Politics Between Nations: Power, Peace, and Diplomacy

Preface
Envisioning a Dialogue on Diplomacy, Peace, Cooperation, and Power
References
Acknowledgements
Contents
Part I: War and Peace
Introduction: Who Rules the World? After War Ends, Who Wins the Peace?
Introduction
American Revolution and War of 1812
The Mexican War
The Civil War
The Indian Wars
World War I
World War II
Korean War
Vietnam
The Cold War
Afghanistan
Iraq
Conclusions
Locus of Control
Liberty
Nationalism and Patriotism
Attack the Enemy
The Study of Peace
Politics Between Nations: Power, Peace, and Diplomacy
An Exciting Volume - Politics Between Nations: Power, Peace, and Diplomacy
Part II: Power in Peace Relations
The Fix: Why We Can´t Solve the World´s Problems
Introduction
Climate Change
Democracy as Obstacle to Remedy
Dictatorship as an Obstacle
International Negotiations as an Obstacle
Racism and the Threat to Democracy
Origins of Enfranchisement in Racism
Racism, Language Contact, and the Spread of the Suffrage
The Threat to Democracy
Covid-19
Colonialist Discourse
Democratic Contestation
Colonialism and Incumbency, Round Two
References
The American Supremacy and Leadership Preeminence in NATO: A Test of the Transatlantic Alliance
Introduction
Organizational Leadership and Leadership Styles
Autocratic or Authoritarian Leadership
Participative, Democratic, or Shared Leadership
Transactional and Transformational Leadership
Laissez-Faire or Free-Rein Leadership
Task-Oriented and Relationship-Oriented Leadership
Paternalistic Leadership
NATO and Transatlantic Relations
NATO´s Goals and Values
NATO´s Organization Structure
United States and the Role and Interests of European Great Powers
Major NATO Divisions and Debates
Multilateralism in NATO
Conclusion: U.S. Leadership in NATO
References
Cosmopolitan Peacekeeping Through International Humanitarian Order in the Frame of Sustainability and the Global Economy
Introduction
Human Rights as a Cosmopolitan and Global Regime in a Global Economy?
Implementation, Norm-creation, and Standard Setting of an International Humanitarian Order
Human Rights and Sovereignty: Are Human Rights and Cosmopolitan Peacekeeping a Reality Today?
Conclusion
References
Making Waves: Accessing a Model of Sustainable Peace and Cooperation Through Qualitative Methodologies
Sustainable Peace
The Concepts of Human Security and Cooperation
The Role of Citizens in the Sustainable Peace Process
Using Qualitative Methods and Techniques for the Study of Sustainable Peace and Cooperation
Qualitative Methods
The Qualitative Research Process
The Research Question
The Techniques
The Analysis
The Qualitative Researcher
Conclusions
Exercise
References
European Union: Politics and Policies
Introduction
European Community: One Idea, Two Models
The Actual Attitudes Toward the European Union
The Populist Wave in The European Union
The Reality of Terrorism in the European Union
The European Union Opportunity to Play a Role in the New World Order
Conclusion
References
Making War and Building Peace: What Future for the United Nations and Regional Peace Operations
Introduction
The Contribution of Regional Organizations to International Peace and Security
Advantages of Regional Peace Operations
Disadvantages of Regional Peace Operations
Regional Peace Operations: Advantages Versus Disadvantages
The UN and Regional Organizations: Recent Developments
Conclusion
References
Part III: International Politics and War on Peace
Failed Assault on Ukraine: Russian Corruption and the Politics of Military Incompetence
Introduction
References
The Questions of War: Taiwan and Ukraine
Introduction
Why Would Russia Invade Ukraine?
Did Putin Have to Invade Ukraine?
What Were the Military Risks for Putin?
Would the Ukrainian Army Fight?
Could Russia Install a Pro-Putin Government?
Could Russian Troops Occupy Ukraine?
Will Economic Sanctions Hurt Russia?
What Was Putin Thinking?
Why Would China Care About Taiwan?
What Are the Capabilities of the US 7th Fleet?
What Are the Capabilities of the Chinese Navy?
Who Would Blink?
Could the US Military Stop China from Landing in Taiwan?
Would Jinping Start an Invasion and Then Call It Off if the USA Acted?
Will There Be War Between China and the USA?
Could There Be a Big War?
What Is the Worst Case?
The Leadership Wildcards?
The Best Case Scenario?
Why Now?
