Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Handbook: A Guide to Thermal Power Plants

Front-Matter_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handbook
Front Matter
Copyright_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handbook
Copyright
Preface_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handbook
Preface
Acknowledgments_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handbook
Acknowledgments
Chapter-1---Introduction_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handbo
Introduction
Introduction
Fundamental Knowledge About Basic Process
Ideas Within and Outside the System
Zeroeth Law of Thermodynamics
Energy
Work
Specific Heat
Perfect Gas
Boyle´s Law and the Charles Law
Boyle´s Law-Law I
Charles Law-Law II
General and Combined Equation
Universal Gas Constant
Avogadro´s Law/Hypothesis-Law III
First Law of Thermodynamics
Internal Energy
Adiabatic Work
Law of the Conservation of Energy
Constant Volume Process
Constant Pressure or Isobaric Process
Enthalpy
Constant Temperature of the Isothermal Process
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Heat Engine
Kelvin Planck Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Clausius Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Recapitulation: Various Cycles: Carnot, Rankine, Regenerative, and Reheat
Reversible Cycle: Carnot
Application of Carnot Cycle in a Power Plant
Carnot Theorem or Corollary 2
Properties of Steam
Steam Table
Wet Steam
Superheated Steam
Entropy
Corollary 5
Temperature-Entropy Diagram
Entropy of Different Phases of Water and Steam
Entropy of Water
Entropy of Steam
Entropy of Superheated Steam
Temperature-Entropy Diagram of Steam
Pressure-Volume Diagram
Steam Generators/Boilers
Boiler Classifications
Use
Tube Contents
Furnace Position and Firing
Heat Source
Forced or Natural Circulation
Regenerative Cycle/Heater/Extraction System
Regenerative Cycle
Various Valves and Their Operations
Main Steam Stop Valve
Nonreturn (Check) Valve
Start-Up Vent Valve
Safety (Pop-Up) Valve
Electromatic Safety (or Relief) Valve
Spring-Loaded Safety Valve
Blowdown Valve
Continuous Blowdown Valve
Intermittent Blowdown Valve
Drain Valve
Steam Trap
Steam Separator
Reheat Cycles in Utility Boiler-Hot and CRH Lines
Reheat Cycle in Utility Boiler
Gas Turbine Types (Frames)/Black Startup
GT Basic Closed Loop Cycle
GT Basic Open Loop Cycles
GT Cycles With Heat Exchangers/Regenerator
GT Cycles With Intercooling and Reheating
GT With Single and Double Shaft (Turboshaft)
GT With Single Shaft
GT With Double Shaft (Turboshaft)
GT Firing Temperature and Pressure Ratio
Turbine Firing Temperature
Turbine Pressure Ratio
Various Sections of GT
GT Inlet Sections
GT Compressor Section With Diffuser
GT Combustor With Transition Section
Turbine Section of GT
Black Starting of GT
Different Steps to Implement Black Start
Different Systems to Implement Black Start
Self-Contained Black Start
Black Start Through Variable Frequency Drive or Load Commutated Inverter
VFD/LCI to Drive the GT Directly
Black Start Through DG With Automatic Voltage Regulator Directly Connected to the GT Generator (Without VFD/LCI)
Black Start Through Hydraulic Drive
Black Start Through Electric Drive (Induction Motor)
GT With Compressed Air Energy Storage Facility
GT Emissions
NOX Control in GT
NOX Control of GT Through Lean Air/Fuel Ratio Control
NOX Control of GT Through Lean Premixed Air/Fuel Combustion
NOX Control of GT Through Selective Catalytic Reduction
GT as External Combustion Engine
GT Fuels
GT Control Systems
Speed/Load Control Systems
Temperature Control System
Fuel Flow Control System
Air Flow Control System
Effects of Atmospheric Condition on GT Operation
Influencing Factors of GT Efficiency and Performance
Recovery Boilers: Introduction
Process Boiler: Steam Supply at Different Pressures Compared With Steam Turbine Operation for Utility Purposes
Back-Pressure Turbine
Pass Out Turbine
Pressure-Reducing and Desuperheating Station: Purpose and Importance for Process Boilers/Initial Heating Up and Othe ...
Pressure-Reducing and Desuperheating Station
Objective of the System
System Description
Vacuum and Dump Condenser
Vacuum Condenser
Dump Condenser
Air-Cooled Dump Condenser
Water-Cooled Dump Condenser
System Description of Different Types of Dump Condensers
System Description of Dump Condensers in CHP Plants
System Description of Dump Condensers in Thermal Power Plants
Process Parameters and Ranges
Purpose of Parameter Measurements
Measurements for Plant Safety
Measurement for Efficient Running/Control of the Plant
Type of Instruments and Their Selection: Discussion
Pressure Elements/Gauges/Switches/Transmitters
Flow Measurement
Level Gauges/Switches/Transmitters
Temperature Measurement
Bibliography
Chapter-2---Main-Equipmen_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handb
Main Equipment
Overview of Main Equipment Types, Function, and Description
Boiler
Fuel and Air/Draft System
Feed Water System
Steam System
Turbine
Turbine Oil System
Turning Gear/Barring Gear
HP/LP Bypass System
Governor and Isolation Valves
Gland Sealing Systems
Condenser
Steam Ejectors or External Vacuum Pumps, Vacuum Breaker
Circulating Water Pump System or Cooling Towers
Condensate Extraction Pumps
Heat Exchangers (Drain/Gland Steam Cooler, LP Heaters)
Boiler Feed Pumps
Generator and Exciter
Hydrogen Cooling System
Hydrogen and Seal Oil System
Excitation System
Stator Cooling Water System
Generator Inerting System
Steam Generator: Boiler
Boiler/Steam Generator Subsystems
Fuel System
Feed Water System (Ref. )
Blow Down and Chemical Dosing System
Steam System (Ref. )
Deaerator
Soot Blowing System
Boiler Circulating Water System
Mills and Pulverizers
Pumps and Heating Units
Fans
Forced Draught Fans
Induced Draught Fans
Primary Air Fans
Seal Air Fans
Scanner Air Fans
Fans: Functions of ID, FD FANS, Effect on Control System, Control Devices
Fans
Axial Fans (Ref. A)
Control Device of Axial Fans
Radial/Centrifugal Fans (Ref. B)
Control Device of Radial Centrifugal Fans
Functions of ID and FD Fans
Functions of FD Fans
Forced Draught Fans (FD Fan)
Induced Draught Fans (ID)
Air Flue Gas Path Equipment
Air Heaters
Classification of Air Heaters
Recuperative Air Heaters
Regenerative Air Heaters
Steam Coil Air Preheater and Corrosion Control
Dust Collector Units
Mechanical Dust Collector Units
Electrostatic Precipitator
Flue Gas Desulfurization Plant
Flue Gas Denitrification Plant
Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio and Excess Air
Firing System
Type of Firing Systems
Fixed-Type Firing
Corner or Tangential Firing
Combustion Air
Start-Up Procedure
Mills/Pulverizers/Feeders/Primary Air/Burners
Selection of Equipment
Advantages of Using a Mill/Pulverizer
Functions and Controls
The Mill/Pulverizers
The Feeders
The Primary Air
The Burners
The Igniters
Seal Air Fans
Scanner Air Fans
Ignition Support
F.O. Systems
Oil Unloading System
Storage and Transfer System
Pumping and Heating Unit
Tangential Tilt Burners (Ref )
Reheat Temperature Control by Tangential Tilting Burner Assembly
Reheat Temperature Control by Gas dampers
Gas Dampers in Main Flue Gas Path
Gas Dampers in Bypass Flue Gas Path
Reheat Temperature Control by Gas Recirculation Damper
Flue Gas Recirculation Introduced in the Furnace
Flue Gas Recirculation Introduced in the Combustion Air
Boiler Tube Failure and Metal Temperature
Major Reasons for Boiler Tube Failure
Tube Inside or Water-side Corrosion
Tube Outside or Fireside Corrosion
Superheater Fireside Ash Corrosion
High-Temperature Oxidation
Waterwall Fireside Corrosion
Fireside Corrosion Fatigue
Tube Outside or Fireside Erosion
Stress Rupture
Short-Term Overheating
High Temperature Creep or Long-Term Overheat
Dissimilar Metal Welds
High-Temperature Graphitization
Fatigue
Mechanical Vibration Fatigue
Thermal Fatigue
Corrosion Fatigue
Measurement of Boiler Tube Metal Temperatures
Measuring Location of Boiler Tube Metal Temperatures
Problems and Solutions of Measuring Boiler Tube Metal Temperatures
Boiler Drum, Pressure Parts With Locations
Boiler Accessories
Drum Internals (Ref. )
Type of Superheaters and Reheaters (Ref. )
Economizers
Boiler Water Circulation
Natural Water Circulation
Forced Water Circulation
Water Circulation in Once-through/Supercritical or Ultracritical Steam Generators
Miscellaneous Boiler Equipment
Main Steam Stop Valve
Nonreturn (Check) Valve
Start-Up Vent Valve
Safety (Pop Up)Valve
Electromagnetic Safety (or Relief) Valve
Spring-Loaded Safety Valve
Blow Down Valve
Continuous Blow Down Valve
Intermittent Blow Down Valve
Drain Valve
Steam Trap
Steam Separator
Swing Check Valve
Turbine Type
Steam Turbines: Turbine Types and Classification
Impulse Turbine
Pressure Compounded Impulse Turbine (Ref. )
Velocity Compounded Impulse Turbine (Ref. )
Pressure Velocity Compounded Turbine (Ref. )
Impulse-Reaction Turbine (Ref. )
Basic Turbine Type: HP, IP, LP Cylinders
Turbine Oil Systems
Lubricating Oil (Ref. )
Control Oil (Ref. )
Jacking Oil (Ref. )
