Powder Technology Handbook

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Editors
Contributors
Contents
Part 1 Particle Characterization and Standard Powder
Chapter 1.1 Particle Size
1.1.1 Definition of Particle Diameter
1.1.2 Particle Size Distribution
1.1.3 Average Particle Size
References
Chapter 1.2 Size Measurement
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Classification of Particle Size Analysis Methods
1.2.3 Counting Analysis
1.2.4 Fractionation Analysis
1.2.5 Ensemble Analysis
1.2.6 Others
1.2.7 Summary
References
Chapter 1.3 Particle Shape Characterization
1.3.1 Introduction
1.3.2 Representative Size
1.3.3 Geometrical Shape Descriptors
1.3.4 Dynamic Equivalent Shape
1.3.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 1.4 Particle Density
1.4.1 Definition of Particle Density
1.4.2 Measurement Method of Particle Density
1.4.3 Measurement Method of Bulk Density
References
Chapter 1.5 Hardness, Stiffness and Toughness of Particles
1.5.1 Indentation Hardness
1.5.2 Measurement of Hardness
1.5.3 Measurement of Stiffness
1.5.4 Measurement of Toughness
References
Chapter 1.6 Surface Properties and Analysis
1.6.1 Surface Structures and Properties
1.6.2 Surface Characterization
References
Chapter 1.7 Characterization by Atomic Force Microscope
1.7.1 Principle of AFM
1.7.2 Surface Characterization by AFM
1.7.3 Measurements of Interaction Forces by AFM
References
Chapter 1.8 Specific Properties of Nanoparticles
1.8.1 Property Function and Disperse Properties
1.8.2 Transport Properties
1.8.3 Particle Interactions
1.8.4 Thermophysical Properties
1.8.5 Mechanical Properties
1.8.6 Optical Properties
1.8.7 Electrical Properties
1.8.8 Magnetic Properties
1.8.9 Catalytic Particles
References
Chapter 1.9 Standard Powders and Particles
References
Part 2 Fundamental Properties of Particles
Chapter 2.1 Optical Properties
2.1.1 Definitions
2.1.2 Light Scattering
2.1.3 Light Extinction
2.1.4 Dynamic Light Scattering
2.1.5 Photophoresis
References
Chapter 2.2 Electrification and Electrophoresis
2.2.1 In Gaseous State
2.2.2 In Liquid State
References
Chapter 2.3 Magnetic Properties
2.3.1 Magnetic Force on a Particle
2.3.2 Ferromagnetic Properties of a Small Particle
2.3.3 Magnetism of Various Materials
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 2.4 Diffusion of Particles
2.4.1 Thermal Diffusion
2.4.2 Turbulent Diffusion
References
Chapter 2.5 Particle Motion in Fluid
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Motion of a Single Particle
2.5.3 Particle Motion in Shear Flow
References
Chapter 2.6 Particle Sedimentation
2.6.1 Introduction
2.6.2 Terminal Settling Velocity
2.6.3 Settling of Two Spherical Particles
2.6.4 Rate of Sedimentation in Concentrated Suspension
References
Chapter 2.7 Adhesive Force of Single Particle
2.7.1 In Gaseous State
2.7.2 In Liquid State
2.7.3 Measurement of Adhesive Force
References
Chapter 2.8 Particle Deposition and Reentrainment
2.8.1 Particle Deposition
2.8.2 Particle Reentrainment
References
Chapter 2.9 Agglomeration (Coagulation
2.9.1 In Gaseous State
2.9.2 In Liquid State
References
Chapter 2.10 Viscosity of Slurry
2.10.1 Introduction
2.10.2 Basic Flow Characteristics
2.10.3 Time-Dependent Flow Characteristics
2.10.4 Viscosity Equations for Suspensions of Spherical Particles of Narrow Particle Size Distribution
2.10.5 Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Slurry Viscosity
2.10.6 Shear Thinning or Thickening Behavior of Slurry
2.10.7 Measurement of Slurry Viscosity by a Capillary Viscometer
2.10.8 Measurement of Slurry Viscosity by a Rotating Viscometer
References
Chapter 2.11 Particle Impact Breakage
2.11.1 Impact Force
2.11.2 Mode of Breakage
2.11.3 Analysis of Breakage for the Brittle Failure Mode
2.11.4 Analysis of Breakage for the Semi-Brittle Failure Mode
