Power Generation Technologies: Foundations, Design and Advances

Front Cover
Power Generation Technologies
Power Generation Technologies: Foundations, Design and Advances
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
About the author
Preface
1 - Introduction to power generation
1. Power importance
2. Power in statistics
3. Power in history
4. Problems
References
2 - Thermodynamics of power plant
1. Conservation of matter
2. First law of thermodynamics
3. Second law of thermodynamics
4. Problems
References
3 - Economics of power generation
1. Importance of the economic analyses
What would you recommend for the building owner?
What would you recommend for the building owner?
2. Economical evaluation criteria
2.1 Initial investment costs (I)
2.2 Net cash flow (CF)
2.3 Payback period
2.4 Net present value (NPV)
2.5 Internal rate of return (IRR)
2.6 Depreciation
3. Problems
References
4 - Energy sources for power generation
1. Fossil fuels
1.1 Coal
1.2 Fuel oil
1.3 Fuel gas
2. Nuclear energy
3. Hydropower
4. Solar energy
5. Wind energy
Discussion
Discussion
6. Bioenergy
7. Geothermal
8. Hydrogen energy
9. Problems
References
5 - Steam power plant, design
1. SPP technology description
2. The Rankine cycle
3. The working fluid of SPP
4. Efficiency improvement techniques in SPPs
4.1 Superheating
4.2 Increasing maximum pressure
4.3 Decreasing minimum pressure
4.4 Reheating
4.5 Supercritical SPP
4.6 Feedwater heating
4.7 Air preheating
5. Problems
References
6 - Steam power plants, components
1. Steam turbine
2. Condenser
2.1 Tubes
2.2 Shell
2.3 Stationary head-channel
2.4 Stationary head bonnet
2.5 Tube sheet
2.6 Baffle
2.7 Tie rods and spacers
2.8 Vent connection
2.9 Drain connection
2.10 Packing box
2.11 Packing
2.12 Packing gland
2.13 Lantern ring
2.14 Expansion joint
3. Feedwater pump
3.1 Impeller, diffuser, and volute
3.2 Sealing system
4. Steam generator
4.1 Steam drum
4.2 Air preheater
4.3 Tube sections
4.4 Stack
5. Cooling towers
6. Water treatment system
7. Electric generator
8. Problems
References
7 - Gas turbine power plant
1. Technology description
1.1 GT thermodynamics
1.2 Efficiency improvement techniques
Air intake
Regenerative/recuperative gas turbine
Intercooler/reheater
2. Gas turbine components
2.1 Air intake system
2.2 Compressor
2.3 Combustion chamber
2.4 Turbine
2.5 Exhaust
2.6 Starter
2.7 Generator
2.8 Compressor washing
2.9 Lube oil system
2.10 Fire extinguishing system
3. Hydrogen turbines
4. Problems
References
Further reading
8 - Micro gas/steam turbines power plants
1. Thermodynamic analyses
1.1 Thermodynamics of MGT
1.2 Thermodynamics of MST
2. Components of micro gas/steam turbines
3. Problems
References
9 - Reciprocating power generator engines
1. Thermodynamic analyses
1.1 The Otto cycle
1.2 The diesel cycle
2. Reciprocating engine characteristics
3. Efficiency improvement techniques
3.1 Increasing the maximum temperature
3.2 Higher compression ratio
3.3 Over expansion
3.4 Inlet air cooling
3.5 Supercharging and turbocharging
3.6 Turbocharging and intercooling
3.7 Dual cycle
4. Stirling engine
5. Problems
References
10 - Solar power plants
1. Photovoltaic electricity
1.1 PV generator formulation
1.2 Impact of cell temperature
2. Solar cell, PV module, and PV array
3. Material used in the solar cells
3.1 Silicon solar cells
3.2 Thin-film solar cells
3.3 Perovskite solar cells
3.4 Organic solar cells
3.5 Multijunction solar cells
3.6 Quantum dots solar cells
3.7 Concentration photovoltaic
