Pollution Assessment for Sustainable Practices in Applied Sciences and Engineering: Concepts, Techniques, and Practice

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Pollution Assessment for Sustainable Practices in Applied Sciences and Engineering
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Preface
Chapter-1---Sustainable-poll_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainable-Pract
1 . Sustainable pollution assessment practices
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Sustainable development concept
1.2.1 Social sustainability
1.2.2 Environmental sustainability
1.2.3 Economic sustainability
1.2.4 Land sustainability
1.3 Sustainable development and the ambient environment
1.4 Land environment
1.5 Global environmental problems and restoration initiatives
1.5.1 Global warming and climate change
1.5.2 Chemicals in the environment
1.5.2.1 Persistent organic pollutants
1.5.2.2 Metals
1.5.2.3 Health care waste
1.5.2.4 Electronic waste
1.5.2.5 Mitigation measures
1.5.3 Pollution of marines and rivers
1.5.3.1 Oil spill
1.5.3.2 Plastic debris in marine environment
1.5.3.3 Freshwater bodies
1.5.3.4 Conservation and sustainable use of oceans, seas, and marine resources
1.5.4 Extinction of species and biodiversity
1.5.4.1 Marine ecosystem
1.5.4.2 Animals
1.5.4.3 Forests
1.5.4.4 Mitigation measures
1.5.5 Environmental pollution in developing countries
1.5.5.1 Industries and population
1.5.5.2 Air pollution
1.5.5.3 Water pollution and management
1.6 Interconnection of environmental problems
1.7 Geoenvironmental engineering aspects
1.8 General pollution assessment framework
1.9 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter-2---Risk-analys_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainable-Practices-
2 . Risk analysis and management
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Decision trees
2.3 Optimum decision criteria
2.3.1 Maximum expected monetary value criterion
2.3.2 Minimax criterion
2.4 Expected value of perfect information
2.5 Statistical measures in decision-making analyses
2.5.1 Decision analysis of limited spill
2.5.2 Decision analysis of catastrophic spill
2.5.3 Worth of additional statistical measures to the MEMV
2.6 Extended environmental cost
2.6.1 Limited leakage (remediation cost less than US$2 million)
2.6.2 Catastrophic leakage (remediation cost exceeds US$2 million)
2.6.3 The lost value of groundwater and modified decision analysis
2.7 Utility theory
2.7.1 Utility concept
2.7.2 Exponential utility model
2.7.3 Partial involvement in projects
2.7.4 The use of the exponential utility in spillage and leakage problems
2.7.5 Application
2.7.6 Bayesian decision theory
2.8 Risk assessment
2.9 Basic elements of human health risk assessment
2.9.1 Hazard identification
2.9.2 Exposure assessment
2.9.3 Toxicity assessment
2.9.3.1 Introduction
2.9.3.2 Sources of toxicity information
2.9.3.2.1 Epidemiological studies
2.9.3.2.2 Animal studies
2.9.3.2.3 Supporting studies
2.9.3.3 Toxicological parameters
2.9.3.3.1 Noncarcinogenic effects
2.9.3.3.2 Carcinogenic effects
2.9.3.3.3 Weight-of-evidence classification
2.9.3.3.4 Slope factor calculation
2.9.4 Exposure route considerations
2.10 Risk characterization
2.10.1 Calculation of carcinogenic risks
2.10.2 Calculation of noncarcinogenic hazards
2.11 Risk management
2.11.1 Elements of a risk management program
2.11.1.1 Hazards identification program
2.11.1.2 Consequence analysis
2.11.1.3 Risk mitigation
2.11.2 Quantified risk assessment
2.12 Role of regulatory agencies
2.13 Regulatory approaches
2.13.1 Risk-based mitigation criteria
2.13.2 Numerically based mitigation criteria
2.14 Mitigation technologies for polluted soils
2.14.1 Natural attenuation
2.14.2 Containment
2.14.3 Removal and treatment
2.14.4 In situ treatment
2.14.5 Selection of mitigation options
2.15 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter-3---Environmental-app_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainable-Prac