2.11.5 Analysis of Breakage of Agglomerates
References
Chapter 2.12 Sintering
2.12.1 Mechanisms of Solid-Phase Sintering
2.12.2 Modeling of Sintering of Agglomerates
2.12.3 Sintering Process of Nanoparticles
2.12.4 Sintering Process of Packed Powder
References
Chapter 2.13 Mechanochemistry
2.13.1 Introduction
2.13.2 Phase Transformation
2.13.3 Solid State Reaction
2.13.4 Mechanochemical Doping
2.13.5 Mechanical Synthesis of Hydrated Compounds
2.13.6 Decomposition of Halogenated Polymers
2.13.7 Material Processing with Mechanical Activation Followed by Chemical or Physical Treatment
References
Chapter 2.14 Ignition and Combustion Reaction
2.14.1 Combustion Profile
2.14.2 Devolatilization and Ignition
2.14.3 Gaseous Combustion
2.14.4 Solid Combustion
References
Chapter 2.15 Solubility and Dissolution Rate
2.15.1 Solubility of a Solid
2.15.2 Solubility Changes as Properties of Solvent or Solute Change
2.15.3 Dissolution Rate Analysis: Theory and Methods
2.15.4 Methods to Improve the Solubilization of Powdered Materials
Notation
References
Part 3 Properties of Powders and Powder Beds
Chapter 3.1 Specific Surface Area
3.1.1 Definition of Specific Surface Area
3.1.2 Estimation of Surface Area by Gas Adsorption
3.1.3 Methodology of Gas Adsorption
3.1.4 Estimation of Surface Area by Gas Flow (Permeametry
References
Chapter 3.2 Adsorption Characteristics
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Adsorption Measurement
3.2.3 Theory of Adsorption Isotherms
3.2.4 Estimation of Surface Properties by Adsorption Method
References
Chapter 3.3 Moisture Content
3.3.1 Bound Water and Adhesive Water
3.3.2 Method to Determine Moisture Content in Particulate System
References
Chapter 3.4 Electrical Properties
3.4.1 In Gaseous State
3.4.2 In Nonaqueous Solutions
References
Chapter 3.5 Packing Properties
3.5.1 Packing of Equal-Size Spheres
3.5.2 Packing of Multi-Size Particles
3.5.3 Effect of Particle Shape on Void Fraction
References
Chapter 3.6 Capillarity of Porous Media
3.6.1 Common Phenomenon: Young–Laplace Effect
3.6.2 Nitrogen Adsorption Method
3.6.3 Mercury Intrusion Method (Mercury Porosimetry
3.6.4 Other Techniques of Interest
References
Chapter 3.7 Permeation (Flow through Porous Media
3.7.1 Resistance to Flow Through a Porous Media
3.7.2 Pressure Drop Across a Fibrous Mat
Notation
References
Chapter 3.8 Mechanical Properties of a Powder Bed
3.8.1 Shearing Strength of a Powder Bed
3.8.2 Adhesion of a Powder Bed
3.8.3 Yielding Characteristics of a Powder Bed
References
Chapter 3.9 Fluidity of Powder
3.9.1 Definition of Fluidity
3.9.2 Measurement of Fluidity
3.9.3 Factors Affecting Fluidity
3.9.4 Improvement of Fluidity
References
Chapter 3.10 Blockage in Storage Vessels
3.10.1 Typical Phenomena
3.10.2 Mechanisms and Flow Criteria
3.10.3 Experimental Study
3.10.4 Methods of Preventing Blockage
References
Chapter 3.11 Segregation of Particles
3.11.1 Segregation Phenomena and its Factors
3.11.2 Mechanism of Segregation
3.11.3 Surface Segregation
3.11.4 Interlayer Segregation
3.11.5 Method to Prevent Segregation
References
Chapter 3.12 Vibrational and Acoustic Characteristics
3.12.1 Behavior of a Particle on a Vibrating Plate
3.12.2 Behavior of a Vibrating Powder Bed
3.12.3 Generating Mechanism of Impact Sound Between Two Particles
3.12.4 Frictional Sound from a Granular Bed
3.12.5 Vibration of a Small Particle in a Sound Wave
3.12.6 Attenuation of Sound in a Suspension of Particles
References
Part 4 Particle Generation and Modification
Chapter 4.1 Aerosol Particle Generation
4.1.1 Atomization of Fluids
4.1.2 Condensation Methods
4.1.3 Powder Dispersion
References
Chapter 4.2 Generation of Particles by Reactions
4.2.1 Gas-Phase (Aerosol) Techniques
4.2.2 Liquid-Phase Techniques
