Practical Engineering Geology, 2e

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
About the Author
Preface to 2nd Edition of Practical Engineering Geology
Preface to 1st Edition of Practical Engineering Geology
Chapter 1 Introduction to Engineering Geology
1.1 What Is Engineering Geology?
1.2 Definitions
1.3 The Role of an Engineering Geologist in a Project
1.3.1 General
1.3.2 Communication Within the Geotechnical Team
1.4 Rock and Soil as Engineering Materials
1.5 Philosophical Approaches
1.6 Geological Models
1.7 Uncertainties and Residual Risks
1.8 Qualifications and Training
Notes
Chapter 2 Introduction to the Management of Projects
2.1 Management: Parties and Responsibilities
2.1.1 The Owner/Client/Employer
2.1.2 The Architect and Engineer
2.1.3 The Project Design
2.1.4 The Contractor
2.1.5 Independent Checking Engineer
2.2 Management: Contracts
2.2.1 Risk Allocation for Geotechnical Conditions
2.2.2 Reference Ground Conditions
2.2.3 Claims Procedures
2.2.4 Dispute Resolution
2.2.5 Legal Process and Role of Expert Witness
2.2.6 Final Word On Contracts: Attitudes of Parties
Notes
Chapter 3 The Design Process, Analysis and Construction
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Design
3.2.1 Design Codes
3.2.2 Application of Engineering Geological Principles
3.2.3 Keeping Records
3.2.4 Checking the Ground Model and Design Assumptions
3.3 Loading
3.3.1 In Situ Stresses
3.3.1.1 Lithostatic Stress
3.3.1.2 Overconsolidated Clay
3.3.1.3 Active Plate Margins
3.3.1.4 Topographic Effects
3.4 Temporary and Permanent Works
3.5 Foundations
3.5.1 Loading From a Building
3.5.2 Options for Founding Structures
3.5.3 Shallow Foundations
3.5.4 Hazards for Buildings
3.5.5 Buoyant Foundations
3.5.6 Deep Foundations
3.5.6.1 Piled Foundations
3.5.6.2 Driven Piles
3.5.6.3 Bored Piles
3.5.6.4 Design
3.5.6.5 Proof Testing
3.5.6.6 Barrettes
3.5.6.7 Caissons
3.6 Tunnels and Caverns
3.6.1 Tunnels
3.6.2 General Considerations for Tunnelling
3.6.3 Options for Construction
3.6.4 Soft Ground Tunnelling
3.6.5 Hard Rock Tunnelling
3.6.5.1 Drill and Blast/road Headers
3.6.5.2 TBM Tunnels in Rock
3.6.6 Tunnel Support
3.6.6.1 Temporary Works
3.6.6.2 Permanent Design
3.6.6.3 Portal Design
3.6.6.4 Permanent Liners
3.6.6.5 Pressure Tunnels
3.6.7 Cavern Design
3.6.8 Underground Mining
3.6.9 Risk Assessments for Tunnelling and Underground Works
3.6.9.1 Assessment at the Design Stage
3.6.9.2 Risk Registers During Construction
3.7 Slopes
3.7.1 Rock Slopes
3.7.1.1 Shallow Failures
3.7.1.2 Structurally Controlled Landslides
3.7.1.3 Deep-Seated Failure
3.7.2 Soil Slopes
3.7.3 Risk Assessment
3.7.4 General Considerations
3.7.5 Engineering Options
3.7.5.1 Surface Treatment
3.7.5.2 Rock and Boulder Falls
3.7.5.3 Mesh
3.7.5.4 Drainage
3.7.5.5 Reinforcement
3.7.5.6 Retaining Walls and Barriers
3.7.5.7 Maintenance
3.8 Excavation, Dredging and Coastal Engineering
3.8.1 Excavatability
3.8.2 Dredging
3.8.3 Coastal Engineering
3.9 Ground Improvement
3.9.1 Introduction
3.9.2 Dynamic Compaction
3.9.3 Static Preloading
3.9.4 Stone Columns
3.9.5 Soil Mixing and Jet Grouted Columns
3.9.6 Drainage
3.9.7 Geotextiles
3.9.7.1 Strengthening the Ground
3.9.7.2 Drainage and Barriers
3.9.8 Grouting
3.9.9 Cavities
3.10 Surface Mining and Quarrying
3.11 Numerical Modelling for Analysis and Design
3.11.1 General Purpose
3.11.2 Problem-Specific Software
3.12 Fraud and Corruption
Notes
