelvic Cavity
1.2.1 Anatomy and Ultrasonic Imaging of Pelvic Cavity
1.2.1.1 Pelvic Structures
1.2.1.2 Female Internal Genitalia
The Vagina
Uterus (UT)
Oviduct
Ovary
Anatomy of Ovary
Ovarian Physiology
Sonogram of the Ovary
Adjacent Organs
1.2.2 Blood Vessels and Color Doppler Sonography of Female Pelvic Cavity
1.2.2.1 Doppler Characteristics of the Internal Iliac Artery and Vein
1.2.2.2 Color Blood Flow Imaging of Uterine Artery
1.2.2.3 Doppler Ultrasound Characteristics of Uterine Artery
1.2.2.4 Doppler Ultrasound Characteristics of Ovarian Arteries
1.3 Ultrasonic Examination and Scanning Method in Obstetrics and Gynecology
1.3.1 Transabdominal Scanning
1.3.2 Transvaginal Scanning
1.3.2.1 Preparation before Examination
1.3.2.2 Scanning Method
1.3.2.3 Contraindications of TVS
1.3.3 Transrectal Scanning
1.3.4 Transperineal Scanning
1.3.5 Transcavitary Scanning
1.3.6 Key Points of Ultrasound Examination in Obstetrics and Gynecology
1.4 Reading and Writing of Sonogram in Obstetrics and Gynecology
1.4.1 Reading Methods of the Sonogram
1.4.1.1 Reading Method of TAS Sonogram
The Sagittal Plane (SP)
The Transverse Plane (TP)
1.4.1.2 Reading Methods of TVS Pelvic Sonogram
The Sagittal View
The Transverse Section
1.4.1.3 Orientation Recognition of Fetal Sonogram
1.4.2 Writing Methods and Requirements of an Ultrasonic Report in Obstetrics and Gynecology
1.4.2.1 The General Items
1.4.2.2 Examination Findings
1.4.2.3 The Diagnosis Opinions
1.5 Notices for Ultrasound Examination in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Suggested Reading
2: Application of Diagnostic Ultrasound in the Perinatal Period
2.1 Changes of the Uterus During Pregnancy
2.1.1 The Uterus
2.1.1.1 The Volume and Size
2.1.1.2 The Thickness of the Myometrium
2.1.1.3 The Morphology and Blood Flow of Uterine Arteries
2.1.2 Isthmus Uteri
2.1.3 Cervix
2.2 Embryonic and Fetal Developmental Characteristics
2.3 Diagnostic Ultrasound of Normal Pregnancy
2.3.1 Basic Concepts
2.3.2 Ultrasound Diagnosis
2.3.2.1 First Trimester
2.3.2.2 The Second- and Third-Trimester Pregnancy
Ultrasound Images of the Fetal Head
Ultrasound Image of the Fetal Face
Images of the Fetal Spine
Ultrasound Images of Fetal Thorax
Images of the Fetal Abdomen
Images of Fetal Genitourinary Tract
Images of Fetal Limbs and Fetal Movements
2.3.2.3 Fetal Appurtenances
Placenta
Amniotic Fluid
Umbilical Cord
2.3.2.4 Special Tips
2.3.2.5 Ultrasonic Bio-Parameter Evaluation of Fetal Development in the Second and Third Trimesters
Estimation of Gestational Age by Ultrasound
Estimation of Fetal Weight
Special Tips
2.3.2.6 Clinical Significance of Fetal Umbilical Artery Blood Flow Doppler
Basic Concepts
Normal Spectral Doppler of Fetal Umbilical Artery
Abnormal Spectral Doppler of Fetal Umbilical Artery
Typical Cases
2.4 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Fetal Abnormality
2.4.1 Normal Multiple Pregnancy
2.4.1.1 Basic Concepts
2.4.1.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
2.4.1.3 Special Notice
2.4.2 Macrosomia
2.4.2.1 Basic Concepts
2.4.2.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
2.4.3 Fetal Intrauterine Growth Retardation
2.4.3.1 Basic Concepts
2.4.3.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
2.4.3.3 Special Notice
2.4.4 Intrauterine Fetal Demise
2.4.4.1 Basic Concepts
2.4.4.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
2.5 Ultrasonographic Images of Common Fetal Congenital Anomalies
2.5.1 Congenital Abnormalities of the Fetal Neural System
2.5.1.1 Basic Concepts
2.5.1.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
Anencephaly and Exencephaly
Hydrocephalus
Encephalocele and Meningocele
Spine Bifida and Meningomyelocele
Microcephaly
Other Rare Malformations of the Nervous System
2.5.1.3 Special Tips
2.5.2 Gastrointestinal Abnormalities of the Fetus
2.5.2.1 Basic Concepts
2.5.2.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
Esophageal Atresia
Duodenal Stenosis or Atresia
Jejunoileal Stenosis or Atresia
Colon Stenosis or Atresia
Other Rare Fetal Intestinal Abnormalities