4. Concentrated solar thermal power plant
4.1 General requirements for CSP
4.2 Heat gain by the concentrated collectors
4.3 Thermal energy storage
4.4 Popular CSPs
4.4.1 Gas-phase receiver system with PCM storage
4.4.2 Gas-phase receiver system with particle storage
4.4.3 Liquid-phase receiver system with liquid storage
4.4.4 Solid-phase receiver system with solid particle storage
5. Problems
References
11 - Wind power plants
1. Wind generation
1.1 Uneven solar heating
1.2 Coriolis force
1.3 Local geography
2. Wind power and wind turbine characteristics
2.1 Wind power
2.2 Power density and power coefficient
2.3 Lanchester-Betz limit
2.4 Wind speed utilization coefficient
2.5 Thrust coefficient
2.6 Axial induction factor
2.7 Capacity factor
2.8 Characteristics of wind turbines
2.8.1 Control of wind turbine
3. Wind turbine classifications
3.1 Horizontal axis wind turbines
3.2 VAWTs
4. Problems
References
12 - Hydro power plants
1. Classification of hydropower plants
1.1 Classification by the stream type
1.1.1 Impoundment
1.1.2 Diversion (run-of-river)
1.1.3 Pump storage
1.1.4 Hydropower in pipe
1.2 Classification by turbine type
1.2.1 Impulse turbines
1.2.1.1 Pelton turbine
1.2.1.2 Cross flow turbine
1.2.2 Reaction turbines
1.2.2.1 Propeller turbines
1.2.2.1.1 Bulb turbine
1.2.2.1.2 Straflo turbine
1.2.2.1.3 Tube turbine
1.2.2.1.4 Kaplan turbine
1.2.2.2 Francis turbine
1.2.2.3 Kinetic turbine
1.3 Classification by size
2. Hydraulic of hydropower plant
2.1 Bernoulli equation
2.2 Kinetic theory
2.2.1 Impulse turbine
2.2.2 Reaction turbines
2.2.3 Hydrokinetic turbines
3. Turbine constants
4. Problems
References
Further reading
13 - Fuel cell power plants
1. Basics of fuel cells
2. Fuel cell types
2.1 PEMFC
2.2 AFC
2.3 PAFC
2.4 MCFC
2.5 SOFC
2.6 RFC
3. Fuel cell subsystems
3.1 Fuel cell stack
3.2 Fuel processor
3.3 Power conditioner
3.4 Fuel/air compressor
3.5 Humidifiers
3.6 Other auxiliary systems
4. Thermodynamics of fuel cells
4.1 Open circuit voltage
4.2 Efficiency of a fuel cell
4.3 The Nernst equation
4.4 Irreversibilities in the fuel cells
4.4.1 Activation polarization
4.4.2 Fuel crossover and internal currents
4.4.3 Ohmic polarization
4.4.4 Concentration polarization
4.5 Energy balance of a fuel cell
4.6 Fuel utilization and equilibrium constant
5. Problems
References
Further reading
14 - Thermoelectric generator
1. Classifications of TEG
2. Thermodynamics of TEG
2.1 Maximum efficiency and dimensionless parameters
2.2 Maximum current and voltage
2.3 Effective and normalized parameters
3. Problems
References
15 - Cogeneration cycles
1. Cogeneration examples
1.1 Combined gas turbine with absorption chiller
1.2 Combined MGT and desalination
1.3 PEMFC integrated with TEG, TEC, and adsorption chiller
1.4 SOFC integrated with micro gas/steam turbine
1.5 MCFC integrated with stirling engine, kalina cycle, and chiller
1.6 Photovoltaic coupled with thermoelectric generator
1.7 Solar heater combined with TEG and wind turbine
1.8 Stirling engine, integrated with MST, and adsorption chiller
1.9 MGT-ORC and steam ejector refrigerator
1.10 Internal combustion engine, integrated with absorption chiller and land fill gas
2. Problems
References
16 - Environmental impacts of power plants
1. Environmental evaluation criteria
1.1 Energy payback period
1.2 Life cycle assessment
2. Hydrogen-fired power generators
3. Net zero emission by 2050 (NZE2050)
4. Problems
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z
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