Power Line Communication Systems for Smart Grids

Cover
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Motivation for this book
1.2 Chapters overview
Part I
Part II
Part III
References
2 Fundamentals of digital communications
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Communication system model
2.1.2 Communication channels
2.2 Review of fundamentals
2.2.1 Nyquist sampling theorem
2.2.2 Bandwidth
2.2.3 Power and energy
2.2.4 Measuring efficiency of communication systems
2.3 Vector signal space
2.3.1 Definition of the signal space
2.3.2 Gram–Schmidt and the geometric representation of signals
2.3.3 Karhunen–Loève and the geometric representation of noise
2.3.4 Optimum receiver structure (MAP/ML criteria)
2.3.5 Decision region and error probability
2.3.6 Error probability bounds
2.4 Baseband digital communication systems
2.4.1 Line coding
2.4.2 Complex-valued M-ary PAM
2.5 Bandpass digital communication systems
2.5.1 Some important bandpass digital schemes
2.5.1.1 Binary amplitude shift keying
2.5.1.2 Binary phase shift keying
2.5.1.3 Quaternary phase shift keying
2.5.1.4 M-ary phase shift keying
2.5.1.5 M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation
2.5.1.6 M-ary frequency shift keying
2.5.2 Performance of bandpass digital schemes in AWGN
2.6 Bandlimited transmission
2.6.1 Nyquist criterion for zero ISI
2.6.2 Multipath fading channels
2.6.3 Equalization
2.6.3.1 Time domain equalization
2.6.3.2 Frequency domain equalization
2.7 Synchronization
2.7.1 Carrier synchronization
2.7.2 Timing synchronization
2.8 Conclusion remarks and trends in digital communications
References
3 Basis of error correction coding
3.1 Linear block code
3.1.1 Parity check matrix
3.1.1.1 Syndrome computation and error detection
3.1.2 Low-density parity-check
3.1.2.1 Tanner graphs
3.1.2.2 LDPC decoding
3.1.3 Reed–Solomon codes
3.2 Convolutional codes
3.3 Turbo codes
3.4 Final remarks
References
4 Principles of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and single carrier frequency domain equalisation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mathematical preliminaries and basic concepts
4.2.1 The basics of OFDM
4.2.2 The basics of SC
4.3 Frequency domain equalisation
4.3.1 The channel distortion as a simple entrywise product
4.3.2 The cyclic prefix technique
4.3.3 OFDM equalisation
4.3.4 SC frequency domain equalisation
4.4 Simulation results
4.5 Peak-to-average power
4.6 Concluding remarks and further considerations
References
5 Modern power line communication technologies
5.1 Introduction to PLC technologies
5.2 Advantages and disadvantages of PLC technologies
5.2.1 Advantages of PLC technologies
5.2.2 Disadvantages of PLC technologies
5.3 History of PLC technologies
5.4 PLC classification, frequency bands and standards
5.4.1 UNB-PLC systems and its applications
5.4.2 Standards and frequency bands for UNB-PLC systems
5.4.3 NB-PLC systems and its applications
5.4.4 Frequency bands for NB-PLC systems
5.4.5 Standards for NB-PLC systems
5.4.5.1 LDR NB-PLC
5.4.5.2 HDR NB-PLC
5.4.6 BB-PLC systems and its applications
5.4.7 Frequency bands for BB-PLC systems
5.4.8 Standards for BB-PLC systems
5.4.8.1 HomePlug
5.4.8.2 HD-PLC
5.4.8.3 IEEE 1901-2010
5.4.8.4 ITU-T G. hn
5.5 Conclusion remarks
References
6 Power line communication channel models
6.1 Multipath propagation model
6.2 Noise in PLC channels
6.2.1 Colored background noise
6.2.2 Narrowband noise
6.2.3 Impulsive noise
6.2.3.1 Bernoulli–Gaussian model
6.2.3.2 Middleton ClassA
6.2.3.3 α-Stable distributions
6.2.4 Markov–Gaussian noise model
6.2.5 Noise in narrowband systems
6.3 Generating channels for broadband PLC
6.4 Generating channels for narrowband PLC
6.5 Extensions to MIMO PLC
6.6 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgement
References
7 Narrowband power line communication systems
7.1 PHY layer description of PRIME, G3-PLC and IEEE 1901.2 standards
7.1.1 PHY frame
7.1.1.1 PRIME PHY frame
7.1.1.2 G3-PLC and IEEE 1901.2 PHY frame
7.1.2 Scrambling schemes
7.1.2.1 PRIME and G3-PLC scrambler
7.1.3 Forward error correction system
7.1.3.1 PRIME forward error correction system
7.1.3.2 G3-PLC/IEEE 1901.2 forward error correction system
7.1.4 OFDM generation
7.1.4.1 PRIME OFDM generation
7.1.4.2 G3-PLC/IEEE 1901.2 OFDM generation
7.1.5 G3-PLC/IEEE 1901.2 ATM function
7.2 Simulation of PRIME and G3-PLC/IEEE 1901.2 PHY layers
7.2.1 AWGN channel
7.2.2 Multipath fading channel
7.2.3 AWGN channel with periodic impulsive noise
7.2.4 Multipath fading channel with periodic impulsive noise
7.3 Conclusion remarks
References
8 Broadband power line communication systems
8.1 Physical layer description of IEEE 1901-2010
8.1.1 Physical layer frames
8.1.1.1 FFT-OFDM PHY layer frame
8.1.1.2 W-OFDM PHY layer frame
8.1.2 Scrambling schemes
8.1.2.1 FFT-OFDM PHY layer—scrambler
8.1.2.2 W-OFDM PHY layer—scrambler
8.1.3 Forward error correction system
8.1.3.1 FFT-OFDM PHY layer forward error correction coding and interleaving schemes
8.1.3.2 W-OFDM PHY layer—forward error correction coding and interleaving schemes
8.1.4 OFDM generation
8.1.4.1 FFT-OFDM PHY layer—OFDM generation
8.1.4.2 W-OFDM PHY layer—OFDM generation
8.1.5 Tone mapping
8.1.5.1 FFT-OFDM PHY/MAC layers tone mapping
