Power System Transients: Modelling Simulation and Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Authors
Chapter 1: Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Categories of Transient Phenomenon in Power Systems
1.3 Transients and Their Effect on Design and Operation of Power Systems
1.4 Catastrophic Cases
1.4.1 High Voltage Transients
1.4.1.1 Required Studies
1.4.1.2 Causes of Overvoltages
1.4.1.3 Insulation Coordination and System Protection Against Transients
1.5 Overcurrent Transients
1.5.1 Circuit Breaker Design
1.5.2 Mechanical Stress
1.5.3 Thermal Stress
1.6 Abnormal Waveforms
1.6.1 Importance of the Study
1.7 Electromechanical Transients
1.8 Study Techniques for Transient Studies
1.8.1 Modeling and Simulation
1.8.2 Simulations Tools
1.8.3 Important Considerations for Transient Analysis
1.9 An Introduction to PSCAD/EMTDC
Bibliography
Chapter 2: Traveling Waves
2.1 Transmission Line Equations
2.1.1 Lossless Lines
2.1.2 Lossy Lines
2.2 Reflection Rules for Sinusoidal Waves
2.2.1 Transmission Line Reflection
2.2.2 End of the Line Reflection
2.2.3 Reflection at the Beginning of the Line
2.2.4 Voltage Distribution across a Lossless Line
2.2.5 Frequency-dependent Wave Speed Propagation Variation
2.2.6 Frequency-dependent Characteristic Impedance Variations
2.3 Step-form Traveling Waves
2.3.1 Solving Equations
2.3.2 Current Equations (D’Alembert’s Solution)
2.3.3 Forward and Backward Waves
2.3.4 Reflection Rules for Step Waves
2.3.5 Loss Consideration in Line
2.4 PSCAD Examples
Bibliography
Chapter 3: Lattice Diagram and Its Applications
3.1 Traveling Wave as a Function of Time and Location
3.2 Cable Connection to Transmission Line
3.3 Closing Resistance Circuit Breakers
3.3.1 Source Internal Resistance
3.3.2 Dead Line Connection to Live Line
3.4 Reflection in Branches
3.5 Special Cases in Reflection
3.5.1 Capacitor Connection at the End of the Line
3.5.2 Inductors Connection at the End of the Line
3.5.3 Parallel LC Connection at the End of the Line
3.5.4 Series LC Connection at the End of the Line
3.5.5 Combination of Inductors and Capacitors in the Middle of the Line
3.6 PSCAD Examples
3.6.1 Overhead Line and Cable Connection
3.7 Closing Breaker in Line Energization
3.8 Capacitor Connection at the End of the Line
3.9 Inductor Connection at the End of the Line
3.10 Parallel Filter LC Connection at the End of the Line
Bibliography
Chapter 4: Lightning-Induced Transients
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General Characteristics of Lightning Surges
4.3 Types of Stroke
4.3.1 Direct Stroke to Phase Conductor
4.3.2 Ground Conductor or Tower Stroke
4.3.3 Nearby Strokes
4.4 System Response to Voltage Arbitrary Pulses
4.5 Application of Lattice Diagram
4.6 Tower Modeling for Transient Studies
4.7 PSCAD Examples
Bibliography
Chapter 5: Energization Overvoltages
5.1 Source-type Effect
5.1.1 Step Source Energization through Inductance
5.1.2 Sinusoidal Source Energization through Inductance
5.1.3 Line Energization through Energized Lines
5.1.4 Source Energization through Inductance Adjacent to Parallel Lines
5.2 Asynchronous Closing of Three Phase Circuit Breaker Contactors
5.3 Reactive Compensation
5.4 Trapped Charge
5.5 System Losses
5.6 Switching Location
5.7 Terminal Type of Effects
5.8 Capacitive Bank Closing
5.9 PSCAD Examples
5.9.1 Sinusoidal Source Energization through Inductance
5.9.2 Source Energization through Inductance Adjacent to Parallel Lines
5.9.3 Terminal-type Effects
Bibliography
Chapter 6: Transients Induced by De-energization
6.1 Transient Recovery Voltages
6.2 Rate of Rise of Recovery Voltage
6.3 Current Injection Methodology
6.4 Factors Affecting Transient Recovery Voltages
6.4.1 Power Factor Effect on Transient Recovery Voltages
6.4.2 Natural Frequency Effect on Transient Recovery Voltages
6.4.3 Effect of Existence of Two Natural Frequencies on Transient Recovery Voltages
6.4.4 Damping Effect on Transient Recovery Voltages
6.4.5 Effect of Type of Short Circuit
6.4.6 Arc Voltage Effect on TRV
6.5 Fault Interruption in a Short Line
6.6 Magnetizing Current Chopping
6.7 Residual Flux Effect on Transformer Inrush Current
6.8 Capacitive Current Interruption
6.9 Disconnectors Opening
6.10 PSCAD Examples
6.10.1 Transient Recovery Voltages
6.10.2 Effect of Existence of Two Natural Frequencies on Transient Recovery Voltage
6.10.3 Magnetizing Current Chopping
Bibliography
Chapter 7: Traveling Wave Influence on Power Transformers Windings
7.1 Winding Modeling without Mutual Inductances
7.1.1 Voltage Initial Distribution
7.1.2 Equivalent Capacitance of the Winding at t = 0
7.1.3 Final Distribution
7.1.4 Solution for Main Partial Differential Equation
7.1.5 Traveling Wave Response Justification
7.2 Winding Modeling with Mutual Coupling and Resistances
7.2.1 Winding Detailed Model
7.3 MATLAB ® /Simulink ® Example
Bibliography
Chapter 8: Ferroresonance
8.1 Linear Circuit Resonance
8.2 Nonlinear Circuit Resonance
8.2.1 Stability Assessment of Operating Points in a Nonlinear Resonance Circuit
8.2.1.1 Effect of ω
8.2.1.2 Effect of u 0
8.3 Ferroresonance Practical Cases in Power Systems
8.3.1 One Phase Open
8.3.2 Overload Relay Malfunction
8.3.3 De-energization of One Circuit of Two-circuit Transmission Line
8.3.4 Single-Phase Fault and Capacitive Voltage Transformer
8.4 Simulations
Bibliography
Index