Polymeric Materials in Corrosion Inhibition: Fundamentals and Applications

Front Cover
Polymeric Materials in Corrosion Inhibition
Copyright Page
Contents
About the authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
I. The Fundamentals
1 Basic polymer concepts I
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification of polymers
1.2.1 Classification based on source
1.2.2 Classification based on structure of polymers
1.2.3 Classification based on mode of polymerization
1.2.4 Classification based on molecular forces
1.3 General properties of polymers
1.3.1 Thermal properties
1.3.2 Mechanical properties
1.3.3 Solubility properties
1.3.4 Optical properties
1.4 Polymerization reactions
1.4.1 Chain-growth or addition polymerization reactions
1.4.1.1 Free radical addition polymerization
1.4.1.1.1 Initiation of free radical polymerization
1.4.1.1.2 Propagation (chain growth) of free radical polymerization
1.4.1.1.3 Bonding types of monomer units
1.4.1.1.4 Termination of free radical polymerization
1.4.1.2 Kinetics of free radical polymerization
1.4.1.3 Features of free radical polymerization reaction
1.4.2 Step-growth or condensation polymerization reaction
1.4.2.1 Characteristics of step-growth polymerization
1.4.2.2 Control of molar mass in step-growth polymerization reactions
1.4.3 Ionic polymerization
1.4.3.1 Cationic polymerization
1.4.3.1.1 Initiation of cationic polymerization
1.4.3.1.2 Propagation of cationic polymerization
1.4.3.1.3 Termination of cationic polymerization
1.4.3.2 The kinetics of cationic polymerization
1.4.3.2.1 Number-average degree of cationic polymerization
1.4.3.3 Anionic polymerization
1.4.3.3.1 The kinetics of anionic polymerization
1.4.4 Coordination polymerization
1.4.4.1 Preparation and structure of catalyst
1.4.4.2 Mechanism of polymerization on Ziegler–Natta catalysts
1.4.4.2.1 Monometallic mechanism
1.4.4.2.2 Factors affecting the Ziegler-Natta catalyst
1.4.5 Controlled radical polymerization
1.4.5.1 Atom transfer radical polymerization
1.4.5.1.1 Kinetics of atom transfer radical polymerization
1.4.5.1.2 Initiators, transition metals, and ligands for atom transfer radical polymerization
1.4.5.1.3 Alternative strategies for initiation of atom transfer radical polymerization
1.4.5.2 Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization
1.4.5.2.1 Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization agents
1.5 Polymerization techniques
1.5.1 Gas phase polymerization
1.5.2 Bulk polymerization
1.5.3 Solution polymerization
1.5.4 Suspension polymerization
1.5.5 Emulsion polymerization
1.5.6 Solid phase polymerization
Further reading
2 Basic polymer concepts II
2.1 Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution
2.1.1 Methods of molecular weight determination
2.1.1.1 Osmometry techniques
2.1.1.2 End group analysis
2.1.1.3 Light-scattering technique
2.1.1.4 Sedimentation technique
2.1.1.5 Gel permeation chromatography
2.1.1.6 Viscometry
2.1.1.7 Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy
2.1.1.8 Diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
2.2 Copolymerization
2.2.1 Types of copolymers
2.2.2 Copolymer composition
2.2.2.1 Copolymerization equation and monomer reactivity ratios
2.2.2.2 Types of copolymerization
2.3 Biodegradable polymers
2.4 Uses of polymers
2.4.1 Polymers in corrosion control
2.4.2 Polymers as scale inhibitors
2.4.3 Polymers as adsorbents
2.4.4 Polymers in biomedical applications
2.4.5 Polymers for enhanced oil recovery
2.4.6 Other applications
2.4.6.1 Pharmaceutical applications
2.4.6.2 Packaging applications
References
Further reading
3 Basic concepts of corrosion
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Definition
3.3 Types of corrosion
3.3.1 Uniform or general corrosion
3.3.2 Galvanic or bimetallic corrosion
3.3.3 Pitting corrosion
3.3.4 Crevice corrosion
3.3.5 Intergranular corrosion
3.3.6 Dealloying