Space Occupying Lesions of Liver
2.5.2.3 Special Tips
2.5.3 Fetal Gastroschisis (Anterior Abdominal Wall Defect)
2.5.3.1 Basic Concept
2.5.3.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
Omphalocele
Gastroschisis
2.5.3.3 Special Tips
2.5.4 Urogenital System Abnormalities of Fetus
2.5.4.1 Basic Concepts
2.5.4.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
Renal Absence
Polycystic Kidney
2.5.4.3 Special Tips
2.5.5 Fetal Skeletal and Limb Abnormalities
2.5.5.1 Basic Concepts
2.5.5.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Achondroplasia
Thanatophoric Dysplasia
Partial Deformity of Fetal Limbs, Hands, and Feet
Fetal Limb Tumors
2.5.5.3 Special Tips
2.5.6 Complex Twin Pregnancy
2.5.6.1 Basic Concept
2.5.6.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
Conjoined Twins
Deformity in One of the Twins
2.5.7 Twin–Twin Transfusion Syndromes
2.5.7.1 Basic Concept
2.5.7.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
2.5.7.3 Special Tips
2.5.8 Facial Anomalies
2.5.8.1 Basic Concept
2.5.8.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
Cleft Lip and Palate
External Nasal Abnormalities
Ear Anomalies
Eye Abnormality
Micrognathia
2.5.8.3 Special Tips
2.5.9 Chest Abnormality
2.5.9.1 Basic Concepts
2.5.9.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
Pulmonary Hypoplasia
Extralobar Sequestration (ELS)
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM)
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Pleural Effusion and Ascites
2.5.9.3 Special Tips
2.5.10 Other Congenital Malformations (Cystic Hygroma, Sacrococcygeal Teratoma, Amniotic Band Syndrome, Pelvic Cysts)
2.5.10.1 Basic Concepts
2.5.10.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
Cystic Hygroma
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
Amniotic Band Syndrome
Pelvic Cysts
2.5.10.3 Special Tips
2.6 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Abnormal Fetal Appendages
2.6.1 Placenta Previa
2.6.1.1 Basic Concepts
Placenta Previa
Vasa Previa
Pernicious Placenta Previa
2.6.1.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
2.6.1.3 Special Tip
2.6.2 Placenta Accreta
2.6.2.1 Basic Concepts
2.6.2.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
2.6.2.3 Special Tips
2.6.2.4 Typical Cases
2.6.3 Placental Abruption
2.6.3.1 Basic Concepts
2.6.3.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
2.6.3.3 Special Tips
2.6.4 Placental Tumor
2.6.4.1 Basic Concepts
Placenta Hemangioma
Placenta Teratoma
2.6.4.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
Placenta Hemangioma
Placenta Teratoma
2.6.4.3 Special Tips
2.6.5 Umbilical Cord Abnormality
2.6.5.1 Basic Concepts
Umbilical Cord Coiling
Umbilical Cord Twist
Single Umbilical Artery
Umbilical Cord Cyst
The Umbilical Cord Insertion into the Placenta
2.6.5.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
Umbilical Cord Coiling
Umbilical Cord Twist
Single Umbilical Artery
Umbilical Cord Cyst
Abnormal Umbilical Cord Insertion into the Placenta
2.6.5.3 Special Tips
2.6.6 Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios
2.6.6.1 Basic Concepts
Polyhydramnios
Oligohydramnios
2.6.6.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
2.6.6.3 Special Tips
2.7 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Cervical Insufficiency in Pregnancy
2.7.1 Basic Concepts
2.7.1.1 Transabdominal Ultrasound
2.7.1.2 Transvaginal Ultrasound
2.7.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
2.7.3 Special Tip
2.8 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Abnormal Puerperium
2.8.1 Basic Concepts
2.8.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
2.8.2.1 Acute Endometritis
2.8.2.2 Acute Pelvic Parametritis and Abscess
2.8.2.3 Gestational Residual Pregnancy Tissue
2.8.2.4 Postpartum Placenta Implantation
2.8.2.5 Abnormal Uterine Incision after Cesarean Section
2.8.2.6 Abdominal Wall Hematoma and Pelvic Hematoma
2.8.2.7 Foreign Body of the Abdominal Cavity
2.8.3 Ultrasound Findings
2.9 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Brain Diseases in the Neonate
2.9.1 Anatomy of the Brain