3 . Environmental applications of remote sensing
3.1 Environmental problems and remote sensing
3.2 Concepts and foundations of remote sensing
3.2.1 Spectral bands for imaging
3.2.2 Spectral signature and atmospheric windows
3.2.3 Imaging quality and information content
3.3 Remote sensing instruments and platforms
3.3.1 Imaging systems
3.3.1.1 Optical imaging systems
3.3.1.2 Thermal imaging systems
3.3.1.3 Radar imaging systems
3.3.2 Nonimaging systems
3.3.2.1 Satellite altimeters
3.4 Ocean surface circulation and marine debris application
3.4.1 Ocean surface circulation
3.4.2 Remote sensing of marine debris
3.5 Unmanned aerial systems
3.5.1 Why now? Why is adaptation so slow?
3.5.2 UAV components
3.5.3 Environmental applications of UAS
3.5.4 State of the art for UASs
3.6 Future directions and Earth observation in Europe
3.6.1 Copernicus
3.6.2 Earth Explorers
3.6.3 Meteorology
3.7 Summary and remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-4---Geographic-information-sys_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustain
4 . Geographic information system: spatial data structures, models, and case studies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General information organization and data structure
4.2.1 Data and information
4.3 Geographic data and geographic information
4.3.1 Information organization
4.3.2 Data perspective
4.4 Information organization of graphical data
4.4.1 Levels of data abstraction
4.4.2 Relationship perspective of information organization
4.4.3 Spatial relationships
4.5 The operating system perspective of information organization
4.5.1 The application architecture perspective of information organization
4.6 Fundamental concepts of data
4.6.1 Spatial versus nonspatial data
4.6.2 Databases for spatial data
4.6.3 Data models and modeling
4.7 Case studies
4.7.1 Case 1: application of geographic information system–based spatial analyses in soil chemistry, Colorado, United States
4.7.2 Case 2: land use classification in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia
4.7.3 Case study 3: delineation of copper mineralization ones at Wadi Ham, northern Oman Mountains, using multispectral Landsat 8 ...
4.7.3.1 Site characteristics
4.7.3.2 Image processing of Landsat 8 data
4.7.3.3 Spectral characteristics analysis
4.7.3.4 Mineralization: delineation and mapping
4.8 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter-5---Geophysi_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainable-Practices-in-
5 . Geophysical methods
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electrical resistivity methods
5.2.1 Electrical resistivity theory
5.2.2 Electrical properties
5.2.3 Field procedures
5.2.4 Electrode configurations
5.2.5 Interpretation methods
5.3 Electromagnetic methods
5.3.1 Basic theory
5.4 Electromagnetic techniques
5.4.1 Frequency domain methods
5.4.2 Time domain methods
5.4.3 Natural source methods
5.4.4 Interpretation methods
5.5 Seismic methods
5.5.1 Basic theory
5.5.2 Seismic energy amplitude loss
5.5.3 Seismic sources and receivers
5.5.4 Seismic surveys
5.5.5 Seismic refraction
5.5.6 Seismic reflection
5.5.7 Surface waves
5.6 Ground-penetrating radar
5.6.1 Basic theory
5.6.2 Field procedures and data processing
5.6.3 Interpretation
5.7 Gravity and magnetic methods
5.7.1 Gravity theory
5.7.2 Gravity field procedures
5.7.3 Gravity data processing
5.7.4 Magnetic theory
5.7.5 Earth's magnetic field
5.7.6 Magnetic field procedures
5.7.7 Magnetic data processing
5.7.8 Material properties
5.7.9 Gravity and magnetic interpretation techniques
5.7.10 Data presentation
5.7.11 Magnetic anomaly shapes
5.7.12 Regional and residual gravity anomalies
5.7.13 Data enhancement
5.7.14 Modeling
5.8 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter-6---Site-in_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainable-Practices-in-A
6 . Site investigation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Site investigation approach
6.3 Phase I investigations
6.3.1 Collecting information
6.3.1.1 Sources of information on site history
6.3.1.2 Geologic and hydrogeologic information
6.3.1.3 Hydrologic information
6.3.2 Field reconnaissance