Extraction and Gland Sealing System
Condenser and Evacuation System
Function
What is Vacuum
Type of Condenser
Operation of Condenser
Evacuation of Condenser (Ref. )
Evacuation Methods
Steam Jet Air Ejectors (Ref. )
Single-Nozzle Ejector
Multiple Nozzle Ejector
Types
Spindle-Operated Ejector
Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump (Ref. )
Dry Vacuum Pump
Once-Through Oil Vacuum Pump
Mode of Evacuation Methods: Hogging and Holding
Performance
Starting Air Ejector and Priming Air Ejector
Start-Up and Thermal Stress
Types of Start-Up Procedures
Damage Mechanisms
Creep
Low Cycle Fatigue
Combined Effect of Creep and Low Cycle Fatigue
Relation of Stress, Temperature, and Start-Ups
Stress and Temperature Curves With Relation to Time
Stress and Temperatures Curves With Relation to Longer Soaking Time
Stress and Temperatures Curves With Relation to Fast Start-Up
Miscellaneous Turbine Auxiliaries
Turbine Bearings
Main Bearing
Thrust Bearing
Gland Packing, Gland Steam Condenser (GSC), and Gland Exhaust Fan
Gland Packing
Gland Steam Condenser and Gland Exhaust Fan
Priming System for Water Box and CW Pumps
Priming Devices
Priming Air Ejector
Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump
Dry Vacuum Pump
Once Through Oil Vacuum Pump
Selection of the Priming Devices
Vacuum Breaker
Main Objectives of Providing Vacuum Breaker
Capacity/Sizing of Vacuum Breaking Valves
Types of Vacuum Breaking Valves
Location of Vacuum Breaking Valves
Online Condenser Tube Cleaning System
Principle of Operation (Ref. )
Basic Objectives
Materials of Construction
Condensate Polishing Unit
Requirement of Condensate Polishing Unit (Ref. )
Presence of Corrosive Materials
Particulate or Suspended Matter
Dissolved Salts
Types of Ion Exchangers
Mixed Bed Exchanger
Lead Cation Resin followed by Mixed Bed of Strong Cation/Anion Resins
Cation-Anion-Cation Stacked Bed Exchanger
Simple Cation Bed Exchanger
Regeneration of Resins
Capacity of the Polishing Unit
Quality of the Polishing Unit
Turbine Supervisory Instrumentation
Eccentricity
Thrust Position
Phase or Key Phasor or Phase Angle
Measurement of Expansion
Shell or Case Expansion
Differential Expansion
Speed
Measurement of Vibration
Shaft Relative Vibration
Absolute Vibration
Turbine Governing Valve Position
Temperature
Generator
Basic Generator Details
Rotor (Field)
Field Flashing
Stator (Armature)
Working Principle
Cooling of Stator and Rotor
Hydrogen Cooling Including Seal Oil System
The Hydrogen System
Moisture in Hydrogen Cooling System
The Seal Oil System
Generator Excitation: Types With Advantages and Disadvantages
Direct Current Excitation
Rotating-Type Excitation System
Static Type Excitation System
Generator Field Excitation: Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages and Disadvantages: Brush and Brushless Excitation
Advantages and Disadvantages: Permanent Magnets
Advantages
Disadvantages
Boiler Feed Pump And Condensate Extraction Pump: Associated Measurements
Boiler Feed Pumps
Selection Criteria of BFP
Types of Boiler Feed Pumps
Boiler Feed Pumps With Equidirectional Impellers
Boiler Feed Pumps With Opposite Directional Impellers
Boiler Feed Pumps With Associated Measurements
Condensate Extraction Pumps
Selection Criteria of Condensate Extraction Pumps
Type of Condensate Extraction Pumps
Condensate Extraction Pumps With Associated Measurements
Deaerators and Heaters
Deaerator
Reason for Deaeration
Working Principles of Deaerator
Types of Deaerator (Ref. )
Tray Type of Deaerator
Spray Type of Deaerator
Regenerative Feed Water Heaters
Open Type Regenerative Feed Heaters
Closed Type Regenerative Feed Heaters
Broad Comparison Between Open and Closed Regenerative Feed Water Heaters
Operation Description of Closed Regenerative Feed Heaters
CW and ACW System Function and Description
Circulating Water System
Once-Through Circulating Water System
Once-Through Circulating Water System Components
Closed Cycle Type or Recirculating Type Circulating Water System
Types of Closed Cycle Type or Recirculating Type CW Systems
Mechanical Induced Draft Cooling Tower
Natural Draft Cooling Tower
Auxiliary Cooling Water and Closed Cooling Water Systems
Auxiliary Cooling Water System and Components
Closed/Clarified Cooling Water System
Closed/Clarified Cooling Water System Components
CW Make-Up and Treatment System
Prevention of Microbiological Growth and Treatment System
CW Make-Up and Treatment System Using Seawater
Drift Problem With Cooling Tower (CT) Using Seawater
Instrumentation Requirement for a CW System
Auxiliary and Associated Subsystems of a CW/ACW/CCW System
Demineralizing (DM) Plant Function and Description ()
Necessity of a DM Plant and System Requirements
Inlet Water Quality Requirement for DM Plant Operation
Requirement of DM Water for Other Systems
System Operation of DM Plant
Components and Their Function in DM Plant Operation
Pressure Sand Filter
Activated Carbon Filter
Principle of Operation of ACF
Factors Influencing Efficient Filtration
Types of Activated Carbon Filter
Materials Used for Activated Carbon Filter
Specification of Activated Carbon Filter
Advantages/Disadvantages of Using ACF
Filter for Seawater Application
Ion Exchange Units
Cation Exchanger Resins
Anion Exchanger Resins
Mixed Bed Exchangers
Regeneration of Resins
Decarbonators and Degassers
Drain Neutralization System
Advantages and Limitations
Expected Quality of Various Components
Controls and Instrumentation
Controls
Instrumentation
Coal Handling: Basic System Function and Description
Influencing Factors of CHP Concept Design ()
Coal Source, Quality, and Size
Unloading
Track Hopper Unloading System
Wagon Tippler Unloading System
Coal Crushing
Coal Jaw Crusher
Jaw Crusher Operating Principles
Coal Hammer Crusher
Coal Hammer Crusher Operating Principles
Ring Granulator
Ring Granulator Operating Principle
Coal Stacker and Reclaimer at Stockyard
Dust Control System and Ventilation system
Other Important Accessories
Instrumentation and Control
Brief Details of Conveyor Safety Switches
Pull Chord Switches
Belt Sway Switch
Zero Speed Switch
Ash Handling: Basic System Function and Description
Properties of Ash
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Influencing Factors of AHP Concept Design
Mode of Ash Disposal
Bottom Ash System
Wet Bottom Ash System ()
Semiwet Bottom Ash System With Submerged Flight Conveyor
Semiwet Bottom Ash System With Submerged Scrapper Conveyor
Dry Bottom Ash System
Fly Ash Handling System
Dry Fly Ash Handling System
Wet Fly Ash Handling System
Ash Water System
Bottom-Ash Water System
Fly-Ash Water System
Ash Disposal System
Wet-Ash Disposal System
Dry Ash Disposal System ()
Bibliography
Chapter-3---Plant-P-amp-ID--Process_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Con
Plant P&ID (Process) Discussions
Introduction (P&ID Process)
P&ID Basics
Instrumentation Symbols in P&ID
Piping Representation in P&ID
Process Parameter in P&ID
Equipment in P&ID
Discussion on P&ID
Redundancies for Transmitters (Sensor)
Transmitter (Sensor) Redundancy Considerations
Transmitter Monitoring and Inhibiting Selection
Redunancy for One of Two Selections
Two Transmitters (Sensor) in High (or Low Selection)
One of Two Transmitters (Sensors) Selection With Average
Redundancy-Three Transmitters (Sensors) for Selection
Three Transmitters (Sensors) in 2 of 3 Selection
Three Transmitters (Sensors) in 2 of 3 Voting Logic
Triple Modular Redundancy
Analytical Instruments and Control
Main Steam (P&ID)
Objective and Function of the System
System Description-Main Steam (Fig. 3.4)
Process and Piping-Main Steam
Bypass Path-Main Steam
Process Plant Bypass Path-Main Steam (Fig. 3.7)
HP Bypass Main Steam
Sampling Lines
Major System Equipment-Main Steam
Major Parameters in Main Steam (MS)
Process Parameters
Monitoring of Process Parameter-Main Steam
Controls in-Main Steam
Redundancy in Measurement-Main Steam
Miscellenous Points-Main Steam
Reheat Steam (P&IDs): Cold and Hot Reheat
Reheat Steam System
Cold Reheat Steam System
Objectives and Functions of the System
System Description-Cold Reheat
Major System Equipment-Cold Reheat Steam
Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-CRH Steam
Process Parameter-CRH (Typical Values Only)
Monitoring of Process Parameter-CRH Steam
Controls in-CRH Steam
Redundancy in Measurement-CRH Steam
Micellenous Points-CRH Steam
Hot Reheat Steam System
Objectives and Functions of the System
System Description-Hot Reheat (Fig. 3.9)
Major System Equipment-Hot Reheat Steam
Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-HRH Steam
Process Parameter-HRH (Typical Values Only)
Monitoring of Process Parameter-HRH Steam
Controls in-HRH Steam
Redundancy in Measurement-HRH Steam
Micellenous Points-HRH Steam
Extraction Steam (PandIDs): Bleed Steam
Extraction Steam System
Objectives and Functions of the System
System Description-Extraction Steam
Major System Equipment-Extraction Steam
Major Parameter Monitoring in-Extraction Steam