References
Chapter 4.3 Crystallization
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Solid-Liquid Equilibrium and Supersaturated Solution
4.3.3 Nucleation Rate
4.3.4 Crystal Growth Rate
4.3.5 Control of Powder Properties in Crystallization Processes
4.3.6 Synthesis of Composite Particles
References
Chapter 4.4 Design and Formation of Composite Particles
4.4.1 Typical Structure of Composite Particles
4.4.2 Process
4.4.3 Materials
4.4.4 Examples of Particulate Design and Preparation of Composite Particles
References
Chapter 4.5 Electrical Charge Control
4.5.1 In Gaseous State
4.5.2 In Liquid State
References
Chapter 4.6 Surface Modification
4.6.1 Purpose of Surface Modification and Its Methods
4.6.2 Chemical Methods
4.6.3 Physical Methods
References
Part 5 Powder Handlings and Simulations
Chapter 5.1 Crushing and Grinding
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Basic Approach for Understanding Grinding Phenomena
5.1.3 Comminution of Materials
References
Chapter 5.2 Dispersion of Particles
5.2.1 In Gaseous State
5.2.2 Dispersion in Liquids
References
Chapter 5.3 Classification
5.3.1 Basis of Classification
5.3.2 Dry Classification
5.3.3 Wet Classification
5.3.4 Screening
References
Chapter 5.4 Storage (Silo)
5.4.1 Storing Bulk Solids
5.4.2 Basic Structure and Functions
5.4.3 Classification of Silos
5.4.4 Behavior of Bulk Solids in Silos
5.4.5 Planning Silos
5.4.6 Structural Design
5.4.7 Trouble in Silos
References
Chapter 5.5 Feeding
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Type of Feeders
References
Chapter 5.6 Transportation
5.6.1 Transportation in the Gaseous State
5.6.2 Transportation in the Liquid State
References
Chapter 5.7 Fluidization and Fluidized Bed
5.7.1 Overview of Fluidization
5.7.2 Computational Methods for Fluidization
References
Chapter 5.8 Mixing
5.8.1 Introduction
5.8.2 Mixing Mechanism
5.8.3 Mixing Indices and Mixing Rate
5.8.4 Evaluation of Mixing Condition
5.8.5 Characterization of Mixing Equipment
References
Chapter 5.9 Slurry Conditioning
5.9.1 Slurry Characterization
5.9.2 Slurry Preparation
References
Chapter 5.10 Granulation
5.10.1 Growth Mechanisms of Wet Granulation
5.10.2 Mechanical Properties of Wet Granules
5.10.3 Testing Methods for Evaluating the Agglomerate Granulation of Wet Powders
5.10.4 Granulators
References
Chapter 5.11 Kneading and Plastic Forming
5.11.1 Kneading
5.11.2 Plastic Forming
References
Chapter 5.12 Drying
5.12.1 Fundamental of Drying
5.12.2 Dryer Selection and Design
References
Chapter 5.13 Combustion
5.13.1 Introduction
5.13.2 Control of the Combustion Process
5.13.3 Combustion Burner
5.13.4 Furnace and Kiln
References
Chapter 5.14 Dust Collection
5.14.1 Flow-Through-Type Dust Collectors
5.14.2 Obstacle-Type Dust Collectors
5.14.3 Barrier-Type Dust Collectors
5.14.4 Miscellaneous
References
Chapter 5.15 Electrostatic Separation
5.15.1 Separation Mechanism
5.15.2 Separation Machines
References
Chapter 5.16 Magnetic Separation
5.16.1 Classification of Magnetic Separators
5.16.2 Static Magnetic Field Separators
5.16.3 Application of Magnetic Separation
5.16.4 Magnetohydrostatic Separation
5.16.5 Electromagnetic-Induction-Type Separation
References
Chapter 5.17 Dry Dense Medium Separation
5.17.1 Basis of Separation
5.17.2 Application of Separation
References
Chapter 5.18 Gravity Thickening
5.18.1 Pretreatment
5.18.2 Ideal Settling Basin
5.18.3 Settling Curve
5.18.4 Kynch Theory
5.18.5 Design of Continuous Thickener
References
Chapter 5.19 Filtration
5.19.1 Basis of Cake Filtration Theory
5.19.2 Constant-Pressure and Constant-Rate Filtration
5.19.3 Internal Structure of Compressible Filter Cake
5.19.4 Filtration of Non-Newtonian Fluid–Solid Mixtures
5.19.5 Filtration Equipment
References
Chapter 5.20 Expression
5.20.1 Basis of Expression
