The book covers all aspects of clinical manifestations and management of various complications following acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 is considered a multisystem disease and may lead to long-term complications and sequelae in various organ systems, some of whom may severely impair quality of life and may cause higher mortality. The current understanding of these complications is still incomplete and unclear, consequently the management strategies are not well elucidated. This book provides an extensive review of the current understanding of post COVID-19 complications and a simple, yet rational approach to their management.The chapters include complications related to multiple organ systems of the body including the respiratory system, nervous system, cardiovascular system, psychiatric issues, endocrine abnormalities, and others. Every chapter provides a detailed description of a practical approach to chronic sequelae along with important summary points for quick reference. Each chapter provides easy-to-follow algorithms and key points.
This book will assist medical practitioners in understanding various aspects of post COVID-19 complications and will be helpful for general practitioners, internists, pulmonologists and other healthcare workers dealing with patients with COVID-19. It will also be useful to undergraduates and postgraduates since COVID-19 has been included in medicine curriculum.
Author(s): Anant Mohan, Saurabh Mittal
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 182
City: Singapore
Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Contents
1: COVID-19: An Overview
1.1 Epidemiology
1.2 The Virus and Its Variants
1.3 Infection
1.4 Prevention
1.5 Clinical Features
1.6 Happy Hypoxia in COVID-19
1.7 Complications
1.8 Diagnosis of COVID-19
1.8.1 Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT)
1.8.2 Rapid Antigen Test
1.8.3 Serologic Tests
1.9 Management of COVID-19
1.10 Management of Hospitalized Adult Patients with Acute COVID-19
1.11 Prognosis of Severe Disease
References
2: Pulmonary Sequelae of COVID-19
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pathophysiology
2.3 Respiratory Clinical Features of Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19
2.4 Radiological Abnormalities
2.5 Pulmonary Function Testing
2.6 Current Understanding of Lung Function Tests in Patients with COVID-19
2.7 Illustrative Case
2.8 Management of Post-COVID-19 Respiratory Sequelae
2.9 Conclusion
References
3: Role of Imaging in Post-COVID-19 Complications
3.1 Imaging Modalities
3.2 Imaging Findings
3.2.1 Ground-Glass Opacity (GGO)
3.2.2 Consolidation
3.2.3 Bronchial Dilatation/Bronchiectasis
3.2.4 Fibrotic-like Changes
3.2.5 Fibrosis
3.2.6 Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PTE) Sequelae
3.3 CT Severity Scoring
3.4 Various Patterns of Fibrosis/Fibrotic-like Changes
3.5 Conclusion
References
4: Cardiovascular Complications Following COVID-19
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Terminologies Used to Describe Post-acute COVID-19 Phase
4.3 Cardiovascular Sequelae Post-acute COVID-19 and Pathophysiology
4.4 Population at Risk of Post-COVID-19 Sequelae
4.5 Cardiovascular Complications Following COVID-19
4.6 Investigations for Evaluation of Cardiovascular Sequelae Post-acute COVID-19
4.7 Management
4.8 Prevention Strategies
4.9 Conclusion
4.10 Take-Home Message
References
5: Neurological Sequelae of COVID-19
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Neurological Sequelae of COVID-19
5.2.1 Anosmia and Ageusia
5.2.2 Encephalopathy
5.2.3 Viral Encephalitis
5.2.4 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
5.2.5 Stroke
5.2.6 Neurodegenerative Diseases
5.2.7 Myelitis
5.2.8 Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
5.2.9 Myositis
5.2.10 Long-haul COVID with Neurological Manifestations
5.2.11 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (in Children)
5.2.12 Headache
5.2.13 Seizures
5.2.14 Dizziness
5.2.15 Neurological Complications of Vaccination
5.3 Conclusion
References