3.3.7 Flow-assisted corrosion
3.3.8 Stress corrosion cracking
3.3.9 Microbiologically influenced corrosion
3.3.10 Filiform corrosion
3.3.11 Exfoliation
3.3.12 Corrosion fatigue
3.3.13 Hydrogen embrittlement corrosion
3.3.14 Fretting corrosion
3.3.15 Sweet and sour corrosion
3.3.16 Top of the line corrosion
3.4 Factors influencing corrosion
3.4.1 Physical factors
3.4.2 Chemical factors
3.4.3 Biological factors
3.4.4 Surface area effect
3.5 Consequences and cost of corrosion
3.6 Theories of corrosion
3.7 Corrosion mitigation approaches
3.7.1 Protective coatings
3.7.1.1 Smart coatings
3.7.2 Material selection and design
3.7.3 Cathodic protection
3.7.4 Corrosion inhibitors
References
Further reading
4 Fundamentals of corrosion inhibition
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Corrosion inhibitors
4.3 Classes of corrosion inhibitors
4.3.1 Passivating inhibitors
4.3.2 Cathodic inhibitors
4.3.3 Organic inhibitors
4.3.4 Precipitation inhibitors
4.3.5 Volatile corrosion inhibitors
4.3.6 Adsorption inhibitors
4.3.7 Surface reaction product inhibitors
4.3.8 Interphase inhibitors
4.3.9 Interface inhibitors
4.4 Factors affecting corrosion inhibitor effectiveness
4.5 Mechanism of corrosion inhibition
4.6 Techniques for corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency determination
4.6.1 Chemical techniques
4.6.1.1 Weight loss method
4.6.1.2 Gasometric method
4.6.1.3 Thermometric method
4.6.2 Electrochemical methods
4.6.2.1 Linear polarization resistance
4.6.2.2 Potentiodynamic polarization
4.6.2.3 Electrochemical noise
4.6.2.4 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
4.6.2.5 Electrochemical frequency modulation
4.7 Surface analysis methods
4.7.1 Atomic force microscopy
4.7.2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
4.7.3 Scanning electron microscopy
4.7.4 Energy dispersive spectroscopy
References
Further reading
II. Natural Polymers in Corrosion Inhibition
5 Chitosan
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Synthesis and properties of chitosan
5.2.1 Preparation
5.2.2 Properties
5.3 Application of chitosan as corrosion inhibitor in diverse media
5.3.1 Acid media
5.3.2 Other corrosive media
5.4 Enhancement of corrosion inhibition performance of chitosan
5.4.1 Combination for synergistic effect
5.4.2 Modification by compositing
References
6 Chitosan derivatives
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Synthesis and characterization of chitosan derivatives
6.1.1.1 Chitosan-thiosemicarbazide/thiocarbohydrazide derivative
6.1.1.2 Chitosan–polyethylene glycol derivative
6.1.1.3 Chitosan–Schiff base derivatives
6.1.1.4 Chitosan-vanillin derivative
6.1.1.5 Quaternized chitosan derivatives
6.1.1.6 Aminotriazolethiol-chitosan derivative
6.1.1.7 Carboxymethyl-chitosan derivative
6.1.1.8 β-Cyclodextrin-chitosan derivative
6.1.1.9 Glucosyloxyethyl acrylate graft chitosan derivative
6.1.1.10 Oligochitosan derivatives
6.1.1.11 Surfactant-chitosan derivative
6.1.1.12 Chitosan-anionic surfactant derivative
6.1.1.13 Chitosan oligosaccharide derivatives
6.1.1.14 Chitosan-O-fumaryl derivative
6.1.1.15 Acetyl thiourea chitosan derivative
6.2 Application of chitosan derivatives as corrosion inhibitors in different media
6.2.1 Chitosan derivatives with diverse heteroatoms
6.2.2 Chitosan Schiff bases in corrosion inhibition
6.2.3 Other chitosan derivatives in corrosion inhibition
6.3 Enhancement of corrosion inhibition by chitosan derivatives
References
7 Cellulose and its derivatives
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Carboxymethyl cellulose
7.1.1.1 Carboxymethyl cellulose as corrosion inhibitor
7.1.1.2 Enhancement of carboxymethyl cellulose as a corrosion inhibitor
7.2 Other cellulose derivatives
7.2.1 Other cellulose derivatives as corrosion inhibitors
7.2.2 Enhancement of corrosion inhibition performance of other cellulose derivatives
References