6.3.3 Development of a conceptual model
6.3.4 Establishing the work plan
6.4 Phase II investigations
6.5 Geophysical techniques
6.6 Hydrogeological investigations
6.6.1 Drilling methods
6.6.1.1 Hollow-stem auger
6.6.1.2 Solid-stem auger
6.6.1.3 Cable-tool drilling
6.6.1.4 Air-rotary drilling
6.6.1.5 Air-percussion rotary or down-hole hammer
6.6.1.6 Reverse circulation drilling
6.6.1.7 Hydraulic rotary
6.6.2 Sampling methods
6.6.2.1 Drill cutting samples
6.6.2.2 Core samples
6.6.3 Well installation techniques
6.6.3.1 Drive point wells
6.6.3.2 Individual wells
6.6.4 Monitoring well design components
6.6.4.1 Diameter
6.6.4.2 Casing and screen material
6.6.4.3 Sealing materials
6.6.4.4 Screen length and depth of placement
6.6.4.5 Location and number
6.6.5 Well decontamination procedures
6.7 Hydrogeochemical investigation
6.7.1 Subsurface environment
6.7.1.1 pH and alkalinity
6.7.1.2 Redox potential
6.7.1.3 Salinity and dissolved constituents
6.7.1.4 Soil matrix
6.7.1.5 Temperature and pressure
6.7.1.6 Microbial activity
6.7.2 Sampling considerations
6.7.2.1 Sampling location
6.7.2.2 Sampling frequency
6.7.2.3 Sample type and size
6.7.2.4 Vadose zone sampling
6.7.2.5 Groundwater sampling
6.8 Geochemical data collection
6.8.1 Sources of errors
6.8.1.1 Field errors
6.8.1.2 Analytical errors
6.8.1.3 Indirect measurement
6.8.1.4 Data handling
6.8.2 Sampling methods and types
6.9 Geochemical data analysis
6.10 Case study I: landfill site investigation: Phase 1: assessment of the geoengineering conditions
6.10.1 Introduction
6.10.2 Geotechnical investigation
6.10.3 Geomechanical analysis
6.10.3.1 Settlement analysis based on relative density measurements
6.10.3.2 Settlement analysis based on plate bearing test results
6.11 Conclusion
6.12 Case study I: landfill site investigation: Phase 2: assessment of the geoenvironmental conditions
6.12.1 Introduction
6.12.2 Monitored boreholes
6.12.3 Results and discussion
6.12.3.1 Gas analysis
6.12.3.2 Water analysis
6.12.3.2.1 Groundwater from installed wells
6.12.3.2.2 House water tanks
6.12.3.2.3 House wells
6.12.3.2.4 Possible migration pathway
6.12.4 Conclusion
6.13 Case study II: assessment of land salinization spread in arid lands
6.13.1 Spectral response of salt-affected soils
6.13.2 The reflectance spectra of gypsum and halite
6.13.3 Remote sensing data and techniques
6.13.4 Temporal variations of land-cover and landscape features
6.13.5 Remote detection of secondary salinity
6.13.6 Hyperspectroscopy
6.14 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter-7---Subsurface-p_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainable-Practices
7 . Subsurface pollutant transport
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Modeling process
7.3 Transport mechanisms in soil
7.3.1 Advection
7.3.2 Diffusion
7.3.2.1 Effects of soil properties on Ds
7.3.3 Dispersion
7.3.4 Sorption
7.4 Transport equation
7.5 Solute transport models
7.5.1 Conservative tracer
7.5.2 Reactive chemical species
7.5.3 Spill of pollutants
7.5.4 Pollutant plume
7.6 Mass transfer limitations during pollutant transport
7.6.1 Single-rate mass transfer approach
7.6.2 Multirate mass transfer approach
7.7 Experimental determination of adsorption characteristics
7.7.1 Batch method
7.7.2 Circulation-through-column method
7.7.3 Column method
7.7.3.1 Moment analysis
7.7.3.2 Curve fitting
7.8 Modeling of pollutant transport using second postulate of irreversible thermodynamics
7.8.1 Aqueous phase liquid (APL) transport
7.8.2 Nonaqueous phase liquid transport
7.8.2.1 Saturated condition
7.8.2.2 Unsaturated conditions
7.9 Advanced modeling: the stochastic approach
7.10 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter-8---Indoor-air-quality--po_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainable
8 . Indoor air quality: pollutants, health effects, and regulations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Indoor air quality
8.3 Sources and characteristics of major IAPS
8.3.1 Volatile organic compounds
8.3.2 Formaldehyde
8.3.3 Particulate matter
8.3.4 Nitrogen dioxide
8.3.5 Carbon dioxide
8.3.6 Carbon monoxide
8.3.7 Ozone
8.3.8 Radon
8.3.9 Airborne biological pollutants
8.3.9.1 Bacteria and fungi
