Porous Polymer Science and Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction to Porous Polymers
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Porous Polymers
1.3 Synthetic Methods for Porous Polymer Network
1.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Hyper-crosslinked Polymers
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Overview
2.1.2 Porous Polymer
2.1.3 Crosslinking
2.2 Hyper-crosslinked Polymers
2.3 Synthesis Methods of HCPs
2.3.1 Post-crosslinking Polymer Precursors
2.3.2 Direct One-Step Polycondensation
2.3.3 Knitting Rigid Aromatic Building Blocks by External Crosslinkers
2.4 Structure and Morphology of HCPs
2.4.1 Nanoparticles
2.4.2 Hollow Capsules
2.4.3 2D Membranes
2.4.4 Monoliths
2.5 HCPs Properties
2.5.1 Polymer Surface
2.5.1.1 Hydrophilicity
2.5.1.2 Hydrophobicity
2.5.1.3 Amphiphilicity
2.5.2 Porosity and Surface Area
2.5.3 Swelling Behavior
2.5.4 Thermomechanical Properties
2.6 Functionalization of HCPs
2.7 Characterization of HCPs
2.7.1 Compositional and Structural Characterization
2.7.2 Morphological Characterization
2.7.3 Porosity and Surface Area Analysis
2.7.4 Other Analysis
2.8 Applications
2.8.1 Storage Capacity
2.8.1.1 Storage of Hydrogen
2.8.1.2 Storage of Methane
2.8.1.3 CO 2 Capture
2.8.2 Environmental Remediation
2.8.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis
2.8.4 Drug Delivery
2.8.5 Sensing
2.8.6 Other Applications
2.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Porous Ionic Polymers
3.1 Introduction: A Distinctive Feature of the Porous Structure of Ionic Polymers
3.2 Ionic Polymers in Dry State
3.3 Ionic Polymers in Swollen State: Hsu–Gierke Model
3.4 Modifications of Hsu–Gierke Model: Hydration of Ion Exchange Polymers
3.5 Methods for Research of Porous Structure of Ionic Polymers
3.5.1 Nitrogen Adsorption-Desorption
3.5.2 Mercury Intrusion
3.5.3 Adsorption-Desorption of Water Vapor
3.5.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3.5.5 Standard Contact Porosimetry
3.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Criteria of Porous Plastics
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sorting of Porous Polymers
4.2.1 Macroporous Polymers
4.2.2 Microporous Polymers
4.2.3 Mesoporous Polymers
4.3 Methodology
4.3.1 AHP Analysis
4.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Novel Research on Porous Polymers Using High Pressure Technology
5.1 Background
5.2 Porous Polymers Based on Natural Polysaccharides
5.3 Parameters Involved in the Porous Polymers Processing by High Pressure
5.4 Supercritical Fluid Drying for Porous Polymers Processing
5.5 Porous Polymers for Foaming and Scaffolds by Supercritical Technology
5.6 Supercritical CO 2 Impregnation in Porous Polymers for Food Packaging
5.7 Synthesis of Porous Polymers by Supercritical Emulsion Templating
5.8 Porous Polymers as Supports for Catalysts Materials by Supercritical Fluid
5.9 Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks Polymers by Supercritical Fluid Processing
5.10 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Porous Polymer for Heterogeneous Catalysis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Stability and Functionalization of POPs
6.3 Strategies for Synthesizing POP Catalyst
6.3.1 Co-polymerization
6.3.1.1 Acidic and Basic Groups
6.3.1.2 Ionic Groups
6.3.1.3 Ligand Groups
6.3.1.4 Chiral Groups
6.3.1.5 Porphyrin Group
6.3.2 Self-polymerization
6.3.2.1 Organic Ligand Groups
6.3.2.2 Organocatalyst Groups
6.3.2.3 Ionic Groups
6.3.2.4 Chiral Ligand Groups
6.3.2.5 Porphyrin Groups
6.4 Applications of Various Porous Polymers
6.4.1 CO 2 Capture and Utilization
6.4.1.1 Ionic Liquid/Zn-PPh 3 Integrated POP
6.4.1.1.1 Mechanism of the Cycloaddition Reaction
6.4.1.2 Triphenylphosphine-based POP
6.4.2 Energy Storage
6.4.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis
6.4.3.1 Cu(II) Complex on Pyridine-based POP for Nitroarene Reduction
