This monograph focuses on the modern power system and its reliable operation on a national scale. The contents focus on the analysis and root cause of different power system blackouts, the introduction of a phasor measurement unit incorporating a polygon-shaped graphical algorithm for out-of-step protection of the synchronous generator, predictive out-of-step protection, dual-slope relay setting, novel apparent stability concept, among others. This volume will be beneficial to academia and industry during the testing, development, and modeling of protective relays for generators, transformers, and transmission lines.
Author(s): Jignesh Kumar P. Desai, Vijay Makwana
Series: Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 129
City: Singapore
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Authors
Abbreviations
Symbols
1 Introduction
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Literature Review
1.2.1 Literature Review on Most Recent Work
1.2.2 Literature Review on Different Methods of Out-of-Step Protection
1.2.3 Literature Review on Impact of Renewable Power Sources on Protective Relays
1.3 Conclusion
References
2 Power Swings with Distance Relay and PMU
2.1 Mathematical Analysis of the Research Problem
2.2 Phasor Measurement Unit and WAMS
2.3 Power Swing Detection and Out-of-Step Detection Technique
2.3.1 Double Blinder Based Technique
2.3.2 Distance Relay and Out-of-Step Relay for Power Swing Blocking
2.4 Conclusion
References
3 Protection of Synchronous Generator
3.1 Class of Generator Protection
3.1.1 Class A
3.1.2 Class B
3.1.3 Class C
3.2 Faults and Abnormal Conditions with Its Protection
3.2.1 Insulation Failure of the Stator Winding
3.2.2 Insulation Failure of the Rotor Winding
3.2.3 Uneven Loading
3.2.4 Field Failure
3.2.5 Prime Mover Failure
3.2.6 Over Load Protection
3.2.7 Over Voltage Protection
3.2.8 Over Speed Protection
3.3 Conclusion
References
4 Adaptive Out-of-Step Protection of Synchronous Generator
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mathematical Analysis of Proposed Out-of-Step Protection Scheme
4.3 Proposed PMU-Incorporated Polygon-Shaped Out-of-Step Protection Scheme
4.4 Implementation and Testing of the Proposed Algorithm
4.4.1 Event-1: Fault Remove Before CCT
4.4.2 Event-2: Fault Remove After the CCT
4.5 Testing of Proposed Technique for LG, LL Faults and Swing …
4.6 Performance Test of the Proposed Algorithm
4.6.1 Test Under Different Level of Renewable Power Penetration
4.6.2 Test Using Real Physical System
4.7 Comparison of the Proposed Relaying Algorithm with Existing Ones
4.8 Limitation of the Method
4.9 Results and Discussion
References
5 Predictive Out of Step Protection
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Modeling of Synchronous Generator with the Turbine, Exciter …
5.3 Power Swing Detection Method
5.3.1 Repetitiveness
5.3.2 Continuation
5.3.3 Regularity
5.3.4 Impedance Travel Through Outer to Inner Layer
5.4 Out of Step Protection of Synchronous Generator
5.4.1 Swing Center Appear in the Middle of the Transmission Line Section
5.4.2 Swing Center Arise Near the Generator Transformer
5.5 Comparison with Existing Methodology
5.6 Results and Discussion
5.7 Conclusion
References
6 Wavelet Transform and Deep Learning Machine Model-Based Out-of-Step Relay
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The System and Power Swing Conditions
6.3 Development of the Proposed Algorithm
6.3.1 Training Data Selection and Pre-processing
6.3.2 Design of the Mathematical Structure of Deep Learning Neural Network
6.3.3 The Design of the Proposed Relaying Algorithm
6.3.4 Training, Validation, and Testing
6.4 Performance Validation by Unknown Events
6.4.1 Test Using Unknown Data of Different Fault Location
6.5 Development and Performance on a 29-Bus System
6.6 Comparison of the Proposed Algorithm
6.7 Discussions
6.8 Conclusion
References
7 Out-of-Step Protection Schemes Summary and Future Scope
7.1 Out-of-Step Protection Schemes Summary
7.2 Future Scope
Appendix A Kundur Two-Area System
Appendix B Type-IV Wind Turbine System Parameter for Modified Kundur Two-Area System
Appendix C Indian Grid System's Data
Appendix D A 29-Bus Hydro-Quebec System