Process Parameter-Extraction Steam (Typical Turbine Continuous Rating-TMCR Values Indicated)
Monitoring of Process Parameter-Ex. Steam (Fig. 3.10)
Controls in-Extraction Steam
Redundancy in Measurement-Extraction Steam
Miscellaneous Points-Extraction Steam
Auxiliary Steam (P&IDs)
Auxiliary Steam System
Objectives and Functions of the System
System Description-Auxiliary Steam
System Description-General (Figs. 3.11-3.14)
System Description-Separate BAS/TAS (Fig. 3.11)
System Description-Common as Header From Main Steam (Fig. 3.12)
System Description-Common as Header From CRH Steam (Fig. 3.13)
System Description-Common Header With Auto switchover (Figs. 3.12 and 3.13)
System Description as Header Consumers (Fig. 3.14)
Major System Equipment-Auxiliary Steam
Major Process Parameters and Measuring Monitoring in-AS
Process Parameter
Monitoring of Process Parameter-Auxiliary Steam
Controls in-Auxiliary Steam (Figs. 3.11-3.14)
Redundancy in Measurement-Auxiliary Steam
Micellenous Points-Auxiliary Steam
FEED WATER STEAM (P&IDs)
Feed Water (FW) System
Objectives and Functions of the System
System Description-Feed Water (FW) System Variations
System Description-General (Fig. 3.16A and B)
System Description-FW System Overall (Fig. 3.17)
System Description-Feed Water Sampling System
System Description-Feed Water System Motor-Operated BFP (Fig. 3.18)
System Description-FW System TD BFP (Fig. 3.19)
System Description-FW Feed Control Station (Fig. 3.20)
Major System Equipment-Feed Water System
Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-Feed Water
Process Parameter-Feed Water (Typical Values Only)
Monitoring of Process Parameter-Feed Water System
Controls in-Feed Water System (Fig. 3.20)
Redundancy in Measurement-Feed Water System
Miscellaneous Points-Feed Water System
Condensate System (P&IDs)
Condensate System
Objectives and Functions of the System
System Description-Condensate System
System Description-General (Fig. 3.21)
System Description-Cond. System (LP Heaters Fig. 3.23)
System Description-Condensate Return (Fig. 3.24)
System Description-Cond. Level Controls (Fig. 3.25)
In Fig. 3.25A and B, a Few Other Alternatives Are Shown
System Description-Condensate Polishing Unit (Fig. 3.26)
Major System Equipment-Condensate System
Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-Condensate
Process Parameter-Condensate (Typical Values Only)
Monitoring of Process Parameter-Condensate System
Controls in-Condensate System (Figs. 3.21 and 3.23-3.25)
Redundancy in Measurement-Condensate System
Miscellaneous Points-Condensate System
Heater Drain and Vent (P&IDs)
Heater Drain and Vent System
Objectives and Functions of the System
System Description-Heater Drain and Vent System
System Description-Heater Vent (Fig. 3.27)
System Description-Heater Drain (Figs. 3.27 and 3.28)
Major System Equipment-Heater Drain and Vent System:
Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-Heater Drain and Vent System
Process Parameter-Heater Drain and Vent System (Typical Values Only)
Monitoring of Process Parameter-Condensate System
Air and Flue Gas System (P&IDs) (Outline of Pulverizer Instrumentation)
Air and Flue Gas System
Objectives and Functions of the System
System Description-Air and Flue Gas
System Description-Flue Gas (Figs. 3.31 and 3.32)
System Description-Secondary Air System (Figs. 3.34, 3.36, and 3.37)
System Description-Primary Air System (Figs. 3.34, 3.36, and 3.37)
System Description-Scanner Air and Seal Air
System Description-Monitoring and Controls (Fig. 3.37A and B)
Major System Equipment-Air and Flue Gas Path
Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-Air and Flue Gas
Process Parameter-Air and Flue Gas (Typical Value)
Monitoring of Process Parameter-Air and Flue Gas System
Controls in-Air and Flue Gas System (Figs. 3.31, 3.32, and 3.34-3.36)
Controls in Flue gas systems
Controls in Air Systems
Redundancy in Measurement
Miscellaneous Points-Air and Flue Gas System
Cogeneration P&ID (Gas Turbine HRSG)
Cogeneration/Combined Cycle Plants
Objectives and Functions of the System
System Description
System Description-Simple Cycle (Fig. 3.40A)
System Description-Cogeneration/Combined Cycle Plant (Figs. 3.40B and 3.42)
system Description-Heat Recovery Steam Generator
Gas Turbine Control System
Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-Cogeneration Plant-Gas Turbine
Redundancy in-Gas Turbines
Single-Shaft Combined-Cycle Configuration
Misc. Other Systems
Turbogenerator-Related PandIDs.
System Description and Functions
Turbine Lube Oil (LO) System (Fig. 3.44)
Turbine Jacking Oil System (Fig. 3.45)
Turbine Control Oil System (Fig. 3.46)
Turbine Seal Steam System (Figs. 3.48 and 3.49)
Turbine Evacuation System (Fig. 3.50)
Generator Seal Oil System (Fig. 3.51)
Generator H2 System (Fig. 3.52)
Stator-Cooling Water System (Fig. 3.53)
Steam Generator Related PandIDs.
System Description and Functions
SG Heavy (Fuel) Oil (HFO) System
Light Oil and Atomizing Air System (Fig. 3.55)
Atomization: Steam (Fig. 3.56)
SG Burner Cooling, Ignitor, and Flame Detection System
Boiler Circulation System (Fig. 3.57)
Trends in Power Generation Process
Increased Pressure, Temperature Operation
Subcritical, Supercritical, Ultrasupercritical, and Approach to AUSC
AUSC Power cycle
Various Ways for Reducing Emissions and Increasing Efficiency
Carbon Capture and Storage and Oxyfuel Combustion
CFBC Technology
Bibliography
Chapter-4---General-Instrume_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Ha
General Instruments
Introduction
Pressure Measurements
Temperature Gauges and Switches
Elements for Remote Pressure Transmitters
Elements for Remote Temperature Transmitters
Temperature Transmitters
Flow Measurement
Sight Flow Glass Indicators
Flow Switches
Flow Elements or Differential Producers
Flow Transmitters
Level Measurement
Level Gauge
Level Switch
Level Transmitter
Pressure Measurement: Various Measuring Points and Range Selection
Pressure Transmitter: Working Principle, Specification, Supplier, and Special Features
Force Collector Types
Capacitive Type
Piezoresistive Strain Gauge
Inductance/Reluctance (Electromagnetic)
Piezoelectric
Other Pressure Measurements (Normally Not Used in Power Plants)
Optical
Potentiometric
Pressure Switch: Working Principle, Specification, Supplier, and Special Features
Bourdon Tube-Operated Sensor
Bellows Sensor
Diaphragm Sensor
Diaphragm Sealed Piston
Accessories
ON/OFF Differential/Deadband of Switch Contact
Pressure Gauge: Working Principle, Specification, Supplier, and Special Features
Temperature Measurement: Various Measuring Points and Range Selection
Temperature Element: Types and Classification, Immersion Length, and Connection Type
Temperature Elements
RTDs
THCs
Voltage-Temperature Relationship in THC
THC Connection to Instruments
Cold Junction Compensation
Thermistors
Immersion Length
Connection Types
Temperature Transmitter: Working Principle, Specification, Supplier, and Special Features
Transmitter (RTD Input)
Transmitter (THC Input)
Temperature Switches
Temperature Gauges
Mercury in Glass
Mercury or Alcohol in Steel
Bimetallic Gauges
Flow Measurement, Various Measuring Points, Various Types, and Range Selection
Units of Measurement
Pressure-Based Measurements (Head Type Instruments)
Venturi Meter
Flow Nozzle
Orifice Plate
Dall Tube
Pitot Tube
Piccolo Tube
Multihole Pressure Probes
Aerofoil
V Cone Flow Device
Mechanical Flow Meter
Flow Elements: Selection and Sizing
Flow Measurement by DP Method
The Venturi Meter
Flow Nozzle
Orifice Plate
Krells Bar Orifice Plate
Dall Tube
Pitot Tube
V Cone Flow Device
Sizing of Flow Elements (Typical)
Flow Measurement by Level Excursion Method (Ref. )
Flow Transmitters and Meters
Different Types of Flow Transmitters
Magnetic Flow Meters
Ultrasonic Type
Doppler, Transit Time, and Ultrasonic Type
Doppler Frequency Shift Method
Level Excursion Type
Coriolis Flow Meters
Coriolis Principles
Vortex Flow Meter
Swirl Flow Meters
Mass Flow Meters
Typical Applications
Mechanical Flow Meter
Variable Area Meter
Piston Meter/Rotary Piston
Oval Gear Meter
Turbine Flow Meter
Nutating Disk Meter
Flow Switch: Working Principle
Flapper or Paddle Type
Target or Disk or Vane Type Flow Switch
Diaphragm Type Flow Switch
Shuttle Type Flow Switch
Piston Type Flow Switch
Thermal Mass Flow Type
Flow Switch With Velocity-Based Actuation
Flow Gauge
Sight Flow Glass
Full View Flow
Rotary Type
Drip, Ball, and Flapper Types
Variable Area Type
Variable Orifice Type
Level Measurement
Level Transmitters: Working Principle
Pressure or DP Type Level Transmitter
Displacer Type Level Transmitters
Ultrasonic Type Level Transmitters
Conductivity Type Level Transmitters
Capacitance or RF Type Level Transmitters
Air Bubbler Type Level Transmitters
Magnetostriction and Guided Wave Radar
Level Switch: Working Principle
Magnetic and Mechanical Float Type Switch
Gamma Ray Type Switch
Displacer Type Level Switch
Vibration or Tuning Fork Type Level Switch
Rotating Paddle Type Level Switch
RF Admittance Type Level Switch