Chapter 4 Geology and Ground Models
4.1 Concept of Modelling
4.1.1 Introduction
4.2 Relevance of Geology to Engineering
4.3 Geological Reference Models
4.3.1 A Holistic Approach
4.3.2 The Need for Simplification and Classification
4.3.3 Igneous Rocks and Their Associations
4.3.4 Sediments and Associations – Soils and Rocks
4.3.4.1 General Nature and Classification
4.3.4.2 Sedimentary Environments
4.3.5 Metamorphic Rocks and Their Associations
4.4 Geological Structures
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Types of Discontinuity
4.4.3 Geological Interfaces
4.4.4 Faults
4.4.5 Periglacial Shears
4.4.6 Joints
4.4.7 Differentiation Into Sets
4.4.8 Orthogonal Systematic
4.4.9 Non-Orthogonal, Systematic
4.4.10 Shear Joints
4.4.11 Complex Geometries
4.4.12 Sheeting Joints
4.4.13 Morphology of Discontinuity Surfaces
4.4.13.1 Sedimentary Rocks
4.4.13.2 Tension Fractures
4.5 Weathering
4.5.1 Weathering Processes
4.5.2 Weathering Profiles
4.6 Geological Hazards
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Water as a Hazard
4.6.3 Groundwater Response to Rainfall
4.6.4 Landslides in Natural Terrain
4.6.4.1 Modes of Failure
4.6.4.2 Slope Deterioration and Progressive Failure
4.6.5 Earthquakes and Volcanoes
4.7 Ground Models for Engineering Projects
4.7.1 Introduction
4.7.2 General Procedures for Creating a Model
4.7.3 Fracture Networks
4.7.4 Examples of Models
Notes
Chapter 5 Environmental Factors
5.1 The Second Equation
5.2 Hydrogeology
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Fundamental Concepts and Definitions
5.2.2.1 Buoyancy and Effective Stress
5.2.2.2 Suction
5.2.2.3 Porosity
5.2.2.4 Hydraulic Conductivity and Permeability
5.2.3 Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity
5.2.3.1 Difficulties
5.2.3.2 Water Tests in Boreholes
5.2.3.3 Lugeon Testing
5.2.3.4 Pumping Tests
5.2.3.5 Typical Parameters
5.2.4 Hydrogeological Modelling
5.2.4.1 Modelling Geology as Isotropic
5.2.4.2 Anisotropic Flow Models
5.2.4.3 Unconfined Conditions
5.2.4.4 Confined Conditions
5.2.4.5 Compartmentalisation, Aquicludes and Aquitards
5.2.5 Flow Paths
5.2.5.1 Preferential Flow Paths Through Soil
5.2.5.2 Flow Paths in Rock (Unweathered)
5.2.5.3 Preferential Flow Paths in Weathered Rock
5.2.5.4 Establishing Hydrogeological Conditions in Weathered Rock Profiles
5.2.6 Characterisation of Hydrogeological Conditions for Engineering Projects
5.2.6.1 Slopes
5.2.6.2 Tunnels
5.2.6.3 Setting Limits for Inflow
5.2.6.4 Predicting Inflow Into an Underground Opening
5.2.6.5 Experience of Inflow
5.2.6.6 Mining
5.2.6.7 Nuclear Waste Repositories
5.3 Oil and Gas
5.3.1 Dual Porosity and Well Testing
5.4 Grouting
5.4.1 Purpose of Grouting
5.4.2 Options and Methods
5.5 Climate Variability
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Modelling Reliability
5.5.3 Population Predictions for the UK in 1969
5.5.4 Climate Change
5.5.5 Climate Modelling
5.5.6 Historical Data
5.5.6.1 Rainfall
5.5.6.2 Temperature
5.5.7 Retreat of Glaciers
5.5.8 Sea Ice at the North Pole
5.5.9 Sea Level Rise
5.5.10 True Anthropogenic Changes
5.6 Earthquakes
5.6.1 Ground Motion
5.6.2 Liquefaction
5.6.3 Design of Buildings
5.6.4 Tunnels During Earthquakes
5.6.5 Landslides Triggered By Earthquakes
5.6.6 Landslide Mechanisms
5.6.7 Empirical Relationships
5.6.8 Slope Design to Resist Earthquakes
5.6.8.1 Pseudo-Static Load Analysis
5.6.8.2 Displacement Analysis
