Police administration: A Leadership Approach

Cover Page......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
about the authors......Page 7
brief contents......Page 9
table of contents......Page 10
part I Introduction to Police Administration......Page 26
Learning Outcomes......Page 27
Introduction......Page 28
London’s Metropolitan Police Act......Page 30
Protecting and Serving......Page 31
The Emergence of Formal Police Organizations......Page 32
Evolving Notions of Strategy......Page 33
Ethical Challenges in Policing......Page 37
Law Enforcement Codes of Ethics and Conduct......Page 38
Ethical Leadership by Example......Page 41
Policing as a Profession......Page 42
Choosing to Lead......Page 45
Understanding Managers’ and Supervisors’ Responsibilities......Page 46
Line Operations......Page 47
Auxiliary Services......Page 48
Summary......Page 49
Discussion Questions......Page 50
What Would You Do?......Page 51
Introduction......Page 53
Traditional Policing......Page 54
Defining Characteristics......Page 55
Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional Policing......Page 56
Defining Characteristics......Page 57
Criticism and Resistance......Page 59
The SARA Problem-Solving Model......Page 61
Defining Characteristics......Page 64
Defining Characteristics......Page 65
Questions about Zero-Tolerance Policing......Page 66
Defining Characteristics......Page 68
Pros and Cons of Intelligence-Led Policing......Page 69
Defining Characteristics......Page 70
Requirements for Effective Strategic Policing......Page 71
Pluses and Minuses of Strategic Policing......Page 72
Summary......Page 73
What Would You Do?......Page 74
Learning Outcomes......Page 76
Introduction......Page 77
Increased Diversity......Page 78
Efforts to Foster Tolerance......Page 79
Challenges for Police......Page 81
Complex Political Dynamics......Page 82
Intra-Agency Politics......Page 83
Interagency Politics......Page 84
Intergovernment Politics......Page 86
Spotlight on Political Correctness......Page 87
Solving Community Problems......Page 88
Wearing Many “Hats”......Page 89
Combating Bias-Based Policing......Page 90
Preventing Misuse of Force......Page 92
Eradicating Police Misconduct......Page 93
The Value of Technology......Page 97
Essential Information Technology......Page 98
Understanding the Forces behind Resource Constraints......Page 99
Terrorism......Page 100
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)......Page 101
The National Incident Management System (NIMS)......Page 102
State-Level Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS)......Page 104
Summary......Page 105
Key Terms......Page 106
Discussion Questions......Page 107
What Would You Do?......Page 108
part II Planning, Budgeting, Organization Design, and Assessment......Page 110
Learning Outcomes......Page 111
Introduction......Page 112
Adopting a Long-Term, Big-Picture View......Page 113
Values......Page 114
Translating Values, Vision, and Mission into Goals and Objectives......Page 115
Common Planning Pitfalls......Page 116
Types of Plans......Page 117
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)......Page 119
CompStat......Page 121
Key Steps in the Planning Process......Page 122
Step 1: Assessing Needs and Risks......Page 123
Step 2: Developing Alternative Courses of Action......Page 126
Step 3: Selecting a Course of Action......Page 128
Mastering the Art of Self-Management......Page 129
Key Terms......Page 131
Discussion Questions......Page 132
What Would You Do?......Page 133
Learning Outcomes......Page 134
What Is a Budget?......Page 135
Public Budgeting......Page 136
Constraints in Public Budgeting......Page 137
The Public Budgeting Process......Page 138
The Need for Flexibility......Page 139
Traditional Budget......Page 140
Performance-Based Budget......Page 141
Zero-Based Budget......Page 142
Activity-Based Budget......Page 143
Capital Budget......Page 144
Anatomy of a Budget......Page 145
Sources of Revenue......Page 146
Making Resource-Allocation Decisions......Page 151
“Selling” the Budget......Page 152
Dealing with Budget Cutbacks......Page 153
Auditing......Page 154
Summary......Page 155
Key Terms......Page 156
Discussion Questions......Page 157
What Would You Do?......Page 158
Learning Outcomes......Page 159
Introduction......Page 160
Vertical Relationships......Page 161
Community Relationships......Page 163
From Policing Strategy to Organizational Structure......Page 165
Command and Control......Page 166
Officer Unity......Page 168
Leader Officer or Street Officer?......Page 169
Internalizing Behavioral Standards......Page 170
Adapting to Change......Page 171
Learning......Page 176
Demonstrating Ethical Leadership......Page 178
Putting Customers First......Page 180
Summary......Page 182
Discussion Questions......Page 183
What Would You Do?......Page 184
Learning Outcomes......Page 186