Level Gauge: Working Principle
Direct Level Gauges
Sight Level Gauge Glass
Bicolor Level Gauges
Float Type Gauge
Float Pulley Type Gauge
Float and Rotary Shaft Type Gauge
Float and Magnet Type or Magnetic Level Gauge
Displacer Type Gauge
Indirect Type Level
Conductivity Type Level Gauge
Pressure Type Level Gauge
Magnetostrictive and Guided Wave Radar Level Instruments
Introduction
Magnetostrictive Instruments
Working Principles
GWR
Bibliography
Chapter-5---Special-Instrum_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Han
Special Instrument
Special Instruments: Introduction
General
Vibration Measurement
Turbovisory Instruments
Gas Analysis
Steam and Water Analysis
Sample Conditioning
Blowdown and Dosing Control System
Pollution-Related Analysis
Vibration and Turbovisory Instruments
General IDEA of Vibration
Importance of Vibration Measurement
Basic Building Blocks for Vibration Measuring System
Vibration Measurement Points (Turbine Discussed Separately)-Condition Monitoring
Turbovisory Instruments: Measuring Points
Steam Turbine ( and )
Gas Turbine (GT) ( and )
Vibration and Turbovisory Measurement Issues
Frequency Range
Measuring Sensor/Transducers
Factors Influencing Vibration Measurements
Interpretation of Vibration Measurements
Vibration Measurement
Proximity Probes
Eddy Current Proximity Probes ()
Eddy Current Proximity Probes Data Sheet
Velocity-Seismic Probes
Velocity Probe-Seismic Probe Working Principle
Velocity-Seismic Probe Issues (B-D)
Acceleration-Seismic Probes
Acceleration Sensor-Working Principle
Accelerometer-Seismic Probe (A-D)
Application Note
Machine Health/Condition Monitoring System
The Concept of Monitoring and Analysis
Condition Monitoring System Components
Machine Vibration Analysis System
Other Turbovisory Instruments
STG TSI Specification
Smaller STG
Casing Expansion
Valve Position
Application Notes on Installation
System Configuration ()
Gas Analyzers
Gas Analysis Requirements and Types
Analyzer Selection Criteria
Component and Analysis Types
Absorption Principle for Analysis
Chemiluminescence Type Analysis System (Ref. )
Paramagnetic and Thermo Magnetic Oxygen Detection System
Zirconia Oxygen Detection System ()
Thermal Conductivity Gas Detection System-Katharometer ()
Combustible Analyzer
Gas Chromatograph
Extractive Multianalysis System
In Situ (Modified) Multianalysis System
In Situ Multichannel Analysis System
Opacity/Particulate Monitoring (A and B)
Ammonia (in Flue Gas) Analyzer
Mercury in Stack Gas Analyzer
Oxygen Analyzers
Oxygen Analyzer Types
Zirconia Oxygen Analyzer
Paramagnetic Oxygen Analyzer
CO Analyzer
CO Analyzer Feature
CO Analyzer Specification
CO2 Analyzer
H2 (Purity) Gas Analyzer in TG
H2 (Purity) Analyzer in Turbo-Generator
H2 Analysis System (Complete Analysis System)
Discussions on Flue Gas Measurements
Oxyfuel
Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEM)
Flue Gas Flow
Steam and Water Analysis System
Basics of Steam and Water Chemistry With Measurements and Controls (Normal Utility Station/Boiler)
SWAS-HRSG
Condensate Polishing Unit
SWAS Measurement Systems
Conductivity Measurement
Conductivity Analyzer Description
Conductivity Analysis Working Principles
Conductivity-pH
pH Measurement
pH Analyzer-Description
pH Analyzer Working Principles (C)
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved Oxygen Analyzer-Description
Amperometric DO Analysis Working Principles ()
Dissolved Oxygen Analyzer Working Principle (Optical Type)
Residual Hydrazine
Hydrazine Analyzer-Description
Electrochemical Hydrazine Analyzer Working Principles ()
Colorimetric Hydrazine Analyzer Working Principle
Accessories of Analyzer
Analyzer Data Sheet
Miscellaneous Special Analysis System
Miscellaneous Special Analysis System
Silica and Phosphate Analyzers-GeneralDescription
Silica Analyzer Working Principles
Silica Analyzer Accessories
Silica Analyzer Data Sheet
Phosphate Analyzer Working Principles
Sodium Analyzer
Sodium Analyzer Working Principle ():
Chloride Analyzer
Chloride Analyzer Working Principles
Sample Conditioning System
Primary and Secondary Sample Condition Devices
Primary Sample Conditioning
Secondary Sample Conditioning
Primary Sampling PandID
Primary Sample Conditioning PandID
When P100 kg/cm2 and T100C
When P100 kg/cm2 and T100C
When P100 kg/cm2 and T100C
Secondary Sample Conditioning PandID ()
Sample Conditioning Components
Sample Isolation Valve (Both Primary and Secondary Sample Conditioning)
Blowdown Valve
Breakdown Orifice
Primary Cooler
Sample Relief Valve (Both for Primary and Secondary Sample Processing)
Primary Pressure Reducing Valve
Coolant Flow Indicator
Secondary Cooler
Sample Filter
Secondary Pressure Reducing Valve
Solenoid Valve
Pressure Gauge
Pressure Switch
Temperature Gauge
Temperature Switch
Rotameter
Rate set Valve
Chilling System and Isothermal Bath
Grab Sample and Three-Way Valve
Back Pressure Regulator
Resin Column (For Cat Conductivity)
Sample Pipes, Tubes, and Fittings (Typical)
Complete SWAS Rack/Panels
Sample Conditioning Panel/Rack
Analyzer Panel
Instrumentation Cum Electrical Panel
Blow Down and Dosing Control
Blowdown
Functional Requirements
Range
Blowdown Types
Blowdown Control
Dosing Control
LP Dosing
HP Dosing Control ()
Analyzers for Air Pollution Monitoring and Control (NOx Control)
Pollution Control
Oxygenated Treatment Discussions
Basic Discussions on Treatment Issue
Bibliography
Chapter-6---Final-Control-Ele_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-H
Final Control Element
Valves and Actuators
Introduction
Control Valve and Actuator: General
Control Valve Sizing
Control Valve Characteristics
Seat Leakage Classification
Actuator and its Sizing
Materials of Construction and Associated Tables for Pressure and Temperature Ratings
Special Considerations
Control Valve Noise
Sources of Noise
End Connection for Control Valve
Control Valve Face-to-Face Dimension
Nominal Pipe Size and Pressure Rating
Control Valve Types
Introduction
Ball and Butterfly Valves
Other Miscellaneous Valves
Globe Control Valves
Triple and Double Offset Butterfly Valve
Dampers and Miscellaneous Other Final Control Elements
Introduction
Control Dampers
Vane/Damper Control
Blade Pitch Control (D)
Speed Control (Applicable for Both Fans and Pumps)
Actuators
Introduction
Actuator Sizing
Some ISA Guidelines on Actuators
Pneumatic Actuator Selection
Piston Cylinders
Safe Failure
Intelligent Actuator
Accessories
Introduction
Air Filter Regulator
Air Lock Relay (A)
E(I)/P Converter (A and B)
Hand Wheel (A and B)
Limit Switches
Positioner
Position Indicator
Position Transmitter
Solenoid Valve (SV)
Torque Switches
Volume Booster
Bibliography
Chapter-7---Intelligent-Control_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control
Intelligent Control System
Basics (Discussion on Intelligent/Smart Network System)
Preamble
Signals and Signal Processing (Basic Issues)
General Considerations
Critical Measurement
Signal Grouping Philosophy
I/O Intelligence
Common Mode and Normal Noise Rejection
Network Basics
ISO-OSI Reference Protocol Model
TCP/IP Reference Model
Miscellaneous Network Devices
Common Link Connections
Network Transmission Techniques
HART Protocol
Hart Protocol Features
Characteristics of Hart Protocol
Telegram
OSI Model Versus HART
Hart for System Integration
Hart Hand-Held Configurator
Wireless Hart Protocol
Modbus Protocol
Transaction Methodology
Implementation Methods
Discussions
Fieldbus System
Fieldbus Requirements
Fieldbus Types
Wireless Fieldbus
Safe Fieldbus
PROFIBUS
PROFIBUS Family and Application Area
PROFIBUS Structure ()
Physical Medium and Transmission
Topology and Communication
GSD Files and Associated Parameters
PROFIBUS wiring
PROFIBUS DP Features
PROFIBUS PA Features
Telegram
PROFINET
Layer Features
Foundation Fieldbus
Foundation Fieldbus Family and Application Area
Foundation Fieldbus Benefits
Fieldbus Model and ISO OSI Model
H1 Bus Features
HSE Bus Features
Linking Device
Gateway and Host Devices
Communication Stack
Application Layer Functions
Device Description and Common File Format
World FIP
OPC
Fault Tolerance (FT)
Control Intelligence
Expert System
Fuzzy Logic System
Firewall
Security in Control system
Types of Threats for Control System Security (CSS)
Internet of Things
Definitions of Internet of Things
The Process and its Impact
Characteristics of IoT
Programmable Logic Control (PLC) System
Introduction
PLC Basics
Salient Features of PLC
PLC Configurations
Hardware and Configuration Considerations
Software Considerations
PLC Types
Redundancy Criteria
I/O Connections
System Integration
Features
PLC (OLCS) IN BMS
Preamble
Some Features of BMS/FSSS
Standards Related to BMS/FSSS
Risk
Failure and Fault Classifications
NFPA 85 Vis-A-Vis IEC 61511
PLC (OLCS) in ATRS Turbine Protection and ATT
Preamble-A confession
OLCS for ATRS
OLCS for Turbine Protection System
OLCS for Automatic Turbine Testing System
PLC (OLCS) in Electrical System-SCADA
Introduction
What is SCADA? What are the Major Differences Between the Two Systems?
