Offering an unparalleled, sweeping survey of the political ideologies that have shaped our world, the seventh edition of Andrew Heywood’s seminal undergraduate textbook continues to lead the way in guiding students through the political creeds and doctrines that have dominated politics past and present. Covering an impressive array of topics, the first half of the book focusses on traditional ideologies such as Conservatism, Socialism, Liberalism, Anarchism and Fascism, while more contemporary movements such as Populism, Feminism, Green Ideology, Multiculturalism and Religious Fundamentalism form the latter part of the text. Taking into account the remarkable events that have shaken the political sphere in recent years, the text has been revised and updated throughout in order to show how the study of political ideologies can elucidate the significance of such striking phenomena as the decline of liberal democracy and the rise of populist movements and authoritarianism around the world.
The most accessible, concise and yet comprehensive introduction to the topic, this is an indispensable textbook for students studying for courses on Political Ideologies, Political Theory and introductory Politics. It should be essential reading for anyone seeking to gain an understanding of political ideologies for the first time.
Author(s): Andrew Heywood
Edition: 7
Publisher: Red Globe Press (Macmillan International)
Year: 2021
BRIEF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL
KEY FIGURES
KEY CONCEPTS
PERSPECTIVES ON . . .
TENSIONS WITHIN . . .
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION
FIGURES
TOUR OF THE BOOK
PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION
CHAPTER 1 UNDERSTANDING
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
PREVIEW
VIEWS OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
Marxist views
KEY FIGURE ANTONIO GRAMSCI (1891–1937)
Non-Marxist views
KEY CONCEPT PRAGMATISM
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . IDEOLOGY
CONTOURS OF IDEOLOGY
FROM ‘CLASSICAL’ TO ‘NEW’ IDEOLOGIES?
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .
LEFT, RIGHT AND BEYOND
KEY FIGURE ANTHONY GIDDENS (BORN 1938)
THE END OF IDEOLOGY?
KEY FIGURE DANIEL BELL (1919–2011)
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . HISTORY
KEY FIGURE FRANCIS FUKUYAMA (BORN 1952)
KEY CONCEPT DEMOCRATIZATION
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 2 LIBERALISM
PREVIEW
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
KEY CONCEPT GLOBALIZATION
CORE THEMES
Individualism
KEY FIGURE IMMANUEL KANT (1724–1804)
KEY CONCEPT INDIVIDUALISM
Freedom
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . FREEDOM
KEY FIGURE JOHN STUART MILL (1806–73)
Reason
KEY CONCEPT RATIONALISM
Justice
KEY FIGURE MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759–97)
KEY FIGURE BETTY FRIEDAN (1921–2006)
Toleration
KEY FIGURE JOHN LOCKE (1632–1704)
TYPES OF LIBERALISM
Classical liberalism
Natural rights
Utilitarianism
KEY FIGURE JEREMY BENTHAM (1748–1832)
KEY CONCEPT UTILITARIANISM
Economic liberalism
KEY FIGURE ADAM SMITH (1723–90)
Social Darwinism
Modern liberalism
Individuality
Positive freedom
Social liberalism
KEY FIGURE JOHN RAWLS (1921–2002)
Economic management
KEY CONCEPT KEYNESIANISM
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . LIBERALISM
Liberal democracy
Constitutional rule
KEY CONCEPT CONSTITUTIONALISM
Democratic rule
KEY CONCEPT FEDERALISM
KEY FIGURE JAMES MADISON (1751–1836)
KEY CONCEPT LIBERAL DEMOCRACY
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . DEMOCRACY
THE FUTURE OF LIBERALISM
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 3 CONSERVATISM
PREVIEW
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
KEY FIGURE EDMUND BURKE (1729–97)
CORE THEMES
Tradition
Human imperfection
KEY FIGURE THOMAS HOBBES (1588–1679)
KEY FIGURE MICHAEL OAKESHOTT (1901–90)
Organic society
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . HUMAN NATURE
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .
Hierarchy and authority
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . SOCIETY
Property
TYPES OF CONSERVATISM
Libertarian conservatism
KEY CONCEPT LIBERTARIANISM
Neoliberalism
KEY CONCEPT NEW RIGHT
KEY CONCEPT NEOLIBERALISM
KEY FIGURE AYN RAND (1905–82)
KEY FIGURE FRIEDRICH VON HAYEK (1899–1992)
KEY FIGURE ROBERT NOZICK (1938–2002)
Authoritarian conservatism
KEY CONCEPT AUTHORITARIANISM
Neoconservatism
KEY CONCEPT NEOCONSERVATISM
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . CONSERVATISM (1)
Paternalistic conservatism
One Nation conservatism
KEY CONCEPT PATERNALISM
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . CONSERVATISM (2)
KEY CONCEPT TORYISM
Christian democracy
The social market
THE FUTURE OF CONSERVATISM
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 4 SOCIALISM
PREVIEW
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
KEY FIGURE KARL MARX (1818–83)
KEY CONCEPT CAPITALISM
KEY FIGURE MAO ZEDONG (MAO TSE-TUNG) (1893–1976)
CORE THEMES
Community
KEY CONCEPT COLLECTIVISM
KEY FIGURE ROBERT OWEN (1771–1858)
Cooperation
Equality
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . EQUALITY
Class politics
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .
Common ownership
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . THE ECONOMY
KEY FIGURE THOMAS PIKETTY (BORN 1971)
TYPES OF SOCIALISM
Communism
KEY CONCEPT COMMUNISM
Classical Marxism
Philosophy
Economics
Politics
Orthodox communism
KEY FIGURE VLADIMIR ILICH LENIN (1870–1924)
KEY FIGURE ROSA LUXEMBURG (1871–1919)
Neo-Marxism
KEY FIGURE HERBERT MARCUSE (1898–1979)
KEY CONCEPT NEW LEFT
Social democracy
KEY CONCEPT SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
Ethical socialism
Reformist socialism
KEY FIGURE EDUARD BERNSTEIN (1850–1932)
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . SOCIALISM (1)
The crisis of social democracy
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . SOCIALISM (2)
THE FUTURE OF SOCIALISM
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 5 ANARCHISM
PREVIEW
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
KEY CONCEPT ANTI-GLOBALIZATION
CORE THEMES
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .
Anti-statism
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . STATE
KEY FIGURE EMMA GOLDMAN (1869–1940)
Natural order
KEY CONCEPT UTOPIANISM
KEY FIGURE MIKHAIL BAKUNIN (1814–76)
Anti-clericalism
Economic freedom
TYPES OF ANARCHISM
Collectivist anarchism
KEY FIGURE PETER KROPOTKIN (1842–1921)
Mutualism
Anarcho-syndicalism
KEY FIGURE PIERRE-JOSEPH PROUDHON (1809–65)
Anarcho-communism
Individualist anarchism
KEY FIGURE WILLIAM GODWIN (1756–1836)
Egoism
KEY FIGURE MAX STIRNER (1806–56)
Libertarianism
KEY FIGURE HENRY DAVID THOREAU (1817–62)
Anarcho-capitalism
KEY FIGURE MURRAY ROTHBARD (1926–95)
TENSIONS WITHIN... ANARCHISM
THE FUTURE OF ANARCHISM
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 6 NATIONALISM
PREVIEW
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
KEY CONCEPT PATRIOTISM
KEY CONCEPT IMPERIALISM
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .
CORE THEMES
The nation
PERSPECTIVES ON... NATION
Organic community
Self-determination
KEY FIGURE JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712–78)
Culturalism
KEY FIGURE JOHANN GOTTFRIED HERDER (1744–1803)
KEY FIGURE MARCUS GARVEY (1887–1940)
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . NATIONALISM (1)
TYPES OF NATIONALISM
Liberal nationalism
KEY FIGURE GUISEPPE MAZZINI (1805–72)
KEY FIGURE WOODROW WILSON (1856–1924)
KEY CONCEPT INTERNATIONALISM
KEY CONCEPT COSMOPOLITANISM
Conservative nationalism
Expansionist nationalism
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . NATIONALISM (2)
KEY FIGURE CHARLES MAURRAS (1868–1952)
Anti-colonial and postcolonial nationalism
KEY FIGURE MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI (1869–1948)
KEY FIGURE FRANTZ FANON (1925–61)
THE FUTURE OF NATIONALISM
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 7 FASCISM
PREVIEW
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
KEY FIGURE ADOLF HITLER (1889–1945)
CORE THEMES
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .
Anti-rationalism
Struggle
Leadership and elitism
KEY FIGURE FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE (1844–1900)
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . AUTHORITY
Socialism
KEY FIGURE BENITO MUSSOLINI (1883–1945)
Ultranationalism
TYPES OF FASCISM
Extreme statism
The totalitarian ideal
KEY FIGURE GIOVANNI GENTILE (1875–1944)
KEY CONCEPT TOTALITARIANISM
KEY FIGURE ALFRED ROSENBERG (1895–1946)
Corporatism
KEY CONCEPT CORPORATISM
Modernization
Extreme racism
The politics of race
KEY CONCEPT RACISM
Nazi race theories
KEY FIGURE JOSEPH ARTHUR GOBINEAU (1816–82)
KEY CONCEPT ANTI-SEMITISM
KEY FIGURE HOUSTON STEWART CHAMBERLAIN (1855–1929)
Peasant ideology
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . FASCISM
THE FUTURE OF FASCISM
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 8 POPULISM
PREVIEW
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
KEY FIGURE JUAN DOMINGO PERÓN (1895–1974)
KEY CONCEPT ANTI-POLITICS
CORE THEMES
The people
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . THE PEOPLE
The elite
KEY CONCEPT ELITISM
Populist democracy
KEY CONCEPT PLEBISCITARY DEMOCRACY
KEY CONCEPT MAJORITARIANISM
TYPES OF POPULISM
Right populism
National populism
KEY CONCEPT CULTURE WAR
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .
Authoritarian populism
KEY FIGURE VIKTOR ORBAN (BORN 1963)
The far-right
KEY FIGURE MARINE LE PEN (BORN 1968)
Left populism
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . POPULISM
KEY FIGURE HUGO CHAVEZ (1954–2013)
THE FUTURE OF POPULISM
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 9 FEMINISM
PREVIEW
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
CORE THEMES
Redefining ‘the political’
KEY FIGURE KATE MILLETT (BORN 1934)
Sex and gender
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . GENDER
KEY FIGURE SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR (1906–86)
Patriarchy
Equality and difference
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . FEMINISM (1)
TYPES OF FEMINISM
Traditional feminist theories
Liberal feminism
Socialist feminism
Radical feminism
KEY FIGURE GERMAINE GREER (BORN 1939)
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . FEMINISM (2)
Modern approaches to gender and sexuality
Third-wave thinking and intersectionality
KEY CONCEPT INTERSECTIONALITY
KEY FIGURE BELL HOOKS (BORN 1952)
Trans theory and feminism
KEY FIGURE JUDITH BUTLER (BORN 1956)
Queer theory
THE FUTURE OF FEMINISM
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 10 ECOLOGISM
PREVIEW
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
KEY FIGURE RACHEL CARSON (1907–1964)
CORE THEMES
Ecology
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . NATURE
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . ECOLOGISM
Systems thinking
KEY FIGURE JAMES LOVELOCK (BORN 1919)
Sustainability
KEY CONCEPT INDUSTRIALISM
KEY FIGURE ERNST FRIEDRICH (‘FRITZ’) SCHUMACHER (1911–77)
Environmental ethics
From having to being
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .
KEY CONCEPT POSTMATERIALISM
TYPES OF ECOLOGISM
Reformist ecology
KEY CONCEPT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Ecosocialism
Eco-anarchism
KEY FIGURE MURRAY BOOKCHIN (1921–2006)
Ecofeminism
KEY FIGURE CAROLYN MERCHANT (BORN 1936)
Deep ecology
KEY FIGURE ARNE NAESS (1912–2008)
THE FUTURE OF ECOLOGISM
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 11 MULTICULTURALISM
PREVIEW
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
CORE THEMES
Postcolonialism
KEY CONCEPT COLONIALISM
KEY FIGURE EDWARD SAID (1935–2003)
Politics of recognition
KEY CONCEPT REPUBLICANISM
Culture and identity
KEY CONCEPT COMMUNITARIANISM
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . CULTURE
KEY CONCEPT IDENTITY POLITICS
Minority rights
KEY FIGURE WILL KYMLICKA (BORN 1962)
KEY FIGURE CHARLES TAYLOR (BORN 1931)
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .
KEY FIGURE JAMES TULLY (BORN 1946)
Togetherness in difference
TYPES OF MULTICULTURALISM
Liberal multiculturalism
Pluralist multiculturalism
KEY FIGURE ISAIAH BERLIN (1909–97)
KEY CONCEPT PLURALISM
KEY FIGURE BHIKHU PAREKH (BORN 1935)
TENSIONS WITHIN . . . MULTICULTURALISM
Cosmopolitan multiculturalism
KEY FIGURE JEREMY WALDRON (BORN 1953)
THE FUTURE OF MULTICULTURALISM
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 12 FUNDAMENTALISM
PREVIEW
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
KEY CONCEPT RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM
KEY CONCEPT THEOCRACY
KEY CONCEPT CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS
CORE THEMES
Religion as politics
KEY FIGURE AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI (1900–89)
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN ACTION . . .
PERSPECTIVES ON . . . RELIGION
Essential truths
Anti-modernism
Militancy
TYPES OF FUNDAMENTALISM
Islamism
KEY CONCEPT ISLAMISM
KEY FIGURE SAYYID QUTB (1906–66)
Salafism
Shia Islamism
Moderate or conservative Islamism
Christian fundamentalism
The new Christian right
KEY FIGURE JERRY FALWELL (1933–2007)
Other fundamentalisms
Hindu fundamentalism
KEY FIGURE NARENDRA MODI (BORN 1950)
Sikh fundamentalism
KEY FIGURE JARNAIL SINGH BHINDRANWALE (1947–84)
Jewish fundamentalism
KEY CONCEPT ZIONISM
Buddhist fundamentalism
THE FUTURE OF FUNDAMENTALISM
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 13 WHY POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES MATTER
PREVIEW
WHY WE NEED POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
Making sense of the world
KEY CONCEPT PARADIGM
Investing politics with moral purpose
Forging the collective
DO IDEOLOGIES MATTER TOO MUCH?
Imprisoning the mind
Distorting ‘truth’
Pitting ‘us’ against ‘them’
CHOOSING BETWEEN IDEOLOGIES
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