8.3.9.2 House dust mites
8.4 Other related studies on the health effects of IAPs
8.5 Sampling and measurements of IAPs
8.5.1 Data collection and regulations
8.5.2 Criteria for sampling locations and duration
8.5.2.1 Spatially average measurements
8.5.2.2 Sampling for spatial average indoor concentration
8.5.3 Methods of sampling
8.5.3.1 Active and passive air sampling
8.5.3.2 Whole-air sampling
8.6 Influence of outdoor air pollution on IAQ
8.7 Measures to minimize entry of outdoor polluted air indoors
8.8 IAQ guidelines and building regulations
8.9 Sick building syndrome, green buildings, and wellbeing
8.9.1 Sick building syndrome
8.9.2 Green buildings and wellbeing
8.10 Summary and conclusions
References
Further reading
Chapter-9---Outdoor-air-pollutants--sour_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Susta
9 . Outdoor air pollutants: sources, characteristics, and impact on human health and the environment
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sources of outdoor air pollutants
9.2.1 Natural sources
9.2.2 Man-made sources
9.2.3 Concentration of air pollutants in the outdoor
9.3 Categories of air pollutants
9.3.1 Criteria pollutants
9.3.2 Air toxics and other air pollutants
9.3.3 Stratospheric ozone
9.4 Anthropogenic emissions inventory by sector
9.5 Air pollutant main indicators
9.5.1 Particulate matter
9.5.1.1 Composition and emission
9.5.1.2 Human health effects
9.5.1.3 Environmental effects
9.5.2 Ozone
9.5.2.1 Formation
9.5.2.2 Human health effects
9.5.2.3 Environmental effects
9.5.3 Nitrogen dioxide
9.5.3.1 Sources
9.5.3.2 Human health effects
9.5.3.3 Environmental effects
9.5.4 Carbon monoxide
9.5.4.1 Sources
9.5.4.2 Human health effects
9.5.4.3 Environmental effects
9.5.5 Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
9.5.5.1 Sources
9.5.5.2 Human health effects
9.5.5.3 Environmental effects
9.6 Air toxics
9.6.1 Nonvolatile metals
9.6.1.1 Sources
9.6.1.2 Human health effects
9.6.1.3 Environmental effects
9.6.2 Acid aerosols
9.6.3 Volatile metals
9.6.4 Fluoride
9.6.5 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
9.6.6 Biological pollutants
9.6.7 Bushfire smoke
9.6.8 Dust storm
9.6.9 Blast fumes
9.6.10 Mine dust
9.6.11 Coal burning
9.7 Monitoring and measurement
9.8 Monitoring of air pollutants in the United Arab Emirates
9.9 Global environmental impact of climate change
9.9.1 Causes of climate change
9.9.2 Economic impact of climate change
9.9.3 Environmental impacts of climate change
9.9.4 Control of global temperature rise
9.10 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter-10---Modeling-air-pol_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainable-Prac
10 . Modeling air pollution by atmospheric desert
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Atmospheric chemistry–climate model
10.3 Atmospheric dust chemistry
10.4 Sensitivity of dust removal to chemical aging
10.5 Climate forcing of aeolian dust
10.6 Public health impacts of aeolian dust
10.7 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Chapter-11---Tropospheric-air-p_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainable-Pr
11 . Tropospheric air pollution—aviation industry's case
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Aviation and greenhouse gas emissions
11.2.1 Aviation and carbon dioxide
11.2.2 Aviation emission inventories
11.2.3 Aviation and environmental impact
11.3 European Union Emissions Trading System
11.4 Aviation CO2 management
11.4.1 Aviation CO2 emissions calculation
11.4.2 Data planning and reporting
11.4.3 Annual greenhouse gas index
11.4.4 Aviation's climate impact
11.5 Carbon cycle and climate system
11.5.1 The slow carbon cycle
11.5.1.1 Chemical weathering
11.5.1.2 Heat and pressure
11.5.1.3 Animal and plant organic matter
11.5.1.4 Natural processes
11.5.1.5 Marine environment
11.5.2 The fast carbon cycle
11.5.3 Effects of changing the carbon cycle
11.6 Monitoring techniques
11.6.1 Monitoring types
11.6.2 Infrared absorption characteristics of gases
11.6.3 Commercial gas sensors
11.7 Greenhouse gas remote sensing instruments
11.7.1 Satellite instruments
11.7.1.1 Atmospheric Infrared Sounder
11.7.1.2 Orbiting Carbon Observatory