5.7 Construction Vibrations
5.7.1 Blasting
5.7.2 Piling Vibrations
5.8 Volcanic Hazards
5.9 Other Hazards
Notes
Chapter 6 Site Investigation
6.1 Safety First
6.2 Nature of Site Investigation
6.3 Scope and Extent of Ground Investigation
6.3.1 Scope and Programme of Investigation
6.3.2 Forgiving and Unforgiving Sites
6.3.3 Fast Tracking
6.3.4 The Observational Method and the “What If” Approach to Design
6.3.4.1 Observational Method
6.3.4.2 “What If” Approach
6.3.5 Extent of Ground Investigation
6.4 Procedures for Site Investigation
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Desk Study
6.4.2.1 Sources of Information
6.4.2.2 InSAR and LiDar
6.4.2.3 Air Photograph Interpretation
6.4.3 Planning a Ground Investigation
6.4.3.1 Equation 1: Geological Factors
6.4.3.2 Equation 2: Environmental Factors
6.4.3.3 Equation 3: Construction-Related Factors
6.4.3.4 Discussion
6.5 Field Reconnaissance and Mapping
6.5.1 General
6.5.2 Describing Field Exposures
6.6 Geophysics
6.6.1 Seismic Methods
6.6.2 Resistivity
6.6.3 Other Techniques
6.6.4 Down-Hole Geophysics
6.7 Sub-Surface Investigation
6.7.1 Sampling Strategy
6.7.2 Boreholes in Soil
6.7.3 Rotary Drilling
6.8 In Situ Testing
6.9 Logging Borehole Samples
6.10 Down-Hole Logging
6.11 Instrumentation
6.12 Environmental Hazards
6.12.1 General
6.12.2 Natural Terrain Landslides
6.12.3 Coastal Recession
6.12.4 Subsidence and Settlement
6.12.5 Contaminated Land
6.12.6 Seismicity
6.13 Laboratory Testing
6.14 Reporting
Note
Chapter 7 Geotechnical Parameters
7.1 Physical Properties of Rocks and Soils
7.2 Material Vs. Mass Scales
7.3 Origins of Properties
7.3.1 Fundamentals
7.3.2 Friction Between Minerals
7.3.3 Friction of Natural Soil and Rock
7.3.4 True Cohesion
7.3.5 Geological Factors
7.4 Measurement Methods
7.4.1 Compressive Strength
7.4.2 Tensile Strength
7.4.3 Shear Strength
7.4.3.1 True Cohesion
7.4.3.2 Residual Strength
7.4.4 Deformability
7.4.5 Permeability
7.5 Soil Properties
7.5.1 Clay Soils
7.5.2 Granular Soils
7.5.3 Soil Mass Properties
7.6 Rock Properties
7.6.1 Intact Rock
7.6.1.1 Fresh to Moderately Weathered Rock
7.6.1.2 Weathered Rock
7.6.2 Rock Mass Strength
7.6.3 Rock Mass Deformability
7.7 Rock Discontinuity Properties
7.7.1 General
7.7.2 Geotechnical Parameters
7.7.3 Shear Strength of Rock Joints
7.7.3.1 Laws of Friction
7.7.3.2 Friction of Planar Rock Joints
7.7.3.3 Shear Strength of Rock Joints in Rock Engineering
7.7.4 Golder Associates’ Direct Shear Box Set Up at Leeds University (Fully Instrumented)
7.7.5 Infilled Joints
7.7.6 Dynamic Shear Strength of Rock Joints
7.8 Rock-Soil Mixes
7.8.1 Theoretical Effect On Shear Strength of Included Boulders
7.8.2 Bearing Capacity of Mixed Soil and Rock
7.9 Rock Used in Construction
7.9.1 Concrete Aggregate
7.9.2 Armourstone
7.9.3 Road Stone
7.9.4 Dimension Stone
Notes
Chapter 8 Unexpected Ground Conditions and How to Avoid Them: Case Examples
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Ground Risks
8.3 Geology: Material Scale Factors
8.3.1 Chemical Reactions: Carsington Dam, UK
8.3.2 Strength and Abrasivity of Flint and Chert: Gas Storage Caverns Killingholme, Humberside, UK
8.3.3 Abrasivity: TBM Singapore
8.3.4 Concrete Aggregate Reaction: Pracana Dam, Portugal
8.4 Geology: Mass Scale Factors
8.4.1 Pre-Existing Shear Surfaces: Carsington Dam Failure
8.4.2 Faults in Foundations: Kornhill Development, Hong Kong
