Practical Genetics for Aquaculture

Practical Genetics for Aquaculture......Page 5
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 17
1.1 Rationale......Page 18
1.2 Content......Page 19
1.3 References......Page 20
2.2.1 Chromosomes, loci, and alleles......Page 21
2.2.3 Formation of gametes......Page 23
2.3.1 Ascertaining qualitative inheritance......Page 26
2.4.1 Simple inheritance: a production-related trait......Page 33
2.4.2 Inheritance of color and coloration patterns......Page 34
2.4.3 Albinism......Page 42
2.5 References......Page 47
3.1 Introduction......Page 50
3.2.1 Genetic effects and phenotypic variation......Page 51
3.2.2 Average effects and dominance deviations......Page 52
3.2.3 Attributing observed variation to genetic effects......Page 53
3.2.4 Utility of estimates of genetic variation: heritability......Page 60
3.3.1 Directed mating......Page 61
3.3.2 Identifying or segregating family groups......Page 62
3.3.3 Constraints: analysis and interpretation......Page 67
3.4.1 Interpreting and applying heritability estimates......Page 69
3.4.2 A case study: Ictalurus punctatus......Page 71
3.4.3 A case study: Macrobrachium rosenbergii......Page 73
3.4.4 A case study: Procambarus clarkii......Page 74
3.4.5 A case study: Sparus aurata......Page 76
3.4.6 Growth, survival, conformation and dressout traits......Page 77
3.4.7 Disease resistance......Page 80
3.5 References......Page 81
4.1 Introduction......Page 83
4.2.1 Estimating and predicting heritability......Page 84
4.2.2 Applying selection......Page 87
4.2.3 Correlated responses......Page 89
4.2.4 Multi-trait approaches......Page 90
4.2.5 Complicating and constraining factors......Page 92
4.2.6 Improving selection efficiency......Page 93
4.2.7 Using family data......Page 94
4.3.1 Implementation difficulties......Page 95
4.3.2 Identification options......Page 96
4.4.1 Evaluating available strains......Page 97
4.2.2 Domestication selection......Page 98
4.4.3 Conflicting results......Page 99
4.4.4 Correlated responses......Page 100
4.4.6 Indirect measurement......Page 101
4.4.7 Altering environmental tolerances......Page 102
4.4.10 Genotype by environment interactions......Page 103
4.4.11 Miscellaneous results: finfish......Page 104
4.4.12 Miscellaneous results: mollusks......Page 105
4.4.13 Miscellaneous results: crustaceans......Page 106
4.5 References......Page 107
5.1 Introduction......Page 110
5.2.1 Dominance effects and multi-locus traits......Page 111
5.2.2 Population genetics and dominance effects......Page 112
5.2.4 Utilizing dominance effects for genetic improvement......Page 116
5.3.1 Inbreeding impacts......Page 117
5.3.2 Exploiting heterosis in a production environment......Page 118
5.3.3 Maternal effects......Page 119
5.3.6 Combining appropriate broodstock and gametes......Page 121
5.3.7 Crossbreeding or hybridization in breed formation......Page 122
5.4 Illustrative Investigations And Applications......Page 124
5.4.1 A case study: carp and related species......Page 125
5.4.2 A case study: dominance effects in salmonids......Page 126
5.4.4 Unexpected results......Page 128
5.4.5 Results: miscellaneous fish......Page 129
5.4.7 Examples: invertebrates......Page 132
5.5 References......Page 133
6.2.1 Meiosis and polar bodies......Page 137
6.2.2 Meiotic gynogenesis......Page 139
6.2.3 Mitotic gynogenesis......Page 140
6.2.4 Androgenesis......Page 141
6.3.1 Heterozygous versus homozygous gynogenesis......Page 142
6.3.2 Determining appropriate procedures......Page 144
6.3.3 Evaluating success......Page 146
6.3.4 Bivalves......Page 147
6.4.1 Gynogenesis......Page 148
6.4.2 Androgenesis......Page 153
6.5 References......Page 154
7.1 Introduction......Page 158
7.2.1 Mechanics of inducing polyploidy......Page 159
7.3 Practice......Page 161
7.3.1 Shock-induced versus interploid triploidy......Page 163
7.3.2 Bivalve polyploidy......Page 165
7.4.2 Cyprinid results......Page 166
7.4.3 Salmonid polyploidy......Page 167
7.4.4 Various other finfish findings......Page 169
7.4.5 Bivalve studies......Page 171
7.4.6 Evaluating polyploidy induction......Page 174
7.5 References......Page 175
8.1 Introduction......Page 179
8.2 Theory......Page 180
8.3.1 Homogametic monosex stocks......Page 181
8.3.3 Minor genetic and environmental influences......Page 182
8.4.1 A case study: tilapias......Page 183
8.4.2 Various other finfish......Page 186
8.4.3 Crustacean sex control and determination......Page 187
8.5 References......Page 188
9.1 Introduction......Page 191
9.2.1 The role of external stimuli......Page 192
9.2.2 Internal processes......Page 193
9.2.3 Artificial induction......Page 194
9.3.1 Photothermal conditioning and maturation......Page 195
9.3.2 Hormone-induced spawning......Page 196
9.3.3 Hormone preparation and injection practices......Page 203
9.3.5 Hormone implant technologies......Page 206
9.3.7 Holding and handling broodstock......Page 209
9.3.8 Obtaining gametes: finfish......Page 210
9.4.1 Historical development......Page 215
9.4.2 A case study: the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)......Page 217
9.4.3 A case study: the striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and its hybrids......Page 219
9.4.4 Induction with asynchronous ovarian development......Page 223
9.4.5 Hormone injection of various fish......Page 224
9.4.6 Crustaceans......Page 228
9.4.7 Mollusks......Page 229
9.5 References......Page 230
10.1 Introduction......Page 235
10.3.1 Microinjection......Page 236
10.3.4 Lipofection......Page 237
10.4.1 Transgenesis in Indian catfish......Page 238
10.4.3 Atlantic salmon......Page 239
10.4.4 Carp......Page 240
10.5 References......Page 241
11.2 Theory......Page 242
11.3 Illustrative Investigations......Page 243
11.4 References......Page 245
Index......Page 246