6.4.3.2 POP-supported Rhodium for Hydroformylation of Olefins
6.4.3.3 Ni(II)-metallated POP for Suzuki–Miyaura Crosscoupling Reaction
6.4.3.4 Ru-loaded POP for Decomposition of Formic Acid to H 2
6.4.3.5 Porphyrin-based POP to Support Mn Heterogeneous Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of Alcohols
6.4.3.5.1 Mechanism of the Oxidation of Alcohols by TFP-DPMs
6.4.4 Photocatalysis
6.4.4.1 Conjugated Porous Polymer Based on Phenanthrene Units
6.4.4.2 (dipyrrin)(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Visible Light Photocatalyst
6.4.4.3 Carbazole-based CMPs for C-3 Functionalization of Indoles
6.4.4.3.1 Mechanism of C-3 Formylation of N-methylindole by CMP-CSU6 Polymer Catalyst
6.4.4.3.2 The Mechanism for C-3 Thiocyanation of 1H-indole
6.4.5 Electrocatalysis
6.4.5.1 Redox-active N-containing CPP for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
References
Chapter 7: Triazine Porous Frameworks
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Synthetic Procedures of CTFs and Their Structural Designs
7.2.1 Ionothermal Trimerization Strategy
7.2.2 High Temperature Phosphorus Pentoxide (P 2 O 5)-Catalyzed Method
7.2.3 Amidine-based Polycondensation Methods
7.2.4 Superacid Catalyzed Method
7.2.5 Friedel–Crafts Reaction Method
7.3 Applications of CTFs
7.3.1 Adsorption and Separation
7.3.1.1 CO 2 Capture and Separation
7.3.1.2 The Removal of Pollutants
7.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis
7.3.3 Applications for Energy Storage and Conversion
7.3.3.1 Metal-Ion Batteries
7.3.3.2 Supercapacitors
7.3.4 Electrocatalysis
7.3.5 Photocatalysis
7.3.6 Other Applications of CTFs
References
Chapter 8: Advanced Separation Applications of Porous Polymers
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Advanced Separation Applications
8.3 Separation through Adsorption
8.4 Water Treatment
8.5 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 9: Porous Polymers for Membrane Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Introduction to Synthesis of Porous Polymeric Particles
9.3 Preparation of Porous Polymeric Membrane
9.4 Morphology of Membrane and Its Parameters
9.5 Emerging Applications of Porous Polymer Membranes
9.6 Polysulfone and Polyvinylidene Fluoride Used as Porous Polymers for Membrane Application
9.6.1 Polysulfone Membranes
9.6.2 Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membranes
9.7 Use of Porous Polymeric Membranes for Sensing Application
9.8 Use of Porous Polymeric Electrolytic Membranes Application
9.9 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane for Numerical Modeling and Optimization
9.10 Use of Porous Polymers for Biomedical Application
9.11 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane in Tissue Engineering
9.12 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane in Wastewater Treatment
9.13 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane for Dye Rejection Application
9.14 Porous Polymeric Membrane Antifouling Application
9.15 Porous Polymeric Membrane Used for Fuel Cell Application
9.16 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Porous Polymers in Solar Cells
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Si-based Solar Cells
10.1.2 Thin-film Solar Cells
10.1.3 Organic Solar Cells
10.2 Porous Polymers in DSSCs
10.2.1 Porous Polymers in Electrodes
10.2.2 Porous Polymer as a Counter Electrode
10.2.3 Porous Polymers in TiO 2 Photoanode
10.2.4 Porous Polymers in Electrolyte
10.2.5 Porous Polymer as Energy Conversion Film
10.2.5.1 Polyvinylidene Fluoride-co-Hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) Membranes
10.2.5.2 Pyridine-based CMPs Aerogels (PCMPAs)
10.2.6 Porous Polymers in Coating of Solar Cell
10.2.7 Porous Polymers as Photocatalyst or Electrocatalyst
10.3 Perovskite Solar Cells
10.3.1 Porous Polymers in Electron Transport Layers
10.3.2 Porous Polymers in Hole Transport Layers