Major Components of SCADA
SCADA History and Architecture
SCADA Protocol
SCADA Security
PLCS (OLCS) Offsite
Introduction
Coal Handling Plant (CHP) Control Systems
Ash Handling Plant (AHP)
Water Treatment Plant (WTP)
Fuel Oil Handling System
Circulating Water (CW) and Equipment Cooling Water System (ECW)
Fire Detection and Protection System
Annunciation and Sequence of Evente (SOE)
Preamble
Alarm Annunciator
Alarm Designation Methods
Alarm Sequence
Optional Items
Annunciation Types
Alarm Display Types
Annunciator Specification
Sequence of Events
SOE Features (Separate)
SER as a Part of OLCS
SER Specification
Integrated DCS-DDC MIS
Preamble (Explanation)
DCS Diagnostics Features
DCS Security
DCS Redundancy and Fault Tolerance
DCS Safety Aspects
System Integration
Control Algorithms
Standard Library Functions
DCS Configuration (OLCS/CLCS Discussions)
Introduction
Control System Grouping
OLCS FUNCTIONS
CLCS Functions
IS and MIS Functions
GRAPHICS
Input and Output Types
OLCS Functions for Auxiliaries and Miscellaneous Systems
Standalone Controller Unit (SCU) and its Integration With DCS
Preamble
Standalone Controller Block Diagram
Communication
Typical Specifications for Standalone Controllers
Support Functions
Man-Machine Interface and Recording
Introduction
Workstation (WS)
Large Video Screen (LVS)
Printers
Recorders
Display Types
Introduction
Overview Display (Typical)
Mimic/PandID Display (Typical)
Controller Faceplate Display
Alarm Display
X-Y Plot
Control System Display
CLCS Display
OLCS Displays
Controller Tuning Display
Miscellaneous Other Displays
Group Display
Point Display
Bar Graph Display
Large Video Screen
Log Types
Event-Based Log/Report
Pre- and Posttrip Log/Report
Start Up and Shut Down Log
Control/Operator Action Log
Diagnostic Log/Report
Maintenance Log/Report
Performance Log
Time-Based Log/Report
On Demand Log
Log Generation
Configuration and Communication
Communication Medium
Twisted Pair Cable Category (CAT CABLE)
Coaxial Cable
Fiberoptics
Control Network Structure
System Configuration Aspects
Physical Configuration
Control Strategy
Safety and Security
Historian
Integration
Communication
Management Information System
MIS Characteristics
MIS Position and Functionality
Performance Calculation and Optimization
Introduction
Calculations
Standards
Steam Turbines
Gas Turbines
Steam Boilers
Reciprocating Engines
Measuring Points
Data Presentation
Optimization
Functioning of the Optimization Model
Boiler Optimization Package
Steam Turbine Cycle Optimization Package
Total Plant Optimization
Gas Turbine Performance and Optimization
Bibliography
Chapter-8---Boiler-Control-Sy_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-H
Boiler Control System
Basic Control Requirement
Introduction
Transmitter Selection
Control Loop to Manual in Case of One of Two Selection
Control Loop to Manual in Case of Two of Three Selection
Steam Pressure Control With Load Index
Objective
Discussion
Control Loop Description
Air Flow Control
Objective
Discussion
Control Loop Description
Measurement of Different Parameters
Total Air Flow
Oxygen Percentage in Flue Gas
Measurement of Feed Water Temperature at Economizer Inlet
Measurement of Secondary Air Flow
Different Controls
Oxygen Trimming Controller
Secondary Air (SA) Flow Controller
Hot Air Duct Pressure Controller
Alternative Air Flow Control Concept
Secondary Air Damper Control
Air Flow Control Loop ()
Fuel Flow Control
Objective
Discussion
Control Loop Description ()
Measurement of Different Parameters ()
Primary Air Flow
Measurement of Feeder Speed
Measurement of Differential Pressure Across the Mill
Measurement of Oil Consumption
Measurement of Primary Air Pressure
Generation of Secondary Air Flow Demand
Different Controllers
Primary Air Flow Controller
Feeder Speed Controller
Primary Air Header Pressure Control ()
Coordination between Air Flow and Fuel Flow Controls
Fuel Flow Controls for Tangential Tilt Burner Boilers
TT Boiler Master Demand Control ()
TT Boiler Fuel (Coal) Control Loop for Bowl Mill ()
TT Boiler Fuel (Coal) Control Loop for Ball and Tube Mill ()
Mill PA Flow For Ball and Tube Mill ()
Coal Mill Control-Mill Air Flow Control (for TT Boiler)
General
Objective
Description ()
Alarm and Interlock
Mill Temperature Control
Objective
Discussion
Control Loop Description ()
Measurement of Mill Outlet Temperature
Mill Outlet Temperature Control
Mill Outlet Temperature for TT Boiler ()
Mill Control (Ball-Tube Mill) ()
Objective of the Control Strategies ()
Discussion
Mill Outlet Temperature Control
Mill Drum Level Control Loop
Mill Drum Level Sound Detector
Control Loop Description
Mill Outlet Temperature Control
PA Inlet Pressure Control Loop
Mill Drum Level Control Loop
Fuel Flow Control Loop
Furnace Draft Control
Objective
Discussion
Control Loop Description
Measurement of Different Various Parameters
Furnace Pressure
ID Fan Inlet Vane Position
Different Control
Furnace Draft
Drum Level Control, Feed Water Control
Objective ()
Discussion
Drum Level Computation
Shrinking and Swelling Phenomenon
Control Loop Description
Measurement of Different Parameters
Drum Level
Feed Water Flow
Main Steam Flow
Different Control
Control Loop Description With Single-Element Control
Control Loop Description With Three-Element Control
Three-Element Control With Flow Control Valve as Final Control Element
Three-Element Drum Level Control by Pump Speed Variation (With Scoop Tube Actuator/Turbine Driven BFP) ()
Superheater Temperature Control
Objective
Discussion
Control Loop Description ()
Measurement of Different Parameters
Control Loop Description
Control Loop Description for Two-Stage Attemperation
Control Loop Description for Second-Stage Attemperator Outlet Temperature Control Loop
Description for First-Stage Attemperator Outlet Temperature Control Loop
Safety Interlocks of the SH Temperature Control Loop
Control Loop Description for Boiler With Single-Stage Attemperation (TT Burner Boilers)
Reheat Temperature Control
Objective
Discussion
Control Through Gas Recycling Damper
Control Through Main Path Gas Dampers or Bypass Gas Dampers
Control Through Burner Tilt Mechanism
Control Loop Description
Control Loop Description With Gas Recycling Damper and Spray Water Attemperation
Measurement of Different Parameters
Control Loop Description
Function of Gas Recycling Damper ()
Function of Stack Inlet Damper ()
Function of Reheat Steam Outlet Valves (for Temperature Balancing) ()
Control Loop Description With Gas Dampers
Control Loop Description With Gas Damper in Main Flue Gas Path ()
Control Loop Description With Bypass Gas Dampers
Control Loop Description Burner Tilting Arrangement
Measurement of Different Parameters
Control Loop Description
Function of Burner Tilting Arrangement ()
Function of Reheat Spray Control Valves ()
The Spray Water Valves in Reheater Control Loops: Common Features
Other Reheat Steam Temperature Controls
Miscellaneous Boiler Controls Including Overfire Air Damper
General
Objective
Discussion
Auxiliary Steam (BAS)
General
Objective of Boiler Auxiliary Steam Control
Objective of Common Auxiliary Steam Header
Discussions
Control Loop Description
Boiler Auxiliary Steam Control ()
Boiler Auxiliary Steam Control ()
Common Auxiliary Steam Control ()
Control Loop Operation ()
Control Loop Interlock
Soot Blowing Steam PR and SCAPH Pressure Control
Soot Blowing (SB) Steam Pressure Control
Objective
Discussion
Control Loop Description ()
Measurement of Parameters
Control Loop
Steam Coil Air Preheater (SCAPH) Steam Pressure Control
Objective
Discussion
Control Loop Description
Measurement of Parameters
Control Loop
SOx and NOx Control
Objective
Discussion
SOx
NOx
Description of Control Loops
Controls of SOx
Controls of SOx Through Main Plant Process Control Loops
Controls of SOx Through a Separate Chemical Process Plant
Controls of NOx
Controls of NOx Through Process Control Loops
Controls of NOx Through Separate Chemical Process Plant
Catalysts Used for SCR Operation
Combined SOx-NOx Removal
SOx-NOx Removal by Fluidized Bed Copper Oxide Process ()
SOx-NOx Removal Through Gas phase Oxidation/Ammonia Injection
Fuel Oil Pressure Control
Objective
Discussion
Control Loop Description (A)
Control Loop (HFO/LFO Recirculation Control)
Control Loop HFO/LFO Flow Control at Boiler Front (B)
HP-LP Bypass System
Objective
High-Pressure Bypass System
Low-Pressure Bypass System
Discussion
System Capacity
Different Mode of Starts Through Bypass Systems
Cold Start
Role of HPBP System During Cold Start ()
Role of LPBP System During Cold Start
Warm Start
Hot Start
Quick Start After Full Load (or Partial Load) Rejection
Control Loop Description ()
Measurement of Different Parameters
Measurements for HP Bypass Control Includes
Measurements for LP Bypass Control