6: Psychiatric Issues After COVID-19
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Experiences from Past Coronavirus Outbreaks
6.3 Mental Health Problems After COVID-19
6.4 Death, Dying, and Bereavement Issues
6.5 Prevention
6.6 Conclusions
6.7 Take-Home Messages
References
7: Long-term Gastrointestinal Complications Following COVID-19
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pathophysiological Mechanisms
7.2.1 Concept of Post-Infection Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction
7.2.2 ACE-2-Mediated Mechanisms
7.2.3 Persistent Intestinal Inflammation
7.2.4 Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis
7.2.5 Altered Serotonergic Signaling
7.2.6 Altered Gastrointestinal Permeability
7.2.7 Involvement of Central and Peripheral Nervous System
7.3 Prevalence and Spectrum
7.4 Management
7.5 Conclusion
References
8: Post-COVID-19 Endocrine Abnormalities
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Involvement
8.3 Thyroid Involvement
8.4 Endocrine Pancreatic Abnormalities
8.5 Adrenal Involvement
8.6 Gonadal Involvement
8.7 Take-Home Message
References
9: Renal Abnormalities Following COVID-19
9.1 Understanding Basic Kidney Syndrome
9.2 Renal Diseases and COVID-19
9.3 Acute COVID-19 and Kidney Involvement
9.4 COVID-19 and Kidneys: Pathophysiology and Development of Long COVID
9.5 Long COVID and Kidneys
9.6 Risk Factors for Kidney Involvement in Long COVID
9.7 Prevalence
9.8 Manifestations of Long COVID in Kidneys
9.9 COVID-19 and Renal Transplantation
9.10 Screening
9.11 Management
9.12 Conclusion
9.13 Take-Home Points
References
10: COVID-19 Sequelae Affecting Ear, Nose and Throat
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Smell and Taste Disturbances
10.2.1 Epidemiology
10.2.2 Natural History of COVID-19 Chemosensory Dysfunction
10.2.3 Reinfection Anosmia
10.2.4 Pathophysiology
10.2.5 Diagnostic Work-Up
10.2.6 Management
10.2.7 Olfactory Training
10.2.8 Role of Steroids
10.3 Phantosmia
10.4 COVID-19-Associated Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Mucormycosis (CAROM)
10.4.1 Etiopathogenesis
10.4.2 ROCM in the Background of COVID-19: CAROM
10.4.3 Pathogenesis of CAROM
10.4.4 Diagnosis
10.4.5 Treatment
10.5 Neuro-Otological Sequelae
10.6 Upper Airway Dysfunction-Related Sequelae
10.7 Sequelae Related to Upper Aerodigestive Tract-Lymphoreticular System
10.8 Post-COVID-19 Thyroiditis
10.9 Take-Home Points
References
11: Rheumatological Complications Following COVID-19
11.1 Musculoskeletal Manifestations
11.1.1 Arthralgia
11.1.2 Reactive Arthritis
11.1.3 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
11.1.4 Myositis
11.2 Vasculitis/Thrombosis
11.3 Connective Tissue Disease
11.4 Covid-19 Among Patients with Rheumatic Diseases
11.5 Conclusions
References
12: Dermatological Sequelae of COVID-19 Infection
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Dermatological Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection
12.2.1 Skin Changes
12.2.2 Trigger or Exacerbation of Skin Diseases
12.2.3 Mucosal Manifestations
12.2.4 Hair
12.2.5 Nail
12.3 Skin Involvement due to Agents Used in Treatment of COVID-19 Infection
12.4 Skin Changes due to Use of Personal Protective Equipment
12.5 Skin Manifestations After COVID-19 Vaccination
12.6 Conclusion
References
13: Eye Complications Following COVID-19
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Pathophysiology
13.3 Ocular and Extraocular Manifestations of COVID-19
13.4 Preventive Measures in Ophthalmic Practice
13.5 Conclusion
References
14: Palliative Care Issues in Post-COVID-19
14.1 Primary and Specialty Palliative Care
14.2 Postulated Reasons for Post-COVID Symptoms
14.3 Post-COVID Symptoms
14.4 Post-COVID Lung Sequelae
14.4.1 Non-pharmacological Management
14.4.2 Pharmacological Management
14.5 Post-COVID Dyspnea: Management Principles
14.6 Post-COVID Cough: Management
14.7 Post-COVID Fever
14.8 Psychological and Spiritual Suffering
14.9 Psychosocial Support
14.10 Grief and Bereavement
14.11 Psycho-education
14.12 Take-Home Message
References