Now Because the World Is Distracted and Uncertain
Perpetual War
References
Populist Sharp Power: How the World Entered in a New Cold War
Introduction
Russia and China as Populist Countries
Defining Sharp Power
Cyberterrorism as Sharp Power
Chinese Sharp Power: More Than a New Silk Road
Russian Sharp Power: The Tzar Is Back
Conclusion
References
Human Rights in the World Community: Issues, Challenges, and Action Proposed
Introduction
Interpretation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Principles, and Stages, or ``Generations´´ of Human Rights
The 1948 Declaration, First Generation of Principles of Human Rights
Justification, Universality, and Multiculturalism
The Future of Human Rights and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Conclusion
References
Public Perception of Race Relations During the Obama Era
Introduction
Background
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Part IV: War, Diplomacy, Arms Races or Stability
The End of ``The Endless War´´: Biden´s Botched Afghanistan Exit and the Myth of American Decline
Introduction
Lessons From World War II
The Heroes of 9/11
Lessons of the American Revolution
The Lessons of the Vietnam War
The Aftermath
The Implications
References
Nuclear Danger in Asia: Arms Races or Stability?
Introduction
New Threat Environments
Proliferation in Asia
The Cast of Characters
Forces and Outcomes
Preliminary Findings and Indications
Conclusions
Addressing Disinformation and Misplaced Criticism: The Need for a More Effective EU Public Diplomacy
Introduction
Public Diplomacy
The Need for an Effective EU Public Diplomacy
EU Public Diplomacy
EU Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communication
The Governance of EU Public Diplomacy
The Role of Directorates General (DGs)
The Role of EU Delegations
The Targets of the EU´s Public Diplomacy
EU Member States
Applicant and Candidate Countries
The EU´s Neighboring Countries
Communicating with the Rest of the World
Factors Limiting the Effectiveness of the EU´s Public Diplomacy
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Children in Times of War and World Disorder in the Twenty-First Century: The International Law and Children´s Human Rights
Introduction and Background
Ground Zero of Children´s Rights
The Protection Rights
Russian Aggression on Ukraine and Human Rights Provisions For All Children
Interpreting Article 12
The Participation Discourse
Method
Study Sample
Rationale
Exploring the Views of Young People
Findings and Discussion
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Putin´s Russia and the Nuclear War Threat to the West: Everyone Loses, One Step Forward, Two Steps Back
Introduction
Boooommmmm
Development of New Weapons
Anti-ballistic Missile Defenses
Other Scenarios
The Diplomacy of Mutually Assured Destruction
The Extent of the Threat
Conclusion
References
Human Security and Human Rights: Connecting the Global and the Local
Introduction
The Human Security Concept
Economic Security
Food Security
Health Security
Environmental Security
Personal Security
Political Security
Human Security and Human Rights
Freedom from Want
Freedom from Fear
Challenges to the Human Security Concept
The Problem of Definition
Priority
Responsibility
The Requirements of National Security
Best Intentions
Human Security Policy in Action
References
Part V: Global Security, Terrorism, and the Role of Force
The Battle Against Global Terrorism: The Role of Private Security in the USA and in the EU
Introduction
Defining the Concepts
Global Terrorism
Security and Private Security
Current Global Terrorist Threats
Modalities
Terrorist Attacks
The Response of the European Union
Private Security in the USA
From the Beginnings Until 9/11
The Homeland Security
Conclusion
References
Bringing Law as Interpretation (Through Performance Art) to the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: A Conceptual Fram...
Introduction
Setting the Ball Rolling: Border as a Territory
Beyond Border as Territory Discourse
Internal Displacement, Legality, and the Rights-Based Approach
Legal Provisions: International Human Rights Instruments
Article 14: 1051 UN Refugee Convention/1967 Protocol
The UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement
The United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement
Thematic Thrusts of the GP
Thematic Thrust #1: The Right Not to Be Arbitrarily Displaced
Thematic Thrust #2: Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
Regional International Instruments on Human Rights
The Kampala Convention: Contradictions and Complexities
Durable Solutions to Internal Displacement Without Citizen Participation?