8 Natural gums and their derivatives
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Classification of gums
8.2 Application of gums as corrosion inhibitors
8.2.1 Gum Arabic
8.2.2 Gum Arabic in corrosion inhibition
8.3 Guar gum
8.3.1 Preparation
8.3.2 Properties
8.3.3 Guar gum in corrosion inhibition
8.4 Xanthan gums
8.4.1 Xanthan gums in corrosion inhibition
8.5 Gellan gum
8.5.1 Preparation
8.5.2 Properties
8.5.3 Gellan gum in corrosion inhibition
References
9 Other natural gums and gum modifications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Carrageenan
9.2.1 Carrageenan in corrosion inhibition
9.3 Other exudate gums in corrosion inhibition
9.4 Enhancement of the corrosion inhibition performance of gums
9.4.1 Chemical modification
9.4.2 Synergism
References
10 Pectin and derivatives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification of pectin
10.3 Sources and preparation of pectin
10.4 Properties of pectin
10.5 Application of pectin as a corrosion inhibitor
10.6 Enhancement of the corrosion inhibition performance of pectin
References
11 Alginate and its derivatives
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Preparation of alginate
11.3 Properties of alginates
11.4 Application of alginates as corrosion inhibitors
11.5 Enhancement of corrosion inhibition performance of alginates
References
12 Starch and its derivatives
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Preparation of starch
12.3 Properties of starch
12.3.1 Physical properties
12.3.2 Chemical properties
12.4 Application of starch as a corrosion inhibitor
12.5 Enhancement of the corrosion inhibition performance of starch
References
13 Other natural polymers: gelatin, dextrin, and dextran
13.1 Gelatins
13.1.1 Preparation and properties of gelatin
13.1.1.1 Preparation
13.1.1.2 Properties
13.2 Dextrin
13.2.1 Preparation and properties of dextrin
13.2.1.1 Preparation
13.2.1.2 Properties
13.3 Dextran
13.3.1 Preparation and properties of dextran
13.3.1.1 Preparation
13.3.1.2 Properties
13.4 Application of gelatin, dextrin, and dextran as corrosion inhibitors
13.5 Gelatin, dextrin, and dextran corrosion inhibition
References
III. Synthetic Polymers in Corrosion Inhibition
14 Polyglycols
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Polyethylene glycol
14.2.1 Preparation
14.2.2 Properties
14.3 Polypropylene glycol
14.3.1 Preparation
14.3.2 Properties
14.4 Corrosion inhibition by polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol
14.5 Enhancement of corrosion inhibition performance of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol
14.5.1 Chemical modification
14.5.2 Enhancement through compositing and combination with synergists
References
15 Acrylic polymers
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Polyacrylic acid
15.2.1 Synthesis and properties
15.2.1.1 Preparation
15.2.1.2 Properties
15.2.2 Polyacrylic acid and sodium polyacrylate as corrosion inhibitors
15.2.3 Enhancement of corrosion inhibition properties
15.3 Polymethacrylic acid
15.3.1 Synthesis and properties
15.3.1.1 Preparation
15.3.1.2 Properties
15.3.2 Polymethacrylic acid as a corrosion inhibitor
15.3.3 Enhancement of corrosion inhibition effect
15.4 Polyacrylamide
15.4.1 Preparation
15.4.2 Physical properties
15.4.3 Chemical properties
15.4.4 Polyacrylamide as a corrosion inhibitor
15.4.5 Ways to improve corrosion inhibition performance
15.4.5.1 Grafting
15.4.5.2 Nanocompositing
15.4.5.3 Combination with iodide ions
References
16 Vinyl polymers
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Polyvinyl alcohol
16.2.1 Preparation and properties
16.2.1.1 Preparation
16.2.1.2 Physical properties
16.2.1.3 Chemical properties
16.2.2 Polyvinyl alcohol as a corrosion inhibitor
16.2.3 Enhancement of corrosion inhibition performance
16.3 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone
16.3.1 Preparation
16.3.1.1 Properties