11.7.1.3 CO2 sounder lidar
11.7.2 Airborne instruments
11.7.2.1 Airborne laser isotope spectrometer
11.7.2.2 Aircraft laser infrared absorption spectrometer
11.7.2.3 Atmospheric vertical observations of CO2 in earth's troposphere
11.7.2.4 CO2 laser absorption spectrometer
11.7.2.5 Differential absorption carbon monoxide measurement
11.7.2.6 Nondispersed infrared airborne CO2 detector
11.7.2.7 Tropospheric ozone and tracers sensor
11.7.2.8 Atmospheric remote sensing instrument
11.8 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter-12---Health-econom_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainable-Practic
12 . Health economics of air pollution
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Definition of air pollutants
12.3 Causes of air pollution
12.3.1 Effects of air pollution on health: epidemiological indication
12.3.2 Monitoring of air pollution: air-quality index
12.3.3 Policy in preventing air pollution
12.4 Effects of air pollution on health: the economic evidence
12.4.1 Health and life: the valuation
12.4.2 Value of a statistical life: the ordinary method for calculating mortality cost
12.4.3 VSL for each country and intracommunity and international equity
12.4.4 Severity and persistence of air pollution
12.5 Impacts of policy: an empirical approach
12.5.1 Practice and contemplation: economic evaluation
12.5.2 Sectoral technical evidence and its limits
12.5.3 Costs and effects of air quality: the assessment
12.5.4 “Price+expenditure+environment”: the rational structure
12.5.5 “Pricing, expenditure, and environment”: the proof of productivity
12.5.6 “Pricing, expenditure, and environment”: the chronological framework
12.6 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter-13---A-decision-support-system-for-rankin_2021_Pollution-Assessment-
13 . A decision support system for ranking desalination processes in the Arabian Gulf Countries based on hydrodynamic modeling e ...
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Impact of climate change and coastal effluents on seawater salinity and temperature
13.2.1 Seawater salinity and temperature
13.2.2 Seawater quality impacts on desalination
13.2.3 Climate variability
13.2.4 Long-term response simulation to climate change and coastal effluents
13.2.4.1 Mathematical modeling
13.2.4.2 Long-term observations
13.2.4.3 Statistical analysis
13.2.4.4 Far-field hydrodynamics modeling
13.2.4.5 Far-field and particle tracking
13.2.4.6 Coupling near- and far-field hydrodynamics
13.3 Data use
13.3.1 Area description
13.3.2 Baseline hydrology
13.3.3 Water resources
13.4 Hydrodynamic modeling
13.4.1 Model description
13.4.2 Model setup and calibration
13.4.2.1 Domain and grid resolution
13.4.2.2 Initial and boundary conditions
13.4.2.3 Model simulation design
13.4.2.4 Heat flux and evaporation
13.4.2.5 River input
13.4.2.6 Physical parameters
13.4.2.7 Numerical parameters
13.4.3 Model validation
13.4.3.1 Tide
13.4.3.2 Currents
13.4.3.3 Salinity and temperature
13.4.3.4 Evaporation
13.5 Environmental impacts due to climate change and costal effluents
13.5.1 Input data preparation for model simulation
13.5.2 Future scenarios
13.5.2.1 Salinity
13.5.2.2 Temperature
13.6 Impact of seawater salinity and temperature on performance of desalination processes
13.6.1 Decision support matrix
13.6.1.1 Thermal response to seawater salinity and temperature changes
13.6.1.2 Reverse osmosis response to seawater salinity and temperature changes
13.6.2 Decision support matrix approach
13.6.2.1 Salinity–decision support matrix
13.6.2.2 Temperature–decision support matrix
13.6.3 Evaluating long-term impact of salinity and seawater temperature changes on desalination performance
13.6.3.1 Least negatively impacted ranking
13.6.3.2 Projected results for Al Quwain, United Arab Emirates
13.6.4 Projected results in other gulf desalination plants
13.7 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter-14---Recent-analytical-methods_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustain
14 . Recent analytical methods for risk assessment of emerging contaminants in ecosystems
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 What are emerging contaminants?
