This volume provides a comprehensive examination and analysis of the concepts and issues related to police use of force, particularly the use of deadly force with a firearm, from multi-faceted and international perspectives. It explores innovative training, protocols, policies, tactical options for de-escalation, and recommendations for the restriction of the use of force by law enforcement officers in an effort to reduce the likelihood of injury to police, the pubic and criminal suspects. Additionally, it outlines tactics for effective crowd control at demonstrations and during riots. This book specifically delineates practical policy implications suggested from highly recognized professionals with extensive experience in policing, training and related research. It is ideal for graduate and upper level undergraduate students, scholars, academics, researchers, government and community leaders, and criminal justice and law enforcement administrators and policy makers.
Author(s): James F. Albrecht, Garth den Heyer
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 384
City: Cham
Foreword
Contents
Part I: Police Use of Force in the United States and Canada
Chapter 1: Analyzing the Use of Deadly Force by Police in Canada and the United States
Canada and the United States of America: Bordering Nations
Policing in Canada
Policing in the United States of America
Policing and Violent Crime
Police Use of Deadly Force
The Risks Inherent in Policing
Theoretical Considerations: Police Use of Deadly Force
The Physiological Impact of Police Use of Deadly Force
Analysis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Analyzing and Understanding Police-Involved Shootings in the United States
Introduction
The “Ferguson Effect”
A Decline in Public Trust in American Police Officers
Contemporary Police Officer Perspectives
Recent Sensational Police Incidents
Police-Involved Shootings in the United States
Race and Police-Involved Shootings
Serious Crime and Murder Spikes in the United States
Explanations for the Violent Crime and Murder Spike Since 2014
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Police Shootings, the Media, and the Public
Introduction
The Image of the Police in the Visual Arts and Media
Life Imitating Art or Art Imitating Life in Police Work
Policing in Democratic Society
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Part II: Police Use of Force Globally
Chapter 4: A Comparison of the Use of Force by Police: New Zealand and England & Wales
Introduction
The Use of Force by Police
Discussion and Methodology
New Zealand and England and Wales – The Facts
Overview of the Recording of the Use of Police Force in New Zealand and England and Wales
New Zealand
England and Wales
Examination of Use of Force in New Zealand in 2017
Examination of Use of Force in England and Wales in 2017
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Big Data Before Its Time: The New Zealand Police Tactical Options Report Database
Introduction
The Establishment of a National Use of Force Database
New Zealand Police Staff Safety Project
New Zealand Police National Staff Safety Database
The New Zealand Police Tactical Options Report Database
2009 and 2017 Review of the Tactical Options Research Report Database
Examining the New Zealand Police Tactical Options Research Report
The New Zealand Police 2017 Tactical Options Report
The United Kingdom
Conclusion
References
Part III: Police Non-lethal Use of Force Options
Chapter 6: Police Training Options to Reduce Violence in Police-Suspect Encounters
Introduction
Stress Inoculation Training
Types and Lengths of Training and Use of Force Compared
The Toolbox
De-escalation and Pre-escalation
Pre-escalation Tactics
De-escalation Tactics
Breathing
Dynamic Simulation-Based Training
Legal Framing
Academic Framing
Introduction of Physical Skills
Simulations and Scenarios
Closed Dynamic Simulations
Open Dynamic Simulations
Officer-Induced/Officer-Created Jeopardy
Designing Training Simulations to Reduce Use of Force
Risk Matrix
Let Go of Your Ego and Depersonalise
Training Equipment
Inert Training Weapons
Helmets and Safety Glasses
Goals of Your Training
Evidence
Writing Scenarios
Simulation/Scenario Examples and Questions
Culminating Scenarios
Training and Technology
Conclusion
Apply the Skill
References
Chapter 7: Reporting Police Use of Conducted Energy Weapons to the Public: A Cross-Jurisdictional Comparison
Introduction
Policing and the Importance of Transparency
CEW Use and Racial Bias
CEWs and Mission Creep
Are CEWs Reserved for Critical Incidents?
International CEW Reporting Requirements
Reporting CEW Use in the UK
Northern Ireland
England and Wales
Reporting CEW Use in the NZ
Reporting CEW Use in Australian Policing Jurisdictions
Victoria
Queensland
Northern Territory
New South Wales
Australian Capital Territory
Western Australia
Discussion and Conclusions
References
Part IV: Policing Protests, Demonstrations and Mass Violence
Chapter 8: Police and Protestors: Motives and Responses
Introduction
Public Order Law in Australia
Public Order Offences in NSW
Public Order Law in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland
Public Order Offences in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland
COVID-19: A 2021 Public Assembly Game-Changer?
