Practical Physics

Cover
......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
1.2 Importance of Laboratory work
......Page 16
1.4 How to Record an Experiment in the Practical File
......Page 17
1.5 Errors and Observations
......Page 18
1.7 Accuracy of the Result
......Page 19
1.9 How to Estimate the Permissible Error in the Result
......Page 20
1.10 Estimating Maximum Permissible Error
......Page 21
1.13 Rounding Off
......Page 22
1.14 Logarithms
......Page 23
1.15 How to Read Four Figure Logarithm Tables
......Page 24
1.16 Graph
......Page 25
1.17 Calculations of Slope of a Straight line
......Page 26
1.19 Rules for Measurements in the Laboratory
......Page 27
2.1 Some Instruments for Measurement of Length
......Page 28
2.2 Travelling Microscope
......Page 34
2.3 Cathetometer
......Page 35
2.4 The Balance
......Page 36
2.5 The Optical Bench
......Page 40
2.7 The Spectrometer
......Page 41
2.8 Adjustements of the Spectrometer
......Page 42
2.9 Theory of Schuster's Method
......Page 45
2.10 A Sliding Rheostat
......Page 46
2.12 Visual Angle: Magnifying Power of Optical Instruments
......Page 47
2.13 Astronomical (Refracting) Telescope
......Page 48
2.14 Reflecting Telescope
......Page 50
2.15 Simple Microscope
......Page 51
2.16 Compound Microscope
......Page 53
2.17 Resolving Power of Optical Instruments
......Page 56
2.20 Huygens Eyepiece
......Page 58
2.21 Cardinal Points of a Huygens Eye-Piece
......Page 60
2.22 Ramdden Eye-Piece
......Page 61
2.23 Cardinal Points of a Ramsden Eye-Piece
......Page 62
2.25 Comparison of Eye-Pieces
......Page 63
2.26 Spectrum
......Page 64
2.27 Sources of Light
......Page 65
2.28 Sodium Vapour Lamp
......Page 66
2.29 Mercury Vapour Lamp
......Page 67
2.30 Electromagnetic Spectrum
......Page 68
3.3 Stress
......Page 70
3.7 Types of Elasticity
......Page 71
3.9 Bulk Modulus (or Elasticity of Volume)
......Page 72
3.11 Axial Modulus
......Page 73
3.13 Relation Between Elastic Constant
......Page 74
3.15 Twisting Couple on a Cylinder
......Page 75
3.16 Object ( Barton's apparatus)
......Page 77
3.18 Bending of a Beam
......Page 81
3.20 Bending Moment
......Page 82
3.21 The Cantilever
......Page 84
3.22 Beam Supported at Both the ends and Loaded in the Middle
......Page 85
3.23 Object (Young's Modulus)
......Page 86
3.24 Object (Poission's ratio for rubber)
......Page 89
3.25 Fly-Wheel (Moment of Inertia)
......Page 93
3.26 Torsion Table (Elasticity)
......Page 96
3.27 Object (To Determine the restoring force per unit extension of a spiral spring by statical and dynamical methods and also to determine the mass of the spring)
......Page 100
3.28 Object (To Study the oscillations of a rubber band and a spring)
......Page 105
3.29 Object ( To determine Young's Modulus of rigidity and Poisson's ratio of the material of a given wire by Searle's Dynamical method)
......Page 108
3.30 Object ( To determine the value of the Modulus of rigidity of the material of a given wire by a dynamical method using Maxwell's needle)
......Page 114
3.31 Object (To study the vatiation of moment of inertia of a system with the variation inth distribution of mass and hence to verify the theorem of parallel axes)
......Page 118
3.32 Viva Voce
......Page 120
4.3 Simple Harmonic Motion
......Page 133
4.4 Energy of a Harmonic Oscillator
......Page 135
4.5 The Simple Pendulum
......Page 136
4.7 The Compound Pendulum
......Page 137
4.9 Interchangeability of Centres of Suspension and Oscillation
......Page 139
4.11 Advantages of a Compound Pendulum
......Page 140
4.13 Object ( To determine the value of 'g' and the moment of inertia of a bar about C.G.by means of a bar pendulum)
......Page 141
4.14 Time-Period of a Pendulum for Large Amplitude
......Page 146
4.15 Object ( To determine the value of acceleration due to gravity at a place, by means od kater's reversible pendulum.)