14.1.2 Human impact on the environment
14.1.3 Major sources of emerging contaminants
14.2 Emerging contaminants in the environment
14.2.1 Classes of emerging contaminants
14.2.2 Concentrations of emerging contaminants in the ecosystem
14.2.2.1 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products
14.2.2.2 Disinfection by-products
14.2.2.3 Perfluorinated compounds
14.2.2.4 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
14.2.2.5 Benzotriazoles and dioxane
14.3 Emerging contaminants and regulatory considerations
14.4 Sample collection techniques for emerging contaminants
14.4.1 Considerations in selecting sampling matrices
14.4.2 Sampling techniques
14.4.2.1 Water sampling
14.4.2.2 Sediment sampling
14.4.2.3 Biota sampling
14.4.2.4 Air sampling
14.5 Sample preparation, extraction, and cleanup
14.5.1 Advances in sample preparation
14.5.2 Extraction methods for environmental matrices
14.5.2.1 Extraction from water samples
14.5.2.2 Extraction from sediment/soil samples
14.5.2.3 Extraction from biota samples
14.5.2.4 Extraction from air samples
14.5.3 Cleanup methods
14.6 Instrumental analytical methods
14.6.1 Analytical considerations
14.6.2 Overview of common analytical methods
14.6.2.1 Liquid chromatography methods
14.6.2.2 Gas chromatography methods
14.6.2.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy methods
14.6.3 Latest analytical methods
14.6.3.1 Disinfection by-products
14.6.3.2 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products
14.6.3.3 Benzotriazoles and dioxane
14.6.3.4 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
14.6.3.5 Polyfluorinated compounds
14.7 Summary and concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
Chapter-15---Water-quality-at-Jebe_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainable
15 . Water quality at Jebel Ali Harbor, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Site description
15.3 Review of previous studies of harbor water
15.4 Study approach
15.5 Previous records
15.6 Sample collection and analysis
15.6.1 Sampling locations
15.6.2 Selection of test parameters
15.7 Discharged treated wastewater
15.7.1 Treatment processes employed before discharge
15.7.1.1 Wastewater treatment at EPCL
15.7.1.2 Wastewater treatment at Gulf Food Industries
15.7.1.3 Wastewater treatment at Gulf Denim
15.7.1.4 Wastewater treatment at Emirates Can
15.7.1.5 Sewage treatment plants
15.7.2 Characteristics of discharged treated wastewater
15.7.2.1 General characteristics
15.7.2.2 Fluoride and cyanide
15.7.2.3 Organic matter
15.7.2.4 Nutrients
15.7.2.5 Metallic impurities
15.7.2.6 Trace organic compounds (organic pollutants)
15.7.2.7 Coliform bacteria
15.7.3 Discharges from other sources
15.7.3.1 Discharged cooling water
15.7.3.2 Stormwater
15.7.3.3 Other possible discharges
15.7.4 Impact of discharge sources on harbor water
15.8 Harbor water quality
15.8.1 General characteristics of harbor water
15.8.1.1 Temperature
15.8.1.2 pH
15.8.1.3 Dissolved and suspended solids
15.8.1.4 Anions
15.8.1.5 Dissolved oxygen
15.8.1.6 Organic matter
15.8.1.7 Nutrients
15.8.1.8 Metallic impurities
15.8.1.9 Trace organic compounds
15.8.1.10 Biological characteristics
15.8.2 Variations in parameters with depth
15.8.3 Harbor water quality status
15.9 Summary and concluding remarks
15.10 Recommendations
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-16---Sediment-quality-at-Je_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainabl
16 . Sediment quality at Jebel Ali Harbor, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Previous records
16.3 Methodologies
16.3.1 Sampling locations
16.3.1.1 Selection of test parameters
16.4 Results and discussion
16.4.1 Sediment properties
16.4.2 General characteristics of harbor sediments
16.4.3 Organic matter
16.4.4 Metallic impurities
16.4.5 Trace organic compounds
16.5 Harbor sediment quality assessment
16.6 Conclusion
16.7 Recommendations
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-17---Inland-desalination--tec_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustaina
17 . Inland desalination: techniques, brine management, and environmental concerns
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Desalination capacity
17.3 Conventional desalination techniques
17.3.1 RO technique
17.3.2 ED technique
17.3.3 MSF technique
17.3.4 MED technique
17.4 Emerging desalination technologies