16.3.2 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone as corrosion inhibitor
16.3.3 Ways to enhance corrosion inhibition performance
References
17 Polyethers
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Polyethylene oxide
17.2.1 Preparation of polyethylene oxide
17.2.2 Properties of polyethylene oxide
17.2.2.1 Physical properties
17.2.2.2 Chemical properties
17.3 Polypropylene oxide
17.3.1 Preparation of polypropylene oxide
17.3.2 Properties of polypropylene oxide
17.4 Polyethers as corrosion inhibitors
17.4.1 Enhanced performance of polyether-potassium iodide mixture
17.4.2 Enhanced performance of polyethers nanocomposites and copolymers
17.4.3 Corrosion inhibition property of macrocyclic polyethers
References
18 Resin based polymers
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Synthesis and properties of resin-based polymers
18.2.1 Epoxy resins
18.2.1.1 Phenolic resins
18.2.1.2 Urea formaldehyde resins
18.2.2 Preparation and properties
18.2.2.1 Melamine formaldehyde resins
18.2.2.2 Preparation
18.2.2.3 Properties
18.3 Resin-based polymers in corrosion inhibition
References
19 Conducting polymers
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Classification of conducting polymers
19.2.1 Polyacetylenes
19.2.2 Polyphenylenes
19.2.3 Polythiophene
19.2.4 Polypyrrole
19.2.5 Poly(arylene vinylenes)
19.2.6 Polyaniline
19.3 Conducting polymers in corrosion inhibition
References
20 Dendrimers
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Classification/types of dendrimers
20.2 Synthesis and properties of dendrimers
20.2.1 Synthesis
20.2.1.1 Divergent approach
20.2.1.2 Convergent approach
20.2.1.3 Double exponential growth technique
20.2.1.4 Double-stage convergent method or hypercore approach
20.2.1.5 Hypermonomer method or the branched monomer approach
20.2.2 Properties
20.3 Dendrimers as corrosion inhibitors
References
21 Copolymers
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Random or statistical copolymers
21.1.2 Alternating copolymers
21.1.3 Block copolymers
21.1.3.1 Synthesis by anionic polymerization
21.1.3.2 Synthesis by cationic polymerization
21.1.3.3 Synthesis by controlled radical polymerization
21.1.4 Graft copolymers
21.1.5 Copolymer synthesis
21.1.5.1 Chain-growth copolymerization
21.1.5.2 Step-growth copolymerization
21.2 Synthetic polymer–based copolymers as corrosion inhibitors
21.3 Natural polymer–based copolymers as corrosion inhibitors
21.4 Conducting polymer–based copolymers as corrosion inhibitors
21.5 Other polymer-based copolymers as corrosion inhibitors
References
22 Polyaspartic acid and poly(vinylpyridine) polymers
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Polyaspartic acid/polyaspartate
22.1.2 Polyaspartic acid/polyaspartate preparation
22.2 Poly(4-vinylpyridine)
22.2.1 Properties
22.3 Application of polyaspartic acid and poly(vinylpyridine) polymers as corrosion inhibitors
22.3.1 Polyaspartic acid as a corrosion inhibitor
22.3.2 Poly(vinylpyridine) as a corrosion inhibitor
References
23 Other synthetic polymers
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Polyethyleneimine
23.2.1 Preparation and properties
23.3 Polyamides
23.3.1 Properties
23.3.2 Preparation
23.4 Polyvinyl acetate
23.4.1 Preparation and properties
23.5 Other synthetic polymers
23.6 Application of synthetic polymers as corrosion inhibitors
23.6.1 Polyamide as a corrosion inhibitor
23.6.2 Polyethyleneimine as a corrosion inhibitor
23.6.3 Corrosion inhibition performance of other synthetic polymers
References
24 Mechanism of corrosion inhibition by polymers
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Adsorption mechanism of polymers
24.3 Quantum chemical calculations
24.4 Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations
24.4.1 Molecular dynamics
24.4.2 Monte Carlo simulation
References
Index
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