5.20.2 Modified Terzaghi Model
5.20.3 Secondary Consolidation
5.20.4 Simplified Analysis
5.20.5 Expression Equipment
References
Chapter 5.21 Flotation
5.21.1 Fundamentals of Flotation
5.21.2 Minerals Separation
5.21.3 Flotation Reagents
5.21.4 Flotation Equipment
5.21.5 Plant Practice
5.21.6 Challenges in Flotation
5.21.7 Emerging Technologies
References
Chapter 5.22 Electrostatic Powder Coating
5.22.1 Coating Machines
5.22.2 Powder Feeding Machine
5.22.3 Powder Coating Booth
5.22.4 Numerical Simulation for Electrostatic Powder Coating
References
Chapter 5.23 Multipurpose Equipment
5.23.1 Fixed Beds
5.23.2 Moving Beds
5.23.3 Rotary Kiln
References
Chapter 5.24 Nanoparticle Handling and Formulation
5.24.1 Introduction and Overview
5.24.2 Formation of Nanoparticles
5.24.3 Dispersion of Nanoparticles
5.24.4 Nanoparticle Stabilization
5.24.5 From Surfaces to Properties – The Effect of Surface Modification
5.24.6 Nanoparticle Handling in Classical Unit Operations of Powder Processing
5.24.7 Processing of Functional Thin Films from Liquids
5.24.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5.25 Simulation of Powders and Particles in Dry and Wet Phases
5.25.1 Powder Simulation Using Discrete Element Method (DEM
5.25.2 Recent Advances in DEM Simulations for Industrial Applications
5.25.3 Particle Motion in Fluid
5.25.4 Breakage of Particles in Gas Phase
5.25.5 Breakage of Aggregates in Liquid Phase
5.25.6 Direct Numerical Simulations of Colloidal Particles in a Liquid
References
Part 6 Process Instrumentation
Chapter 6.1 Powder Sampling
6.1.1 Sampling Equipment
6.1.2 Analysis of Sampling
References
Chapter 6.2 Particle Sampling in Gas Flow
6.2.1 Anisokinetic Sampling Error
6.2.2 Sampling in Stationary Air
6.2.3 Practical Applications of Particle Sampling
References
Chapter 6.3 Concentration and Flow Rate Measurement
6.3.1 Particle Concentration in Suspensions
6.3.2 Powder Flow Rate
References
Chapter 6.4 Level Measurement of Powder Bed
6.4.1 Level Meters and Level Switches
6.4.2 Mechanical Methods
6.4.3 Electrical Methods
6.4.4 Ultrasonic Wave Level Meters
6.4.5 Radiometric Method
6.4.6 Pneumatic and Other Methods
References
Chapter 6.5 Temperature Measurement of Powder
6.5.1 Temperature Measurement by Contact-Type Thermometers
6.5.2 Temperature Measurement by Non-Contact-Type Thermometers
References
Chapter 6.6 On-Line Measurement of Moisture Content
6.6.1 Introduction
6.6.2 Electric Methods
6.6.3 Optical Moisture Sensor
6.6.4 Continuous Monitoring and Control of Moisture Content
References
Chapter 6.7 Tomography
6.7.1 Introduction
6.7.2 Sensor Selection and Specification
6.7.3 Examples of Powder and Slurry Processing Applications
References
Part 7 Working Atmospheres-Risks, Hazards and Protection
Chapter 7.1 Health Effects Due to Particle Matter
7.1.1 Introduction
7.1.2 Respiratory System
7.1.3 Penetration and Deposition of Particles in the Respiratory Tract
7.1.4 Rate of Deposited Particles
7.1.5 Health Effects of Inhaled Particles
7.1.6 Threshold Limit Value
References
Chapter 7.2 Risks of Nanoparticles
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Concept of Risk Assessment and Management of Nanomaterials
7.2.3 Risk Management Using Control Banding of Nanomaterials
7.2.4 Specific Risk and Measurement of PM2.5
References
Chapter 7.3 Respiratory Protective Devices for Particulate Matter
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Types of Respirators
7.3.3 Protection Factor
7.3.4 Fit Check and Fit Test of Respirators
7.3.5 Selection, Use, and Maintenance
of Respirators
References
Chapter 7.4 Dust Explosion
7.4.1 What is Dust Explosion
7.4.2 Flame Propagation Mechanism in Dust Explosion
7.4.3 Risk of Dust Explosion
7.4.4 Prevention and Mitigation of Accidental Dust
References
Index