17.4.1 Technologies based on novel membranes
17.4.2 Vapor compression distillation
17.4.3 Semibatch RO
17.4.4 Forward osmosis
17.4.5 Reverse electrodialysis
17.4.6 Membrane distillation
17.4.7 Humidification–dehumidification
17.4.8 Adsorption desalination
17.4.9 Pervaporation
17.4.10 Microbial desalination cells
17.4.11 Ion concentration polarization
17.4.12 Capacitive deionization
17.4.13 Clathrate hydrates
17.4.14 Supercritical water desalination
17.4.15 Hybrid systems
17.5 Brine characteristics
17.6 Brine management
17.6.1 Evaporation ponds and energy recovery
17.6.2 Deep well injection
17.6.3 Freeze
17.6.4 Discharge to sewage network
17.6.5 Reuse
17.6.6 Zero liquid discharge
17.6.7 Salt recovery
17.7 Environmental issues
17.7.1 Brine disposal
17.7.2 GHG emissions
17.7.3 Noise
17.8 Environmental assessment
17.8.1 Environmental impact assessment
17.8.2 Environmental lifecycle assessment
17.9 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter-18---Pollution-asse_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainable-Practi
18 . Pollution assessment of nanomaterials
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Nanomaterials and nanoparticles
18.2.1 Categories
18.2.2 Classes
18.2.2.1 Metal oxides
18.2.2.2 Carbon products
18.2.2.3 Metals
18.2.2.4 Zero-valent metals
18.2.2.5 Quantum dots
18.2.2.6 Nanoclays
18.2.2.7 Polymers
18.2.2.8 Emulsions
18.3 Physicochemical properties
18.3.1 Crystallinity
18.3.2 Composition
18.3.3 Particle size
18.3.4 Aspect ratio
18.3.5 Surface area
18.3.6 Reactivity
18.3.7 Surface charge
18.3.8 Zero point of charge
18.3.9 Solubility
18.3.10 Degradation/persistence
18.3.11 Biodegradation
18.4 The life cycle of ENMs
18.5 The transport of ENMs
18.5.1 Transport in the atmospheric environment
18.5.2 Transport in the hydrosphere environment
18.5.3 Transport in the biosphere (soil) environment
18.5.4 Transport in plants
18.6 The fate of ENMs in environmental ecosystems
18.6.1 The fate of ENMs in the atmosphere environment
18.6.2 The fate of ENMs in the hydrosphere environment
18.6.3 The fate of ENMs in the biosphere environment
18.6.4 The fate of ENMs in the human body
18.6.5 The fate of ENMs in animals
18.6.6 The fate of ENMs in plants
18.7 Bioavailability and toxicity
18.7.1 Bioavailability
18.7.2 Toxicity
18.8 Regulations and standards
18.8.1 The United States
18.8.2 Canada
18.8.3 Japan
18.8.4 The Netherlands
18.8.5 Switzerland
18.8.6 Denmark
18.8.7 Germany
18.9 Risk assessment methods and future directions
18.10 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Chapter-19---Noise-pollution-and-it_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainabl
19 . Noise pollution and its impact on human health and the environment
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Noise fundamentals
19.2.1 Differences in sound levels and decibels
19.2.2 Equivalent continuous sound levels
19.2.3 Sound pressure
19.2.4 A-Weighting scale
19.3 Overview of noise pollution problem
19.4 Policy and standards
19.4.1 World Health Organization
19.4.2 United States
19.4.3 European Commission
19.4.4 India
19.5 Noise exposure sources
19.5.1 Aircraft noise exposure
19.5.2 Road traffic and railway noise exposure
19.5.3 In-vehicle noise exposure
19.5.4 Worksite noise exposure
19.5.5 Construction site noise exposure
19.5.6 Occupational and household noise exposure
19.6 Noise pollution impact
19.6.1 Human health impact
19.6.1.1 Hearing loss
19.6.1.2 Tinnitus
19.6.1.3 Sleeping disorders
19.6.1.4 Annoyance and stress
19.6.1.5 Cardiovascular effects
19.6.1.6 Cognitive impairment in children
19.6.2 Health impact on animals
19.6.2.1 Impact on animals’ communication
19.6.2.2 Animal vocal adjustment to noise pollution
19.6.2.3 Stressor impact on animals
19.6.2.4 Impact on acoustic diversity
19.7 Identification methods for regional noise-affected habitats
19.7.1 Modeling results in unprotected land environment
19.7.2 Modeling results in protected land environment
19.7.3 Modeling results in marine environment
19.8 Noise control measures and sustainability
19.8.1 Sustainable building design
19.8.2 Noise mapping
19.8.3 Control measures
19.8.3.1 Use of barriers and berms along roadside
19.8.3.2 Use of acoustic building materials
19.8.3.3 Roadway vehicle noise source control
19.8.3.4 Road surface and pavement material control
19.8.3.5 Public awareness and education
19.8.3.6 Legislation
