Practical System Programming with C - Pragmatic Example Applications in Linux and Unix-Based Operating Systems.

Table of Contents
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Linux Environment
Getting Familiar with the Linux Architecture
Hardware Layer
Kernel
I/O Management
Process Management
Resource Management
Device Management
Types of Kernels
Monolithic Kernels
Microkernels
Kernel Space
User Space
Hybrid Kernels
Nanokernels
Exokernels
Shell
System Library
Linux Kernels vs. Other OS Kernels
Introduction to Files
Text File
Program File
Binary File
Special File
Regular File
File Handling Utilities
mkdir
cd
rmdir
rm
touch
ls
cat
head
tail
nl
wc
copy
ulimit
File Permission Commands
chmod
Read
Write
Execute
Changing Permissions with Weights
Process Utilities
Process
Foreground Process
Background Process
Process Commands
ps
Options
top
kill
Network Utilities
ifconfig
hostname
netstat
nslookup
traceroute
host
ping
dig
Summary
Chapter 2: Multithreading in C
Introduction to Threads
Thread Classification
User-Level Threads
Kernel-Level Threads
Threads vs. Processes
New State
Ready State
Wait State
Running State
Terminated
Introduction to Multithreading
Multitasking Architecture
Multithreading Architecture
Importance of Multithreading
Efficient Resource Sharing
Application Scalability
Responsiveness
Efficient Memory Utilization
Efficient CPU Utilization
Concurrency
Parallelism
Support of Multithreading in C
pthread_create
pthread_join
pthread_self
pthread_equal
pthread_exit
pthread_cancel
pthread_detach
Creating Threads
Practical Examples of Multithreading
Thread Termination
Thread Equal Property
Passing a Single Argument to a Thread Function
Passing Multiple Arguments as Parameters
The Relationship Between Threads and the CPU
Multithreading Use Cases
Summary
Chapter 3: Introduction to POSIX Standards and System-Level APIs
Understanding POSIX Standards
POSIX.1 Standards
POSIX.1b Standards
POSIX.1c Standards
POSIX.2 Standards
POSIX Support
Introduction to APIs
User Mode
Supervisor Mode
The Importance of System-Level APIs
Built-in APIs in C
Summary
Chapter 4: Files and Directories
File Systems
File Metadata and Inodes
System Calls and I/O Operations for Files
creat
open
close
read
write
Append Operations in Files Using System Calls
File Permissions
chmod Function to Change Permissions
File Permissions Check
Soft and Hard Links
Soft Links
Creating a Soft Link Using the Command Line
Unlinking a Soft Link
Creating a Soft Link Using System Calls
Unlinking Using a System Call
Hard Links
Creating a Hard Link Using the Command Line
Creating a Hard Link Using a System Call
System Calls for Directories
Creating a Directory
Deleting a Directory
Getting the Current Working Directory
Changing Directory
Reading a Directory
Closing a Directory
Summary
Chapter 5: Process and Signals
Introduction to the Process Environment
Environment List
Memory Layout of a C Program
Command-Line Arguments
Stack
Heap
Uninitialized Data
Initialized Data
Text
Process Termination Methodologies
Environment Variables
User-Level Environment Variables
System-Level Environment Variable
Environment Variable Examples
Accessing an Environment Variable
Setting a New Environment Variable
Deleting Environment Variables
Accessing Environment Variables in C
Setting a New Environment Variable Using C
Deleting an Environment Variable
Kernel Support for Processes
Process Scheduler
Preemptive Scheduling Algorithm
Non-Preemptive Scheduling Algorithm
Memory Manager
Virtual File System
Network Unit
Process Creation
Zombie Process
Orphan Process
System Calls for Process Management
vfork System Call
exec System Call Family
execl()
execlp()
execle()
execv()
execvp()
execve()
wait System Call
waitpid System Call
kill System Call
exit System Call
_Exit System Call
Introduction to Signals
Catch the Signal
Ignore the Signal
Default Action
Types of Signals
Unreliable Signals
Reliable Signals
System Calls for Signals
raise System Call
kill System Call
alarm System Call
pause System Call
abort System Call
sleep System Call
Summary
Chapter 6: Interprocess Communication
Introduction to IPC
Independent Processes
Cooperating Processes
Shared Memory
Message Passing
The Benefits of IPC
Modes of Communication
Simplex
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
Types of IPC
Pipes
FIFO (Named Pipe)
Message Queues
Semaphores
Shared Memory
Sockets
Anonymous Pipes
APIs for Anonymous Pipes
pipe()
close()
write()
read()
Creating Anonymous Pipes
Implementation of Pipes Using Child and Parent Processes
Working with Named Pipes
mknod() System Call
Dev
mkfifo() System Call
mknod vs. mkfifo
Creating FIFO
FIFO Server
FIFO Client
Using Message Queues
APIs for Message Queues
ftok()
msgget()
msgsnd()
Message Type
Message Text
msgrcv()
msgctl()
Message Queue Implementation
Introduction to Semaphores
Binary Semaphores
Counting Semaphores
Characteristics of Semaphores
The Advantages of Using a Semaphore
The Disadvantages of Using a Semaphore
Semaphore vs. Mutex
APIs for a Semaphore
semget()
semop()
semctl()
Accessing Global Data Without Semaphores
Implementing the Data Consistent Model Using a Semaphore and a Mutex
Summary
Chapter 7: Shared Memory
Introduction to Shared Memory
API for Shared Memory
shmget()
shmat()
shmdt()
shmctl()
Kernel Support for Shared Memory
Implementation of Shared Memory
Shared Memory Writers Program
Shared Memory Reader Program
Summary
Chapter 8: Socket Programming
Introduction to Sockets
Stream Sockets
Datagram Sockets
Raw Sockets
Domain Sockets
Internet Domain Sockets
IPC Over Network
Communication Style
Namespaces
Protocol
API for Socket Programming
OSI Architecture Model
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
Advantages of the OSI Model
Disadvantages of the OSI Model
TCP/IP Architecture Model
Network Access Layer
Internet Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
Advantages of TCP/IP
Disadvantages of TCP/IP
Client-Server Architecture
Client
Server
Examining the Client-Server Architecture
Advantages of the Client-Server Model
Disadvantages of the Client-Server Model
System Calls for Socket Programming
socket()
bind()
listen()
accept()
send()
recv()
sendto()
recvfrom()
close()
Implementation of Client Server Architecture
TCP Client-Server Architecture
TCP Server
TCP Client
TCP Client-Server Code
Server Code
Client Code
UDP Client Server Architecture
UDP Server
UDP Client
UDP Client-Server Code
Server Code
Client Code
Summary
Index