Managing Crowds and Psychology of Crowds
Police Training
Police Tactics in Public Disorder Incidents
‘Kettling’
Preparation and Planning
Tactics Police Should Not Use
Legitimacy of Police
Protestor Tactics in Public Disorder Incidents
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: An Examination of the Police Response to Riots and Violent Demonstrations in the United States
Introduction
Characteristics of Responding Agencies
Human Resources
Officer Physical Competency
Psychometric Testing
Reporting Actions and Civil Complaints
Equipment Used by a Police Civil Disorder or a Riot Squad
Firearms and Non-lethal Weapons
Training Members of Police Civil Disorder or Riot Squads
The Response Structure of a Police Civil Disorder or Riot Squad
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Soccer-Related Violence: The Police Response in Australia and in the United Kingdom
Introduction
Evolution of Football
Football-Related Disasters and Inquiries
Hillsborough Disaster in 1989
Football in England
Policing and Safety at Football Grounds
Football-Related Violence
Australia – History of A-League Football
Policing of Football Matches
Cost of Policing Football Matches
Crimes Committed by Football Fans in the Vicinity of Football Grounds
Policing Techniques to Deter Football Hooliganism
Police Training and Techniques
Alcohol at Sporting Events
Football Banning Orders
Football Banning Orders in Australia
Conclusion
References
Part V: Violence Directed at the Police
Chapter 11: Factors Influencing Assaults on New Zealand Police Officers
Introduction
Methodology
Discussion of the Results of the Survey
Characteristics of the Survey Respondents
Discussion
The Assailant
Officer Actions
Recording the Assault
Location of Assaults
Time of Day of Assaults
The Number of Individuals Present During an Assault
The Influence of Alcohol Consumption
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Assaults on Police Officers: A Review of the Predictors
Introduction
An International Review of Assaults on Police Officers
Assaults on Police Officers in England and Wales
Assaults on Police Officers in the United States of America
Prior Research of Assaults on Police Officers
Types of Assaults on Police Officers
Measuring the Form and Number of Assaults
Factors and Circumstances Surrounding Assaults on Police Officers
Predictor of an Assault: Resistance by an Assailant
Predictor of an Assault: Characteristics of the Assaulted Officer
Predictor of an Assault: Characteristics of the Assailant
Predictor of an Assault: Situational Factors
Predictor of an Assault: Social Factors
Predictor of an Assault: Gender of Police Officer
Predictor on an Assault: Minority Officers
Organisational Factors
Organisational Structure
Responding to Domestic Assault Calls
Limitations of the Research
Conclusion
References
Part VI: Police Deviance and Brutality
Chapter 13: When the Protectors Become the Aggressors: Police Brutality in South Africa
Introduction
Explaining Police Brutality
Prominent Case Studies of Police Brutality in South Africa
Police Accountability
Independent Police Investigative Directorate (IPID)
Motivations for the Use of Violence by Police
Recommendations to Deal with Police Brutality
References
Chapter 14: Criminological Explanations for Police Officer Brutality and Criminality
Introduction
The Police Deviance Typology
Understanding Police Deviance
Examining Police Deviance Through Patterns and Trends
Police Deviance in the United States
Timetable of American Police Deviance and Serious Misconduct (1960s–Present)
The 1960s
The 1970s
The 1980s
The 1990s
2001 to the Present
Overview of Police Deviance Involving the NYPD
Police Corruption and Deviance: A Brief Literature Review
Theories of Crime and Police Deviance
Summary: Police Deviance
Theories of Crime and Police Corruption
Theories of Crime and Police Criminality
Theories of Crime and the Excessive Use of Force
Theories of Crime and Police Abuse of Authority
Theories of Crime and Police Misconduct
Theories of Crime and the “Blue Wall of Silence”
Theories of Crime and Courtroom Perjury
Policy Recommendations: Enhancing Organizational Integrity and Professionalism
Conclusion
References
Part VII: Holding Police Accountable
Chapter 15: The Use of Force by Police Officers in the Republic of Kosovo
Introduction
Use of Force by Police
Reviewing Use of Force by Police in Kosovo
Preliminary Actions and Use of Force Case Panel Review
The Use of Force Review Panel Report and Processes
Kosovo Police Use of Force Data
Conclusion
Chapter 16: The Effect of Police Accountability Measures on the Repeat Use of Excessive Force by Police Officers
Introduction
Literature Review
Theoretical Framework
The NYPD Data
Research Variables
Research Findings
Conclusion
References
Part VIII: Sociological and Psychological Factors Involving Police Use of Force
Chapter 17: Police-Community Relations: Policing Amidst the Black Lives Matter Movement in the United States
Introduction
The Derek Chauvin Case: What This Verdict Means for Future Police
The Many Deaths of Minorities by Law Enforcement
Botham Jean (Texas)
Daunte Wright (Minnesota)
Marvin Scott III (Texas)
Daniel Prude (New York)
Andre Hill (Ohio)
George Floyd (Minnesota)
HR 1280 George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2021
The Emergence of the Active Bystander for Law Enforcement (ABLE) Project
The Use of Minority Community Members in Examining Police-Community Relations
Implications for African-American Police Officers
The Myth of Post Floyd Era Rising Crime Rates
Likely Future Trends
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: The Negative Impact of Police Psycho-physiological Stressors
Introduction
Types of Police Stressors
Negative Outcomes Associated with Police Stressors and Possible Coping Mechanisms
New Features of the Present Study
Methodology
Participants
Research Procedures
Measurement of Police Stressors
Measurement of Possible Negative Outcomes
Measurement of Healthy and Unhealthy Coping Mechanisms
Preliminary Data Analyses
Data Analysis
Results
Preliminary Analyses of Demographic Variables Associated with Police Stressors
Negative Outcomes Associated with Police Stressors
Coping Mechanisms Most Significantly Associated with Police Stressors
Does Repressed Anger Mediate Associations Between Stressors and Negative Outcomes?
Discussion
Study Limitations
References
Chapter 19: Afterword and Final Thoughts
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
Index