The Case for a Rights-Based Approach
Performing Displacement: Designing Drama Workshops for Advocacy in Nigeria
Performing Law and the Rights-Based Approach
On the Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
Critiques of the Rights-Based Approach
Conclusion
References
``The Hidden Figure of a Global Crime´´: From Human Trafficking to Human Rights: Complexities and Pitfalls
Introduction
Scope of the Problem
Global Problem
Economic Context
Social Context
Political Context
Background
Recruitment of Trafficked Individuals
Abduction
Fraud
Sale by Family
Coercion
Former Slaves
Transportation
Macro-Movement
Key Players in International Trade
Risk Factors of Trafficked Individuals
Individual Risk Factors
Relational Risk Factors
Historical Parallels of Trafficked People
Historical Slavery and Modern Slavery
Historical Slavery and Modern Slavery Discussion
Human Trafficking Policy and Legal Obligations
Human Trafficking Policy
Regional Trend and Services
Role of the Local, State, National, International Government
Role of Service Providers
Role of Community/Society at Large
Conclusion
References
A Global Animal Farm: Situating International Instability
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Sources of Instability: Dragon and Bear; Eagle and Lion
Global Geopolitical Crisis: China, Russia, the United States, and Great Britain
The Power Struggle
Global Economic Crises
Climate Change
Demographic Shifts
Technological Change
The United States of America: The Eagle
The United States Under Donald Trump
Social, Political, and Economic Crises in The US
Conclusion
References
A Spin of the Wheel: Co-operation or Competition-Defense Procurement and Defense Industries in International Relations
Introduction
Strategic Agility
United States Programs
F-22 Raptor
MQ-1 Predator
Israeli Programs
The Lavi
The Scout
Discussion
Conclusion
Appendix
References
Islam v. Islamic State: Charges, Arguments, and Evidence in the Islamic Case Against ISIS
Introduction: The Vexed Question of Representativeness
Resisting the Legitimacy of Islamic State: From the White House to the Muslim Conclave
Charge 1: Islamic State Is Not a Legitimate Caliphate
Charge 2: Islamic State Leaders Have No Religious Authority to (Re)Define Islam
Charge 3: Islamic State Enacts Collective Excommunication of the Majority of Muslims
Charge 4: Islamic State Violates Islamic Stipulations on Lawful Warfare and Human Rights
Charge 5: Islamic State Represents a Form of Neo-Kharijism
Conclusion: Beyond the Religious
References
Modernizing the U.S. Strategic Land-Based Missile Force: Prudent Necessity or Deterrence Distraction?
Introduction
U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces Under New START
U.S. Nuclear-Strategic Postures
Analysis
The Other Legs
Conclusion
References
Part VI: Foreign Policy Analysis
The New EU-Africa Relations´ Strategy: Soft Power or Neoliberalist Power?
Introduction
Some Theoretical Considerations on the Envisioned EU-Africa Partnership
On the Common Priorities as Reflected in the New Strategy
On Partners and the Partnership
On Sovereignty and Conditions
On Other Global Players
Some More on Engagement
On the Identity and Interests of the EU
On Individual Member States and the EU
How Credible Is the EU´s ``Fair Partnership´´ Strategy in Africa?
Arguments and Methods
Be(Com)Ing a Fair Partner for Africa: A Notorious Operation
Be(com)ing a Fair Partner for Africa: A Credible Operation?
Be(com)ing a Fair Partner: A Risky Operation for Africa?
Conclusions
References
Britain´s Economic Relations with Africa in a Post-Brexit Future
Introduction
Leaving the European Union
Brexit and British Imperial History
The 2020 U.K.-Africa Investment Summit
The Promise of Brexit
The Potential of Brexit
Foreign Investor Confidence
The Liz Truss/Rishi Sunak Factor
Conclusion
References
Romania: Between Europeanisation and De-Europeanisation
Introduction
What Is Euroscepticism? Some Preliminary Clarifications Regarding the Definition of a By-Now Classic Concept
The Deep Roots of Romanian Euroscepticism: Nationalism, Legionarism, and National-Communism
Who Are Romania´s Eurosceptics and What Do They Claim? Actors, Ideas, Public Events
Conclusion
References
Trojan Horses or Still Out in the Cold? United States Foreign Relations with Poland: Road Ahead in the Wake of Russian Rockets...
Introduction
Past Polish-American Relations
Russian Missiles Strike Poland
Conclusion
References
Why Foreign Policies Fail, and Why Political Scientists Misunderstand Policy Failure
Introduction
Crisis and War Avoidance
Audience Costs, So-Called
Can States Act Strategically?
Crisis: Cost or Gain?
More Neglect of the Speech-Act: Why the United States Commits Itself to the Defense of Berlin in 1948
Crisis over Berlin
Complex and Uncertain? International Versus Electoral Judgments
Racism Interferes
Gricean Maxims: Who Can Make Sense of ``Pass the Buck´´?
Soviet Considerations
Elections and Textual Evidence
Discursive Analyses of International Politics
Who Talks to Whom?
Ending the Cold War
Contrasting Experiences of Housing
Mutual Containment
Lost Opportunity? Probably Not
Foreign Policy Failure
References