8.4.3 Faults: TBM Collapse, Halifax, UK
8.4.4 Geological Structure: Ping Lin Tunnel, Taiwan
8.4.5 Deep Weathering and Cavern Infill, Tung Chung, Hong Kong
8.4.6 Pre-Disposed Rock Structure: Po Selim Landslide, Malaysia
8.5 General Geological Considerations
8.5.1 Tunnel Liner Failure at Kingston On Hull, UK
8.5.2 Major Temporary Works Failure: Nicoll Highway Collapse, Singapore
8.5.3 General Failings in Ground Models
8.6 Environmental Factors
8.6.1 Incorrect Hydrogeological Ground Model and Inattention to Detail: Landfill Site in the UK
8.6.2 Corrosive Groundwater Conditions and Failure of Ground Anchors: Hong Kong and the UK
8.6.3 Explosive Gases: Abbeystead, UK
8.6.4 Resonant Damage From Earthquakes at Great Distance, Mexico and Turkey
8.6.5 Geological History of a River in Borneo
8.7 Construction Factors
8.7.1 Soil Grading and Its Consequence: Piling at Drax Power Station, UK
8.7.2 Construction of Piles in Karstic Limestone, Wales, UK
8.7.3 Inappropriate Excavation Method for Tunnels: Singapore
8.8 Systemic Failing
8.8.1 Heathrow Express Tunnel Collapse
8.8.2 The Extensive Collapse of a Tunnel at Glendoe in Scotland
8.8.3 Planning for a Major Tunnelling System Under the Sea: SSDS Hong Kong
8.8.4 Inadequate Investigations and Mismanagement: The Application for a Rock Research Laboratory, Sellafield, UK
8.8.5 Landslide Near Busan, Korea
8.8.6 A Series of Landlides On Ching Cheung Road, Hong Kong, Which Occurred Several Days After Heavy Rain
8.9 Fraud
Appendix A Training, Institutions and Societies
A.1 Training
A.1.1 United Kingdom
A.1.2 Mainland Europe
A.1.3 United States of America
A.1.4 Canada
A.1.5 China
A.1.6 Hong Kong
A.2 Institutions
A.2.1 Introduction
A.2.2 The Geological Society of London
A.2.3 The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE)
A.2.4 Institution of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3)
A.2.5 Other Countries
A.3 Learned Societies
A.3.1 Introduction
A.3.2 Geological Society of London
A.3.3 International Association for Engineering Geologists and the Environment
A.3.4 British Geotechnical Association (BGA)
A.3.5 Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists
A.3.6 International Society for Rock Mechanics
A.3.7 International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
Appendix B Soil and Rock Terminology for Description and Classification for Engineering Purposes
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Introduction and History
B.3 Systematic Description
B.3.1 Order of Description
B.4 Soil Description
B.5 Rock Description and Classification
B.5.1 Strength
B.5.2 Joints and Discontinuities
B.5.3 Joint
B.5.4 Discontinuity
B.5.5 Discontinuity
B.5.6 Structural Discontinuity
B.5.7 Consequence
B.5.8 Weathering
B.6 Rock Mass Classifications for Engineering Purposes
B.6.1 RQD
B.6.2 More Sophisticated Rock Mass Classification Schemes
B.6.3 RMR
B.6.4 Q SYSTEM
B.6.5 GSI
B.6.6 Slope Classifications
Appendix C Examples of Borehole and Trial Pit Logs
C.1 Contractor’s Borehole Logs
C.1.1 UK Example
C.1.2 Hong Kong Example
C.2 Consultant’s Borehole Log
C.3 Contractor’s Trial Pit Logs
C.4 Consultant’s Trial Pit Log
Appendix D Tunnelling Risk
D.1 Example of Tunnelling Risk Assessment at Project Option Stage for Young Dong Mountain Loop Tunnel, South Korea
D.1.1 Risk Assessment
D.1.2 Conclusions
D.2 Example of Hazard and Risk Prediction Table
D.3 Example Risk Register
References
Index