This book tackles the contentious issue of policing in an age of controversy and uncertainty. It is a timely book written by police scholars ― predominantly former practitioners from Europe, Australia and North America ― who draw from their own research and operational experiences to illuminate key issues relating to police reform in the present day. While acknowledging some relevance of usual proposed models, such as problem-solving, evidence-based policing and procedural justice, the contributors provide an insider look at a variety of perspectives and approaches to police reform which have emerged in recent decades. It invites university students, criminologists, social scientists, police managers, forensic scientists to question and adapt their perspectives on a broad range of topics such as community policing, hate crime, Islamic radicalisation, neighborhood dynamics, situational policing, antidiscrimination and civil society, police ethics, performance measures, and advances in forensic science, technology, intelligence and more in an accessible and comprehensive manner.
Author(s): James J. Nolan, Frank Crispino, Timothy Parsons
Series: Palgrave's Critical Policing Studies
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 306
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction to Policing in an Age of Reform
Introduction
Conditions for Reform in Great Britain
Conditions for Police Reform in the United States
Conditions for an Age of Reform in France
Where We Converge and Diverge on the Issues of Police Reform
Perspectives for Police Reform
Conclusions
References
2 Changing the Game: A Sociological Perspective on Police Reform
Introduction
A Sociological Perspective
The Logic of Practice
The Logic of Police Practice: An Example from Wilmington, Delaware
Thought as a Struggle for Power
Summary and Conclusion
References
3 Community Policing: Often Advocated, Rarely Practiced
Oversight and Accountability
Organisational Levels of Community Policing
The Way Forward
Conclusion
References
4 Policing in an Age of Reform—An Overview of the United Kingdom Community-Centred Police Model
Policing by Consent and How It Is Applied
Neighbourhood Policing
A Summary of Some of the Public Disturbances and Concerns
Culture and Service Delivery
Conclusion
References
5 Community Dynamics, Collective Efficacy, and Police Reform
Introduction
Human Agency and Efficacy Beliefs
The Concept of Neighbourhood
Neighbourhoods as Groups
Neighbourhood Dynamics, Neighbourhood Atmosphere, and Collective Efficacy
Data and Methods
Analytic Strategy
Findings
Discussion
Conclusion
References
6 Policing Hate Crime: Dilemmas in Policy and Practice
First Dilemma: Granting Enhanced Credibility to Individuals Reporting Hate Crimes
Second Dilemma: Inclusion Within, and Exclusion from, Hate Crime Status
Third Dilemma: Policing Hate Crimes That Do Not Involve Physical Violence or Harm
Dealing with Dilemmas
References
7 Police Responses to Islamist Radicalisation and Violent Extremism
Conclusion
References
8 Forensic Science Understanding by Police Managers: New Opportunities to Re-think Its Involvement in Policing
Police Management and Policing
Forensic Science as a Provider of Policing Intelligence: Some Examples
Back to Quebec Practice with Some Positive Forecast
Conclusion
References
9 “So, How Are We Doing…?” Issues and Considerations in the Design of Police Performance Measurements
Background
The Value of Performance Measures
Evaluate Organisational Performance Against Set Goals
Accountability (Fiscal and Operational)
Organisational Focus
Resource Allocation
Benefits from Performance Measures
Common Principles Emerging in the Design of Performance Measurement Systems
Accessibility
Consistency
Transparency and Clarity of Purpose
What Gets Measured?
Outcomes vs Outputs
Police Reform as Welcome Outliers?
Managing Unintended Consequences
Countering Unintended Consequences
Pilot Testing
Measuring What Matters
Some Specific Areas of Focus
Conclusions
References
10 Co-Operation Between the Police and Civil Society Organisations in the Field of Anti-Discrimination
Introduction
Why Are Police-Community Relationships Important?
Croatian Approach Towards Police Training and Co-Operation with Civil Society Organisations
Hate Crime Training
Persons with Disabilities
Some Other Examples of Good Police-NGOs Co-Operation in Fighting Discrimination
Spain
The Netherlands
Recommendations/Conclusions
References
11 Digital Transformations in Forensic Science and Their Impact on Policing
Introduction
Forensic Science as a Service to the Criminal Justice System
Digital Transformations: The Example of the Successive Evolutions of DNA Technologies
Successive Transformations from the Inception of the Technology
Networking of Databases as a Further Expansion
Other Forensic Transformations
The Rise of the Digital Forensics Community
Synthesis: Traceology at the Core of Proactive Policing in the New Age
Conclusion
Bibliography
12 Tools for a New Situational Policing
Introduction
A New Game: Situational Policing
Concepts, Tools, and Methods for Situational Policing
Situational Policing Concepts: Neighbourhood Types and Situational Strategies
Situational Policing Tools
Situational Policing Methods
Conclusions
Appendix
References
13 The Use of Social Media in Intelligence and Its Impact on Police Work
Introduction
Social Media as a New Technological Challenge and Opportunity for Police Work
Social Media as a New Intelligence Source (SOCMINT)
Obtaining Information on Crimes
The Detection of Criminal or Anti-Social Behavior
Uncovering Systems of Connections that Promote or Help in Committing Illegal Activities
Crisis Response
Discussion
References
14 “Doing Right”: Police Ethics in an Age of Reform
Introduction
Police Codes of Ethics
France: The Police and Gendarmerie Code of Ethics
United States: The Police Code of Ethics
Plato’s Cave
The Policing Cave
A Consequentialist View of Police Ethics
P(AB|C) in Practice: An Example from Wilmington, Delaware, USA
Conclusion
References
15 The Allegory of the Dangerous Intersection: A Structural View of Law Enforcement and Social Problems
Introduction
The Allegory of the Dangerous Intersection
Insights from Officer David Hume
Insights from Officer John Rousseau
Hume’s Resistance and Rousseau’s Persistence
New Insights from Captain David Hume
Closing Comments
References
16 Conclusions and Future Directions in Policing
Introduction
Index