......Page 147
4.16 Viva-Voce
......Page 150
5.2 Definition of Surface Tension
......Page 155
5.3 Surface Energy
......Page 156
5.4 Molecular Theory of Surface Tension
......Page 157
5.6 Angle of Contact
......Page 158
5.7 Excess of Pressure on Curved Surface of Liquid
......Page 159
5.8 Capillarity Rise of Liquid
......Page 160
5.9 Object (To find the surface Tension of a Liquid (water) by the method of Capillary rise)
......Page 162
5.10 Object (To determine the surface tension of a liquid (water) by Jaeger's method)
......Page 166
5.11 Viva-Voce
......Page 170
6.3 Principle of Continuity
......Page 175
6.4 Energy of a Flowing Liquid
......Page 176
6.6 Velocity of Efflux
......Page 177
6.7 Viscosity
......Page 178
6.8 Critical Velocity
......Page 179
6.9 Velocity Gradient and Coefficient of Viscosity
......Page 180
6.11 Poiseuille's Formula
......Page 181
6.12 Stoke's Law for Viscous Drag on Moving Bodies
......Page 183
6.14 Object (Determination of the viscosity of water by method of capillary flow)
......Page 184
6.15 Rotating Cylinder Method
......Page 187
6.16 Object (To Determine the coefficient of viscosity of water by rotating cyllinder method.)
......Page 190
6.17 Viva-Voce
......Page 194
7.2 Vibrations of stretched String
......Page 197
7.3 Fundamental and Overtones of a String
......Page 198
7.4 Sonometer
......Page 199
7.5 Object (To determine the frequency of A.C. mains by using a sonometer and a horse-shoe magnet.)
......Page 200
7.6 Object (To determine the frequency of A.C. mains or of an electric vibrator, by Melde's experiment using)
......Page 203
7.7 Viva-Voce
......Page 205
8.1 Description of the Callender-and-Barnes Calorimeter
......Page 209
8.2 Object (To determine the Mechanical Equivalent of heat(J) by the Callender and Barnes method)
......Page 210
8.3 Viva-Voce
......Page 212
9.2 Origin of Thermo E.M.F.
......Page 214
9.3 Magnitude and Direction of Thermo E.M.F.
......Page 215
9.4 Peltier Effect
......Page 216
9.6 Thomson's Effect
......Page 217
9.8 Thermopile
......Page 218
9.9 Object (To calibrate a thermocouple and to find out the melting point of naphthalene)
......Page 220
9.10 Viva-Voce
......Page 222
10.1 Refraction of light
......Page 227
10.3 Minimum Deviation
......Page 229
10.5 Deviation Produced by a Thin Prism
......Page 230
10.7 Dispersion of Light by a Prism
......Page 231
10.8 Dispersive Power of an Optical Medium
......Page 232
10.9 Production of Pure Spectrum
......Page 233
10.10 Object (Determination of the dispersive Power of a Prism)
......Page 234
10.11 Viva-Voce
......Page 237
11.3 Coherent Sources
......Page 241
11.4 Phase Difference and Path Difference
......Page 242
11.6 Theory of Interference Fringes
......Page 245
11.7 Stoke's Treatment ro Explain Change of Phase on Reflection
......Page 246
11.9 Interference due to reflected light (Thin Films)
......Page 247
11.10 Interference due to Transmitted light (Thin Films)
......Page 249
11.12 Non-Reflecting Films
......Page 250
11.13 Necessity of a Broad Source
......Page 251
11.14 Fringes Produced by a Wedge Shaped thin Film
......Page 252
11.16 Newton's Rings
......Page 253
11.17 Newton's Rings by Transmitted Light
......Page 256
11.19 Refractive Index of a Liquid using Newton's rings
......Page 257
11.22 Interference Filter
......Page 259
11.23 Object (Measurement of wave length of sodium light by newton's ring)
......Page 260
11.24 Viva-Voce
......Page 263
12.4 Fraunhoffer Class of Diffraction
......Page 267
12.6 Rectilinear Propagation of Light
......Page 268
12.7 Zone Plate
......Page 271
12.8 Action of a zone Plate for an Incident Spherical Wavefront
......Page 273
12.9 Object (Determination of the diameter of a wire by diffraction)
......Page 274
13.1 Polarization of Transverse Waves
......Page 278
13.2 Plane of Polarization
......Page 279
13.4 Brewster's Law
......Page 280
13.5 Brewster's Window
......Page 281
13.7 Malus Law
......Page 282
13.8 Object (To determine the polarizing angle for the glass prism surface and to determine the refractive index of the material using brewster's law)
......Page 283
13.9 Double Refraction
......Page 284
13.10 Nicol Prism
......Page 286
13.11 Uses of Nicol Prism as an Polariser and an Analyser
......Page 287
13.13 Elliptically and Circularly Polarised Light
......Page 288
13.14 Quarter Wave Plate
......Page 290
13.16 Production of Plane, Circularly and Elliptically Polarized Light
......Page 291
13.18 Optical Activity
......Page 293
13.20 Laurent's Half Shade Polarimeter
......Page 294
13.22 Lippich Polarimeter
......Page 296
13.23 Object (To find the specific rotation of sugar solution by polarimeter
......Page 297
13.24 Viva-Voce
......Page 300
14.4 Criterion for Resolution According to lord Rayleigh
......Page 305
14.5 Resolving Power of a Telescope
......Page 307
14.6 Object (To determine the resolving power of telescope)
......Page 308
14.7 Viva-Voce
......Page 310
15.3 Principle of Working
......Page 312
15.4 Viva-Voce
......Page 314
16.2 E.M.F. of Cells: Volts
......Page 316
16.5 Wavelength of Spectral Lines: (in A, 1A =10-10 m)
......Page 317
16.7 Magnetic Elements
......Page 318
16.9 Viscosity's Liquid (in Poise)
......Page 319
16.10 Dielectric Constants of Some Common Materials (at 20 C)
......Page 320
16.12 Properties of Solids
......Page 321
16.15 Acceleration due to Gravity
......Page 322
16.17 Transistors and Crystal Diodes (Manufactured by BEL)
......Page 323
16.20 Universal Physical Constants
......Page 324
16.23 Conversion Factors
......Page 325
16.24 Colour Code for Radio-Carbon Resistances
......Page 326
16.25 Logarithms Tables Common Logarithms
......Page 327
16.26 Antilogarithms
......Page 329