2.9.1.1 The Skull
2.9.1.2 Meninges
2.9.1.3 The Brain
2.9.1.4 Ventricles
2.9.1.5 Blood Vessels of the Brain
2.9.2 Neonatal Brain Examination
2.9.2.1 Examination Conditions of Neonatal Brain
2.9.2.2 Examination Method of Neonatal Brain
Scanning Method of the Anterior Fontanelle
Scanning Method of Temporal Fontanelle
2.9.3 Ultrasonogram of Normal Neonatal Brain
2.9.3.1 2-D Manifestations of Neonatal Brain Tissue
2.9.3.2 Ultrasonic Measurement of Neonatal Brain
2.9.3.3 Examination Technique of Neonatal Brain
Coronal View
Sagittal View
2.9.3.4 Color Doppler Ultrasound of the Neonatal Brain
Scanning through the Anterior Fontanelle
Scanning through the Temporal Fontanelle
2.9.4 Abnormal Neonatal Brain Sonography
2.9.4.1 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Basic Concepts
Ultrasound Diagnosis
Ultrasonic Classification
Special Tips
2.9.4.2 Intracranial Hemorrhage
Basic Concepts
Ultrasonic Diagnosis
Special Tips
2.9.4.3 Periventricular Leukomalacia
Basic Concepts
Ultrasonic Diagnosis
Special Tips
2.9.4.4 Neonatal Hydrocephalus
Basic Concepts
Ultrasonic Diagnosis
Special Tips
Suggested Reading
3: Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Pathological Obstetrics
3.1 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Early Abortion
3.1.1 Basic Concepts
3.1.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
3.1.3 Special Tips
3.1.4 Typical Cases
3.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancy
3.2.1 Basic Concepts
3.2.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
3.2.3 Special Tips
3.3 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
3.3.1 Basic Concepts
3.3.2 Ultrasonic Diagnosis
3.3.2.1 Hydatidiform Mole (HM)
3.3.2.2 Invasive Hydatidiform Mole and Choriocarcinoma
3.3.3 Special Tips
Suggested Reading
4: Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Fetal Heart
4.1 Characteristics of Cardiovascular Development and Blood Circulation in Normal Fetus
4.1.1 Fetal Cardiovascular Development
4.1.2 Characteristics of Fetal Circulation
4.2 Echocardiographic Scanning of Fetal Heart
4.2.1 Indications for Fetal Echocardiography
4.2.2 Fetal Echocardiography
4.2.3 Normal Fetal Echocardiography
4.2.4 Abnormal Fetal Echocardiography
4.3 Echocardiography of Fetal Arrhythmia
Suggested Reading
5: Application of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Gynecology
5.1 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Uterine Leiomyomas
5.2 Sonographic Features of Adenomyosis
5.3 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Endometrial Carcinoma
5.4 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Benign Endometrial Lesion
5.5 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Cervical Lesions
5.6 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Uterine Sarcoma
5.7 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Abnormal Development of Female Reproductive Organs
5.8 Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Ovarian Masses in Pelvic Cavity
Suggested Reading
6: Ultrasonography in Female Infertility and Contraceptive Operation
6.1 Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Female Infertility
6.2 Ultrasound Diagnosis of Intrauterine Device
6.3 Ultrasound Diagnosis of Complications of Contraceptive Operation
Suggested Reading
7: Interventional Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
7.1 Overview of Interventional Ultrasound
7.2 Basic Conditions and Operational Methods of Interventional Ultrasonography
7.3 Application of Intervention Ultrasound in Obstetrics
7.4 Application of Interventional Ultrasonography in Gynecology
Suggested Reading
8: Applications of 3D Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
8.1 Introduction of 3D Ultrasound Modes
8.2 Application of 3D Ultrasound in Obstetrics
8.3 Application of 3D Ultrasound in Gynecology
Suggested Reading
9: The Application of Endosonography
9.1 Ultrasound Combined with Hysteroscopy
9.2 Ultrasound Examination inside the Uterine Cavity
9.3 Laparoscopic Intraoperative Ultrasound
Suggested Reading
Chinese-English Glossary