The Control Loop Strategy
HP Bypass Control
HPBP Pressure Control
HPBP Temperature Control (by Spray Water Valve)
HPBP Spray Water Pressure Control
LP Bypass Control
LPBP Pressure Control
LPBP Temperature Control (by Spray Water Valve)
HP LP Bypass Interlocks ()
HP Bypass Interlock (A)
LP Bypass Interlock (B)
Boiler OLCS: Introduction to Interlock and Protection of Boiler BMS, SADC, SB Control
Boiler OLCS
OLCS for Lubricating Oil Pumps
Logics for LOPs
OLCS for Main Drives
Logics for Drive Motors
On/Off Dampers and Valves
Logic Systems for Boiler Tripping, Purging, Starting, Shutdown
OLCS in SADC
Boiler With Fixed Burners and Flue Gas Recirculation Damper
Boiler With Tilting and Corner-Fired Burners and Overfire Air Damper
OLCS in Soot Blower (SB) Control
Fixed Programmed Time-Based Operation
Temperature-Based Operation
Heat Transfer/Heat Flux-Based Operation
Leak Test of Oil Lines
Burner Management System (BMS/FSSS)
Process-Related Functions Expected From BMS
Hardware- and Software-Related Functions Expected From BMS
BMS/FSSS Functional Configuration
BMS/FSSS Logical and Functional Groups
Leak Test Valves
Furnace Purge Logic
Fuel Oil Firing Logic
Pulverized Fuel Firing Logic
Master Fuel Trip Signals and Short Description
Sensors Used in BMS/FSSS Functional Configuration
Different Drives: Diaphragm/Solenoid-Operated Valves and Actuators
Operators Interface or the Plaque/Keyboard, Monitor in the Control Board
BMS/FSSS: Manual Operation/Automation
Flame Monitoring System
Seal Air Fan Control
Scanner Air Fan Control
Secondary Air Damper Control
Objective: Secondary Air Damper Control
Discussion
Secondary Air Damper Control for Wall-Fired Boiler (With Flue Gas Recirculation System)
Secondary Air Damper Control for Tangentially Corner-Fired Boilers
Summery of Secondary Air Control System
Control Loop Description
Measurement of Parameters
The Control Loop Strategy
Soot Blowing System
Removal of Soot Depositions
Method of Removal of Soot Depositions
Fixed Programmed Time-Based Operation
Temperature-Based Operation
Heat Transfer/Heat Flux-Based Operation
Heat Flux Meter: Principle of Operation ()
Type of Soot Blowers
Soot Blowers for Furnace Walls
Soot Blowers for Radiation/Convection Area
Blowing Media of Soot Blowers
Location and Operation of Soot Blowers
Soot Blowers for Air Heater
Soot Blowers for Air Heater
Media of Soot Blowers for Air Heaters
Washing Medium for Air Heater Deposits
Pressure and Temperature Controls of Soot Blowing Media
Bibliography
Chapter-9---Turbo-Generator-Contr_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Contr
Turbo Generator Control System
Introduction
Subsystems or Functional Subgroups
Turbine HP Control Fluid Subsystem
Turbine Oil Subsystem
Condenser Evacuation and Gland Seal Subsystem
Turbine Control Subsystem (Startup, Loading, Unloading, and Shutdown)
Testing Process by ATT
Electro Hydraulic Governor Control System
General Introduction
Task of the EHG
Duty Assigned to the Electronic Part of EHG
EHG Control Philosophy
Speed Control Loop
Turbine Load Control Loop
Turbine Pressure Control Loop
Initial Pressure Control
Limit Pressure Control
Sliding or Variable Pressure Control
Selection of Controller Outputs
Selection of Hydraulic Signals
Functional Description of Electro Hydraulic Converter
Starting of Control by EHC
Starting of Control by Hydraulic Controller
Operational Mode of the Electro Hydraulic Converter
Start-Up and Synchronization
On Load and House Load Operation
Shut-Down Operation
Turbine Protection System
General Introduction
Turbine Tripping Input Signals
Generator Protection
Unit Protection
ATRS
Subgroups Involved in Automatic Run Up
TG system
Warmup Process
Startup and Thermal Stress
Sequential Operation of the Subgroups for ATRS
Turbine Oil Supply
Condensing System
Turbine Control
Turbine Warmup and Drain Control
Control Oil Supply
HP Control Fluid Supply
ATT System
Testing Process by ATT Systems
Scope of ATT
TG Set Over Speed Trip (Mechanical and Electrical) and Testing
Trip System
Direct Mechanical Type Over Speed Trip
Electrical Type Over Speed Trip
Trip Testing System of Over speed Trip
Direct Mechanical Type Over Speed Trip Testing
Electrical Tripping Type Over Speed Trip Testing
TG Set Low Vacuum Trip (Mechanical and Electrical) and Testing
Trip System for Low Vacuum Trip
Direct Mechanical Type Low Vacuum Trip
Electrical Tripping Type of Low Vacuum Trip
Direct Mechanical Type Low Vacuum Trip Testing
Electrical Tripping Type Low Vacuum Trip Testing
Thrust-Bearing/Axial Shift High Trip (Mechanical and Electrical) and Testing
Trip System of Thrust-Bearing/Axial Shift High Trip
Direct Mechanical Type Thrust-Bearing Trip Device
Electrical Tripping Type Thrust-Bearing Trip Device
Thrust-Bearing Trip System Testing
Direct Mechanical Type Thrust-Bearing Trip Testing
Electrical Tripping Type Thrust- Bearing Trip Testing
Electrical Remote Trip Solenoid and Testing
Testing of MSCVs (HP and IPCVs)
Testing of ESV for HP and IP
Scope of ATT
ATT Overview Based on KWU Steam Turbine Control Philosophy
Thermal Stress Evaluator
General Causes of Turbine Stress
Fatigue
Low-Cycle Fatigue
Creep
Thermal Stress
TSE
Purpose
Measuring Temperature Points
Principle of Operation
LPBP System
Purpose of LPBP System
Components of a Turbine LPBP System
Isolation/Block Valves
Pressure-Reducing and Control Valves
Sizing of Valves
Noise and Vibration of Valves
Desuperheaters
Ring Type Desuperheater
Steam-Assisted Desuperheaters
Spring-Loaded Injection Nozzles
Instrumentation and Control System
Turbine Controls: Seal Steam Pressure Control System
Seal Steam Pressure Control: Background
Control System
Control Loop
Objective
Discussions
Control Loop Description
Hydrogen Seal Oil System and Differential Pressure Control
Hydrogen System
Moisture in Hydrogen Cooling System
Seal Oil System
Description of Seal Oil Flow Diagram
Requirement of Accumulator
DP Control System
Type of Pumps
Requirement of Filter
Requirement of Seal Oil Coolers
Basic Types of Seals
Hydrogen and Air Removal From Seal Oil
Discussions on and Problems With Hydrogen and Seal Oil Systems
Generator Control System
Generator Voltage Control by AVR
Effect of Excitation Control on Power System Stability
AVR by Rotor Excitation Control
Brushless Excitation System for AVR
Use of Thyristors/Semiconductor in a Brushless Excitation System
AVR Controller Output and Thyristors Gate Control in Brushless Excitation System
Effect of VAR Control on AVR/Rotor Field Current
Deexcitation System of the Rotor
Generator Protection System
Instrumentation System
Process Instrumentation
Instrumentation System for Stator and Rotor
Condenser Level and Deaerator Level Control System
Condenser Hotwell Level Control
Deaerator Level Control
Various TG Options and Miscellaneous TG Controls
Steam Turbines
Factors influencing Options in Turbine Selection
Selection of Modules
IPT and LPT in Single Modules
HPT and IPT in Single Modules
Selection of Single-Flow or Double-Flow Turbines
Selection of Multiple Identical Modules
Selection of Governing System
Nozzle Governing System
Throttle Governing System
Selection of Constant Pressure or Sliding Pressure Controls
Constant Pressure Controls
Sliding Pressure Controls
Options Regarding Regulating Vales and ESVs
Options Regarding HPT/IPT and LPT Blading
Options Regarding Type of Condensers
Options Regarding Subcritical and Super Critical Steam Parameters
Options Regarding Fossil-Fired or Nuclear Thermal Power Plants
TGs
Options for Power Output Ranges
Low Range Up to 150 MW
Medium Range Up to 500 MW
Higher Range Up to 1500 MW
Options for Cooling Media
Options for Insulation
Options for Stator Bar
Options for Superconducting Field Coil
Options for Excitation of Field Coil
Miscellaneous TG Control Loops
TG Lubrication Oil Temperature Control
Generator Seal Oil Temperature Control
Generator Hydrogen Temperature Control
Stator Coolant Flow Diagram and Temperature Control
Bibliography
Chapter-10---Coordinated-Control_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Contro
Coordinated Control System
Introduction
Basic Operating Modes in Coordinated Control System
Coordinated Control Mode
Boiler Follow Mode
Turbine Follow Mode
Startup Control Mode
Base Control Mode
Manual Control Mode
Coordinate Control Mode
Selection of Basic Modes
Generation of Unit Load Demand
Auto Manual Selection of Unit Load Demand
Upper and Lower Limit Set of Unit Load Demand
Upper and Lower Margin Set for Unit Load Demand Gradient
Blocking of Increase and Decrease of Unit Load Demand
Blocking of Decrease of Unit Load Demand
Blocking of Increase of Unit Load Demand
Blocking of Both Increase and Decrease (or Hold) of Unit Load Demand
Generation of Ultimate Unit Load Demand, Boiler Master Demand, and Turbine Master Demand From Coordinated Control ...