10.3.3 Porous Polymer as Energy Conversion Film
10.3.4 Porous Polymers as Interlayers
10.3.5 Porous Polymers in Morphology Regulations
10.4 Porous Polymers in Silicon Solar Cell
10.5 Miscellaneous
10.5.1 Porous Polymers in Solar Evaporators
10.5.2 Charge Separation Systems in Solar Cells
10.5.3 Porous Polymers in ZnO Photoanode
10.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Porous Polymers for Hydrogen Production
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Approaches Utilized for the Generation of Porous Polymers (PPs)
11.1.1.1 Infiltration
11.1.1.2 Layer-by-Layer Assembly (LbL)
11.1.1.3 Conventional Polymerization
11.1.1.4 Electrochemical Polymerization
11.1.1.5 Controlled/Living Polymerization (CLP)
11.1.1.6 Macromolecular Design
11.1.1.7 Self-assembly
11.1.1.8 Phase Separation
11.1.1.9 Solid and Liquid Templating
11.1.1.10 Foaming
11.2 Various Porous Polymers for H 2 Production
11.2.1 Photocatalysts Based on Conjugated Microporous Polymers
11.2.2 Conjugated Microporous Polymers
11.2.3 Porous Conjugated Polymer (PCP)
11.2.4 Membrane Reactor
11.2.5 Paper-Structured Catalyst with Porous Fiber-Network Microstructure
11.2.6 Porous Organic Polymers (POPs)
11.2.7 PEM Water Electrolysis
11.2.8 Microporous Inorganic Membranes
11.2.9 Hybrid Porous Solids for Hydrogen Evolution
11.3 Other Alternatives for Hydrogen Production
11.3.1 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
11.3.2 Covalent Organic Frameworks
11.3.3 Photochemical Device
11.3.4 Conjugated Polymer Dots (Pdots)
11.4 Preparation Technology and Post-processing
11.5 Material Cost and Energy Source
11.6 Application of Porous Polymers
11.7 Advantage and Limitations
11.7.1 Advantage
11.7.2 Limitations
11.8 Challenges and Future Outlooks
11.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Porous Polymers in Photocatalysis
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Photocatalysis
12.3 Mechanism of Action
12.4 Porous Polymer Catalyzed Light Induced Organic Transformations
12.4.1 Polycarbazole
12.4.2 Benzimidazole, Benzoxazole, and Benzothiazole
12.4.3 Xanthene
12.4.4 Porphyrin
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Porous Polymers for CO 2 Reduction
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Role of CO 2 in Climate Change
13.3 Mitigation Strategies of CO 2
13.4 Technologies for CO 2 Capture
13.4.1 Post-combustion Process
13.4.2 Pre-combustion Process
13.4.3 Oxy-fuel Combustion
13.4.4 Chemical Looping Combustion
13.5 Porous Organic Polymers
13.5.1 Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
13.5.2 Covalent Triazine Frameworks
13.5.3 Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity
13.5.4 Porous Aromatic Frameworks
13.5.5 Hyper-Crosslinked Polymers
13.5.6 Conjugated Microporous Polymers
13.6 Factors Affecting the CO 2 Uptake
13.6.1 Surface Area
13.6.2 Functionalization of Pore Size
13.6.3 Swellable Polymers
13.6.4 Heteroatomic Skeleton
13.6.5 Surface Functionalized POPs
13.6.5.1 Organic Functional Groups
13.6.5.2 Inorganic Ions
13.7 Selectivity of CO 2
13.8 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Chapter 14: Antibacterial Applications of Porous Polymers
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Development of Porous Polymers with Antimicrobial Potential
14.2.1 Direct Modeling Methodology
14.2.2 Direct Synthesis Methodologies
14.2.3 Block Copolymer Self-assembly Methodologies
14.3 Some Porous Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymers for Antimicrobial Applications
14.3.1 Polymeric Aerogels, Bioaerogels, and Polymeric Foams
14.3.2 Polymeric Aerogels, Bioaerogels, and Bio-based Polymeric Foams are Biocompatible and non-Toxic
14.4 Applications of Porous Antimicrobial Polymers in the Food Industry
14.5 Applications of Porous Antimicrobial Polymers in the Pharmaceutical Industry
14.6 Conclusions
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgment
References
Index