8.1.5.2 W-OFDM PHY/MAC layers tone mapping
8.2 Simulation of FFT-OFDM andW-OFDM PHY layers
8.2.1 AWGN channel
8.2.2 Multipath fading channel
8.2.3 AWGN channel with periodic impulsive noise
8.2.4 Multipath fading channel with periodic impulsive noise
8.3 Conclusion remarks
References
9 Power line communications for smart grids applications
9.1 Conventional power grids
9.2 Smart grids
9.2.1 Advanced metering infrastructure
9.2.2 Optimization of energy resources use and integration of renewable energy sources
9.2.3 Distributed generation and microgrids
9.2.4 Decentralized energy storage
9.2.5 Plug-in electric vehicles and vehicle-to-grid
9.2.6 Demand side management and demand response
9.2.7 Dynamic energy pricing
9.2.8 Physical and cyber security and privacy
9.3 Information and communication technologies for smart grids
9.4 Power line communication technologies for smart grids
9.4.1 PLCs applications in HAN/BAN/IAN
9.4.2 PLCs applications in NAN
9.4.3 PLCs applications in FAN
9.4.4 PLCs applications in WAN
9.5 Conclusion remarks
References
10 An overview of quad-generation system for smart grid using PLC
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Objective functions being used for the optimization of CHP and CCHP
10.2.1 Cost minimization and economic analysis
10.2.2 Energy efficiency maximization
10.2.3 GHGEs minimization
10.3 Optimization types used in CCHP
10.3.1 Linear programming
10.3.2 NLP and MINLP
10.3.3 BIP, DP, and MILP
10.4 Solution approaches and tools used to solve optimization problems related to CCHP
10.4.1 Solution approaches
10.4.2 Tools used to solve CCHP
10.5 Conclusion and future work
References
11 Demand side management through PLC: concepts and challenges
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Overview of demand response
11.2.1 Types of demand response programs
11.2.2 Types of customer response
11.3 Benefits of demand response
11.3.1 Integration of high amounts of renewable energy sources
11.3.2 System-wide benefits
11.3.3 Societal benefits
11.4 Demand response implementation requirements
11.4.1 Metering, control, and communication infrastructure
11.4.2 Communication technologies
11.4.2.1 Electromagnetic compatibility of PLC in the smart grid
11.4.2.2 Similarities between PLC signals and supraharmonics
11.4.2.3 Attenuation of PLC signals due to capacitive shunting
11.4.3 Standardization regarding demand response
11.5 Challenges and barriers to the development of demand response
11.6 Conclusions
References
12 PLC for monitoring and control of distributed generators in smart grids
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Grid faults and islanding
12.1.2 Standardization and legislation
12.1.3 Islanding-detection methods
12.2 Application field
12.2.1 Noise scenario
12.2.2 Channel attenuation
12.2.3 Grid topology
12.2.4 Power distribution transformer
12.3 Design of a PLC solution
12.3.1 Signaling scheme
12.3.2 Coupling interfaces
12.3.3 Frequency band
12.3.4 Signaling modulation techniques
12.3.5 Concept evaluation, SDR platform
12.4 PLC concept implementation
12.4.1 Signaling concept
12.4.2 Functionality
12.4.2.1 Fault detection
12.4.2.2 Fault localization
12.5 Laboratory tests
12.5.1 Laboratory setup
12.5.2 Fault detection tests
12.5.3 Sensitivity analysis
12.5.3.1 Bit error rate
12.5.3.2 Bit rate
12.5.3.3 Throughput
12.5.3.4 Latency
12.5.4 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
12.5.5 Bypassing
References
13 Performance evaluation of PRIME PLC modems over distribution transformers in Indian context
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Proposed algorithm
13.3 Field trial results and analysis
13.4 Final summary
Acknowledgments
References
14 Analysis of hybrid communication for smart grids
14.1 Wired communications for smart grid applications
14.1.1 Electrical wiring
14.1.2 Twisted pair
14.1.3 Optical fiber
14.2 Wireless communication in smart grid applications
14.2.1 Dedicated wireless networks
14.2.2 Public cellular communication networks
14.3 Hybrid network architecture practical application
14.4 Practical results
14.4.1 Wireless results
14.4.2 Power line communication tests results
14.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
15 Direct torque control for DFIG based wind turbines employing power line communication technology in smart grid environments
15.1 Introduction
15.2 DFIG mathematical model and DTC principles
15.3 SMC technique
15.4 PLC principles
15.5 Enabling SG concept with G3-PLC
15.6 Conclusion remarks
References
16 MIMO systems design for narrowband power line communication in smart distribution grids
16.1 Introduction
16.2 PHY characteristics
16.2.1 MV network modeling
16.2.2 Transformer modeling
16.2.3 MV/LV NB-PLC channel model
16.2.4 Noise modeling
16.3 Communication channel model
16.3.1 Spatial channel diagonalization
16.3.2 Bit-loading optimization
16.3.3 Transmit energy optimization
16.3.4 Achievable data rate calculation
16.4 NB-PLC channel PHY characteristics
16.4.1 MV distribution line
16.4.2 MV/LV transformer
16.4.3 Complete distribution network
16.5 Data rate results
16.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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