Frequency-Influenced Load Demand for Coordinated Control System
Generation of Pressure Set Point for Coordinated Control System
Generation of Main Steam Pressure Demand for Coordinated Control System
Generation of Boiler Load Demand
Generation of Turbine Load Demand
Selection of Control Mode in Coordinated Control System
Turbine Follow Mode
Turbine Follow Mode: Steam Pressure Control Mode
Turbine Follow Mode under Coordinated Control System
Boiler Follow Mode
Boiler Follow Mode: Master Steam Pressure Control Mode
Boiler Follow Mode Under Coordinated Control System
Run Back System
Discussions and Explanations
Demand From LDC
Boiler Turbine Balance
Turbine Demand
Boiler Demand
The Concept of Heat Release
Measurement of Fuel Input
Energy Balance System
Limiting of Unit Load Demand According to Boiler Input Limitation
Bibliography
Chapter-11---Balance-of-Plant-Cont_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Cont
Balance of Plant Control System
Balance of Plant: Introduction
Introduction
BFP Recirculation Control
General
Objective
Discussion
Control Loop Description
BFP Recirculation Control for Smaller Units
BFP Recirculation Control for Medium Units
BFP Recirculation Control for Larger Units
Control Loop Operation
Control Loop Interlock
Control Valve Considerations
CEP Recirculation Control
General
Objective
Discussion
Control Loop Description
CEP Recirculation Controls Multiple CEPs (i.e., 3 x 50%)
CEP Recirculation Control Double (i.e., 2 x 100%) CEPs-Direct Control Option
CEP Recirculation Control for 2 x 100% CEPs-Indirect Control Option
Control Loop Operation
Control Loop Interlock
Control Valve Considerations
GSC Minimum Flow Control
General
Objective
Control Loop Description
GSC Control
Control Loop Operation
Control Loop Interlock
Control Valve Considerations
Deaerator (Pressure) Control
General
Objective
Discussion
Control Loop Description
Deaerator Pressure Control (Simplified Version)
Deaerator Pressure Control (Normally in Use)
Control Loop Operation
Control Loop Interlock
Fixed Setpoint Interlock
LP Heater Level Control
General Discussion on Heater Drain
Objective
Discussion
Control Loop Description
LPH 2 (or LPH 3) Level Control
Control Loop Operation
Control Loop Interlock
Control Valve Consideration
HP Heater Level Control
General
Objective
Discussion
Control Loop Description
HPH 5 (or HPH 6) Level Control
Control Loop Operation
Control Loop Interlock
HPH 5 Interlocks
HPH 6 Interlocks
Control Valve Consideration
Ejector Control and TAS
General
Ejector Control
Objective
Discussion
Control Loop Description
TAS Control
High and Low Capacity TAS
Control Loop Operation
Control Loop Interlock
Control Valve Consideration
Use of Auxiliary Steam in Turbine
Ejector Control
Bibliography
Chapter-12---Installation-Prac_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-
Installation Practices
Introduction
A Source Point for Pressure Tapping
Source Point for Temperature Tapping
Source Connection for Flow Measurements
Source Point Connection for Level Measurement
Pipe Valve Fitting (PVF) Specification Ratings
Mechanical Installation of Instruments
General
Pressure Instrument Installations
Pressure Gauge Installation
Pressure Switch (Local) Installation
Pressure Transmitter/Switch (in LIE/LIR) Installation 1
Pressure Transmitter/Switch (in LIE/LIR) Installation 2
DP Transmitter/Switch (in LIE/LIR) Installation 3
DP Transmitter/Switch (in LIE/LIR) Installation 4
Flow (DP Type) Instrument Installations
Flow Metering Installation for Flow Nozzle Steam and FW Service (A and B)
Flow Metering Installation for Orifice Plate (Refer ): Condensate Service (A and B)
Flow Metering Installation for Venturi (): Air Service (A and B)
Level Instrument Installations
Level Instrument Installation for Closed/Pressurized Vessel
Open/Nonpressurized Vessel Level Measurement With Displacer/Float Instruments and Level Gauges (Gauge Glass)
Open/Nonpressurized Vessel Level Measurement With DP Transmitter With/Without an Instrument Seal
Transmitter Mounting and Transmitter Enclosure
Transmitter Mounting
Transmitter Enclosure/Rack
Electrical Installation of Instruments
General
Circuit Classifications: Short Discussions Have Been Presented on Article 725 of NEC Titled
Signal Noise and Interferences
Grounding/Earthing
Grounding Philosophy
Grounding/Earthing Types
Electrical Earthing in Instrumentation (B and C)
Instrumentation Earthing
Instrument Cables and Wiring Practices
Typical Cable Type
Cabling and Wiring Practices
Segregation/Separation Requirements
Class Codes
Tray and Conduit Spacing
Cable Installation and Termination
Cable Installation Points
Termination: A Few Points on Terminations are Enumerated Below
Brief Specification of Some Basic Items
Conduit
Junction Box
Cable Glands
Instrumentation Cable
Types of Cable Terminations: There are a Number of Cable Termination Types Shown Below
Bibliography
Chapter-13---Advanced-Ultrasupercritical-Therm_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentat
Advanced Ultrasupercritical Thermal Power Plant and Associated Auxiliaries
Overview of Electrical Power Generation Scenario
Share of Supercritical and Ultrasupercritical Plants in Global Thermal Power Production
Leading the World
Development in Power Generation
Fuel Pretreatment and Fuel Flexibility
Advanced Firing Systems
Air Separation Unit
Air Separation Unit Using Cryogenic Process
Air Separation Unit Using Pressure Swing Adsorption
Air Separation Unit Using Membrane Technology
Chemical Looping Combustion Systems
Polygeneration
Steam Conditions and Materials of Construction
Economics of AUSC Technology
Conversion efficiency
International Developments
Development in the European Union (EU)
Development in the United States
The National Energy Technology Laboratory
Task 1: Conceptual Design
Task 2: Economic Analysis
Task 3: Mechanical Properties
Task 4: Steam-Side Oxidation
Task 5: Fire-Side Corrosion
Task 6: Welding
Task 7: Fabricability
Task 8: Material Standards
Steam Turbine
Candidate Materials
Component Test Facility and Full-Scale Demonstration Plant
Topping Cycle
Development in Japan
Chemical and Mechanical Tests
Fire-Side Corrosion
Steam-Side Oxidation
New Materials
FENIX700
USC141
USC800MOD
Steels for 650C USC Technology
Component Test Facility and Full-Scale Demonstration Plant
Development in China
The Research Program
Ministry of Science and Technology
Material Special Workgroup (MSW)
NEA
CTF-700 and FSDP
Future Projects
Plant Configuration
Development in Russia
Development in India
Leakages and Losses in Thermal Power Plant Causing Reduction in Efficiency
Boiler Tube
Flue Gas Path
Air Preheater (APH)
Steam Sealing System Around Turbine
Turbine Gland Seals and Nonbladed Areas
Vacuum Sealing System Around Condenser
Hydrogen Sealing and Cooing System
Stator Cooling Water (SCW) System
Regimes for Stator Cooling Water System
Low-DO, Neutral pH Option
Low DO, Higher pH Option
High DO, Neutral pH Option
High-O2, High-pH Option
Monitoring Stator Water
Electrochemical Potential
Valve Leakage and Losses
Valve Leakage
Reduction of Losses in Control Valves
Reduction of Aerodynamic Resistance
Valve Stem Sealing
Evolution Toward Advanced Ultrasupercritical Thermal Power Plant Boilers
Modification and Developments in Modern Efficient Boilers
Different Features of Modern Boilers
Tower Type and Two-Pass Type
Reduction of Area or Space Covered by the Boiler
Reduction of Weight of Boiler Pressure Part
Fully Drainable Pressure Parts
No Extraction of Fly Ash
Uniform Flue Gas Temperature Profile
Easy Installation of Selective Catalyst Reactor
Types of Water/Membrane Wall
Vertical Tubes
Spiral/Meandering Tubes
Tangential (T) Firing-Front/Opposed Firing
Double Reheat Cycle
Single Train-Double Train
Advantages and Disadvantages of Single Train
Optimized Combustion System
Tangential Firing System
Twin Vortex (Tangential) Firing
Fuel Flexibility and Cocombustion
Controlled Safety Pressure Relief Systems (CSPRS)
Increasing Overall Plant Efficiency by Increased Steam Parameter
Materials for Advanced Ultrasupercritical Boiler Selection of Metals
The First Generation
International Development Projects
Boiler Material Selection
The Heat Transfer Tube Panels
Superheaters/Reheaters Tube
Resistance to Steam Oxidation and High-Temperature Corrosion
Thick Section Components and Steam Pipes
Changes in Technology, Parameters, and Controls
Modern AUSC Plant Turbines and Developments
Rise of Steam Turbine Output and Efficiency With Steam Parameters
Steam Turbines With Subcritical Main Steam Pressure of the 1960s-1980s
Supercritical and USC Pressure Steam Turbines of the 1960s-1980s
Materials for Advanced Ultrasupercritical Turbine Components
Casings/Shells
Bolting
Rotors/Discs
Blading
USC Boiler-Turbine Load Cycling Capability
Redesigning/Optimization of Steam Cycle
Master Cycle With Double Reheat
Steam Cycle
Echelon Cycle With Double Reheat
Double Reheat With Outer Coolers
Double RH With Regenerative Heating (Reference )
Boiler and Turbine Configuration
Configuration of a Tower Boiler With Master Cycle
Compact Design Boiler