19.9 Environmental noise pollution management
19.9.1 Noise management categories
19.9.2 Health-related outcomes of remedial measures
19.10 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter-20---Assessment-of-radiat_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainable-
20 . Assessment of radiation pollution from nuclear power plants
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Radioactive decay
20.3 Environmental radiation
20.4 Sources and types of radwaste
20.4.1 Low-level radioactive waste
20.4.2 Intermediate-level radioactive waste
20.4.3 High-level radioactive waste
20.4.4 Wastes from decommissioning nuclear plants
20.4.5 Legacy wastes
20.5 Geologic disposal of high-level radioactive waste
20.5.1 Outer space
20.5.2 Subduction zones
20.5.3 Ice caps
20.5.4 Geologic isolation on land
20.5.5 Reservoir rock types for geologic isolation
20.5.5.1 Shale
20.5.5.2 Salt vaults
20.5.5.3 Volcanic tuffs
20.5.5.4 Crystalline rock cavities
20.6 Future challenges
20.7 Environmental effects of nuclear power
20.7.1 Radioactive waste
20.7.2 Thermal discharge
20.7.3 Gaseous releases
20.7.4 Milling, mining, and enrichment issues
20.7.5 Accidents, terrorism, and cost issues
20.8 Nuclear regulations
20.8.1 International atomic energy agency
20.8.2 The nuclear energy agency
20.9 Nuclear power plant accidents and incidents
20.10 Emission of radioactive materials
20.11 How dangerous is nuclear radiation?
20.12 Effects on human health
20.13 Case study I: Chernobyl, Ukraine
20.13.1 The chernobyl plant and site
20.13.2 The 1986 chernobyl accident
20.13.3 Immediate impact
20.13.4 Environmental and health impacts
20.13.5 Progressive closure of the plant
20.13.6 Chernobyl today
20.13.7 Lessons learned
20.14 Case study II: Fukushima, Japan
20.14.1 The nuclear accident
20.14.2 Fukushima Daiichi reactors
20.14.3 Radioactive release and contamination
20.14.4 Public health and return of evacuees
20.14.5 Recovery and on-site remediation
20.14.6 Current status
20.15 Nuclear safety
20.16 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Chapter-21---Artificial-intelligence-and-_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sust
21 . Artificial intelligence and data analytics for geosciences and remote sensing: theory and application
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Machine learning applications
21.2.1 Mineral mining
21.2.2 Environmental monitoring
21.2.3 Mineral exploration
21.3 Satellite images and Landsat hyperspectral data processing
21.3.1 Machine learning
21.3.2 Decision tree
21.3.3 Multiple-criteria decision analysis method PROAFTN
21.3.4 Hybrid classification model
21.4 Decision tree
21.4.1 Algorithm
21.4.2 Implementation in R
21.4.3 Model tree
21.5 PROAFTN method
21.5.1 Initialization
21.5.2 Fuzzy indifference relation
21.5.3 Membership evaluation
21.5.4 Categorization
21.5.5 PROAFTN learning
21.5.6 Determination of PROAFTN intervals
21.5.7 Classification model
21.5.8 Hybrid DT and PROAFTN
21.5.9 Classification model development
21.6 Case study I: hybrid DT and PROAFTN method utilization for soil classification from Landsat satellite images
21.6.1 Data description
21.6.2 Results
21.6.3 Summary
21.7 Case study II: java-based analytical method for mineral exploration at Flin Flon, Saskatchewan, Canada
21.7.1 Site description
21.7.2 Java systematic feature extraction tool and its structure
21.7.3 Data analysis
21.8 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Chapter-22---Lifecycle-ass_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainable-Practic
22 . Lifecycle assessment of aquaponics
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Aquaponic systems
22.2.1 Mechanism of aquaponics cycle
22.2.2 Main components of aquaponics
22.2.3 Types of aquaponic systems
22.2.3.1 Aquaponic system inputs and outputs
22.2.4 Aquaponic system water management
22.2.5 Types of products of aquaponic systems
22.2.6 Coupled versus decoupled systems
22.3 Assessment of aquaponic systems
22.3.1 Sustainability in aquaponics
22.3.2 Types of assessment
22.3.2.1 Environmental sustainability
22.3.2.2 Economic sustainability
22.3.2.3 Social sustainability
22.3.2.4 Overall sustainability assessment
22.4 Challenges and recommendations
22.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Index_2021_Pollution-Assessment-for-Sustainable-Practices-in-Applied-Science
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z