Partially Underground (U/G) Tower Type Boiler
Cross Compound at High/Low Position Arrangement (CCHLPA)
BandW AUSC Conceptual Design-Modified Tower
Downdraft Inverted Tower Type A-USC Boiler
Two-Pass AUSC Boiler
First BandW Conceptual AUSC Design-Air Fired With Gas Biasing
BandW Conceptual A-USC Design-Oxygen Fired Series Back Pass
Boiler by MHI: Air Fired ,Two Pass With Gas Biasing
Horizontal (Vertical Tube) Boiler
-Type Boiler Arrangement
T-Type Boiler Arrangements
Various Turbine Control Systems
Thermal Stress Controlled Loading of Steam Turbine Generators
Full Arc and Partial Arc Mode of Steam Admission
The Stress Evaluator
The Control System
Steam Turbine Control with Megawatt Feedback and Pressure Influence
Objects
Description of the Control Philosophy
Improved Turbine Control by Supervisory Controller and EHC
Computer-Aided Electrohydraulic Control (EHC)
Control Computer and EHC Communication
The Input and Calculations Computer
Display and Communications Computer
The Analog Input Interface
Different Operating Modes of TG Operation
Operating Modes of the Supervisory Controller
Operating Modes of the EHC
Working Procedure of Control Computer through EHC
Function of Drivers
Function of Digital signals
Function of Power Integrity Monitor
Function of Control Console
Keyboard and Display
Start-Up Controls
Monitor Page Selectors
Cyclic Life Expectancy (CLE) Selectors
Time and Alarm Control
Mode Selectors
Automatic Turbine Start-Up Procedure
The Prewarming Step
The Chest Warming Step
The Roll-Off Step
The Synchronization Step
The Loading of the Turbine
Admission Mode: Full Arc or Partial Arc
System Architecture of Supervisory Controller
Fuel Cells and Integrated Gasifier Fuel Cells
Principle of Operation and Basic Structure of Fuel Cells
Fuel Cell through Migration of Positive Ions
Fuel Cell Through Migration of Negative Ions
Fuel Cell Developments
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operating Principles (A)
Operating Principle of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFCs)
Direct Carbon Fuel Cells
Molten Salt DCFC
Molten Carbonate DCFC
Solid Oxide DCFC
Liquid Metal Anode SOFC
Solid Carbon in Molten Salt
Solid Carbon as Fuel in a Fluidized Bed Reactor
Fuel Cell Power Systems
Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell Systems
Typical Power Summary of a 550 MW IGFC Power Plant
Bibliography
Chapter-14---Plant-Safety-Lifecycle-and-_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-an
Plant Safety Lifecycle and Safety Integrated Level
Preamble
General Discussions
Definitions and Explanation of a Few Related Terms
Discussions on BPCS and SIS
Hazard Analysis Issues
Hazard Study Issues and Scope
Industrial Hazards
Aim of Plant Hazard Analysis
Major Hazard Analysis Steps
Hazard Analysis Types and Classification and HAZOP Outline
Consequence, Vulnerability, and ALARP
Consequence (Impact) and Consequence Assessment
Vulnerability
ALARP Principles
Fault and Failure Discussions
Discussions on Fault Types and Fault Tolerant Characteristics
Discussions on Failure Categories and Bath Tub Curve
Discussions on Risk and Risk Assessments
Risk Frequency
Severity
Risk Level (Based on Action and Time)
Control Measure and Risk Target
Risk Analysis and Assessment [7]
Risk Register
Risk Matrix
Risk Graph
Safety Lifecycle
Safety Lifecycle Approach
Failure Types and Safety Lifecycle
Safety Lifecycle Stages
IEC 61508 Safety Lifecycle
Analysis Part of IEC 61508
Analysis Part of IEC 61508
Operation Part of IEC 61508
IEC 61511 Safety Lifecycle
Analysis Part of IEC 61511
Implementation Part of IEC 61511
Operation Part of IEC 61511
Summery
IEC 61511 Discussions on Management of Functional Safety
Standard IEC 61511 and Safety Lifecycle Requirements
Some Revisions in Edition 2 of The Standard (61511)
Sort Details About Safety Requirement Specification (SRS)
SIF SIL and SIS
Safety Integrity Level (SIL) Discussions
SIL Categories
SIL PFD and Availability Interrelations
SIL Determination Techniques
Alarm System
BASICS of Alarm Management
Alarm Management Benefits
Standards for Alarm Systems
Basics of Alarm Systems
Alarm Definition and Dead Bands
Alarm Objectives
Alarm Features and Performance Indicators
EEMUA: Features and Performance Indicators [1]
ISA: Features and Performance Indicator [1]
Alarm System Discussions
Operator Response to Alarm
Process Safe Time
Alarm Philosophy, Rationalization, and Lifecycle Discussions
Alarm Philosophy
General Discussions on Alarm and Alarm Philosophy
Alarm Rationalization
Alarm Lifecycle Discussions
SIS-Field Devices
SIS-Field Sensors
Selection of Sensors and Sensor Types
Redundancy and Voting
Device Diagnostics and Impact
Safety and Reliability Data
SIS-Final Control Element
Valve as Final Control Element in SIS
Testing Method of Final Control Elements
Partial Stroke Test
Full Stroke Test
Diagnostic Feature in Partial Stroke Testing
SIS-Logic Solver
General Discussions
Types of Logic Solvers in SIS
Discussions on a Separate and Integrated BPCS-SIS Network
Logic Solver Types and SIL
Controller Requirements and Redundancy
Enclosure Protection Ratings
Bibliography
Appendix-A---Process-and-Mechanical-_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Co
Process and Mechanical Standard Table
Standard Prefixes
Standard Units
Flange Dimensions
Viscosity
Dynamic Viscosity
Kinematic Viscosity
Effect of Temperature on Viscosity
Bibliography
Appendix-B---Electrical-Data-and_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Contro
Electrical Data and Tables
Bibliography
Appendix-C---International-Society-of-Automation--_2019_Power-Plant-Instrume
International Society of Automation, (ISA), Standard, Materials, Human Engineering, and Control Room
ISA Standards
Material Compositions
Carbon and Ceramics
Plastics and Rubber
Metals
Service Temperature Limit of a Number of Commonly Used Materials
Designation of Commonly Used High Nickel Alloys
Ergonomic Control Room Design Concepts
Human Body Dimensional Details
Ergonomic Considerations for Control Room Concepts
Layout
Temperature and Air Flow
Lighting
Sound Level and Alarm
HCI Features and Alarm Management
Coding
Text and Labels
Bibliography
Appendix-D---Network-Control-and-Co_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Con
Network Control and Communication
Network Control and Communications
Fiber Optic and Associated Networks
LED Versus Semiconductor Laser
Optical Fiber in a Gigabit Ethernet
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Large Integrated Computer Network
Firewalls
Types of Firewalls
HW and SW Firewall Classification
Other Classifications of Firewall
Packet-Filtering Firewall
Application Gateway/Proxies Firewall
Firewall Functionality
Demilitarized Zone
General Discussion on Firewalls
Fault Tolerant Ethernet-An Approach
What is FTE?
Some Benefits of Fault Tolerant Ethernet
FTE Topology
Major Components of the FTE
Bibliography
Appendix-E---Supercritical-Ultra-Superc_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and
Supercritical/Ultra-Supercritical Power Plants
Power Plants With Supercritcal and Ultra-Supercritical Steam Generators
Historical Developments of SC and USC Thermal Power Plants
Supercritical and Ultra-Supercritical Steam Generators
Temperature-Entropy Relationship of SC/USC SG Plants
Constant and Variable Pressure Operation
Control and Monitoring of Parameters in an SG Plant
Water Circulation and Startup Procedure
Filling Up
Boiler Clean Up
Wet Mode Operation
Dry Mode of Operation
Chemistry of OT SC Boiler
Control and Monitoring of Parameters in a Turbine Generating Plant
Control Loop Strategies
Steam Temperature Control
Fuel/Water Ratio Control
Short Description of the Control Strategies
Fuel/Water Ratio Control
Main Steam Temperature Control (Attemperation Flow Control)
Feedwater Recirculation Flow Control
Steam SST Level Control
Bibliography
Appendix-F---Integrated-Gasifier-and-Combine_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentatio
Integrated Gasifier and Combined Cycle Plant (Pollution Control)
Introduction
What is Gasification?
Basic Process
Control System
Bibliography
Appendix-G---A-Few-Operational-Featur_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-C
A Few Operational Features of the Unit
Introduction
Unit Protection System
Classification of Trips
Class U Trip
Class A Tripping
Class B Tripping
Class C Tripping
Class D Tripping
Cause and Effect of Various Types of Tripping
Cause and Effect of Boiler Trip
Cause and Effect of Turbine Trip
Cause and Effect of Generator Trip
House Load Operation
Electrical Side Changes
Boiler Effect
HP Bypass
Run Back for Coordinate Control
LP Bypass Control
Turbine Control
Protection
Bus Transfer System (BTS)
Bus Configuration
Two-Breaker (Main Tie) System
Three-Breaker Scheme (Main Tie Main)
Cogeneration Plant Islanding Operation
Considerations for Bus Transfer
Various Methods for Bus Transfer
Closed Transition
Open Transition
Timing Diagram
New Transfer Technology
Electrical Power Distribution
Bibliography
Index_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handbook
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z