Introduction......Page 187
Supporting Continuous Improvement......Page 188
When Police and Customer Expectations Conflict......Page 189
Assessment, Evaluation, and Community Policing......Page 190
Effectiveness......Page 191
Achieving a Balance......Page 192
Performance-Management Frameworks......Page 193
The Balanced Scorecard......Page 194
Total Quality Management (TQM)......Page 196
Understanding the Costs of Providing Poor Service......Page 199
Segmenting Services......Page 200
The Role of Accreditation in Assessment and Evaluation......Page 202
The Benefits of Accreditation......Page 203
Summary......Page 204
Key Terms......Page 205
What Would You Do?......Page 206
part III Human Resource Management......Page 208
Learning Outcomes......Page 209
Understanding Today’s Hiring Challenges......Page 210
Fulfilling a Complex Mandate......Page 211
Conducting a Human Resource Needs Assessment......Page 212
Looking beyond Minimum Hiring Standards......Page 213
Formulating Recruitment Strategies......Page 214
Using the Right Channels......Page 215
Developing a Positive Brand Image......Page 217
Recruiting for Diversity......Page 218
Recruiting for Educational Level......Page 219
Selecting New Hires......Page 220
Conducting a Pre-Employment Screening......Page 221
Using the Assessment Center Process......Page 225
Avoiding and Correcting Selection Mistakes......Page 226
Designing Compensation and Benefits Programs......Page 228
Creating a Civil Work Environment......Page 229
Summary......Page 231
Discussion Questions......Page 232
What Would You Do?......Page 233
Learning Outcomes......Page 234
Introduction......Page 235
Complex Purposes......Page 236
Communication in a Police Agency......Page 237
Background Differences......Page 240
Noncredible Source......Page 241
Denial......Page 242
Lack of Motivation......Page 243
Verbal Channels......Page 244
Nonverbal Channels......Page 246
Written Channels......Page 247
Meetings......Page 248
Newsletters......Page 249
The Grapevine......Page 250
Special Communication Challenges......Page 251
Communicating across Genders......Page 252
Communicating with Special Populations......Page 253
Communicating with the News Media......Page 256
Improving Communication with the Media......Page 257
Building a Positive Relationship with the Media......Page 258
Communicating with Other Agencies......Page 259
Facilitation......Page 260
Persuasion......Page 261
Feedback......Page 262
Conflict Management......Page 263
Summary......Page 264
Discussion Questions......Page 265
What Would You Do?......Page 266
Learning Outcomes......Page 267
Training: Developing Skills and Preparing for Police Work......Page 268
Types of Training......Page 270
Development: Enhancing Officers’ Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs)......Page 276
Career Planning......Page 277
Leadership Development Programs......Page 279
Deployment: Putting Human Resources to the Best Use......Page 281
Workforce Scheduling......Page 282
Working Groups......Page 284
Summary......Page 286
Discussion Questions......Page 287
What Would You Do?......Page 288
Learning Outcomes......Page 289
Leadership Theories......Page 290
Theories Centering on the Leader......Page 291
Theories Centering on Followers and Situational Context......Page 292
Theories Centering on Leader–Follower Interactions......Page 294
Leadership Skills......Page 296
Spotlight on Communication......Page 297
Spotlight on Motivation......Page 299
Leadership versus Supervision......Page 300
The Police Leader-Supervisor......Page 301
Authority......Page 302
Power......Page 303
The Optimal Blend of Authority and Power......Page 304
Meeting Followers’ Hierarchy of Needs......Page 305
Addressing Followers’ Frustrations......Page 306
Satisfying Expectations about Performance and Outcomes......Page 307
Aligning Followers’ and Agency Goals while Cultivating Trust......Page 308
Blending Concern for People with Concern for Production......Page 309
Adapting to Followers’ Readiness......Page 310
Weighing Contingencies......Page 311
Tapping into Followers’ Motivation......Page 313
Building the Best Possible Organization......Page 314
Toxic Management......Page 315
Summary......Page 317
Key Terms......Page 318
Discussion Questions......Page 319
What Would You Do?......Page 320
Learning Outcomes......Page 321
Introduction......Page 322
Developing General Orders......Page 323
Using General Orders......Page 324
Linking Performance to Policies, Procedures, and Job Descriptions and Specifications......Page 325
Distinguishing between Appraisal’s Dual Purposes......Page 326
Understanding the Importance of Succession Management......Page 327
Applying Promotion Protocols......Page 328
Developing Promising Candidates......Page 329
Communicating Values and Policies......Page 331
Sustaining Officer Motivation......Page 332
Working with Citizen Review Boards......Page 335
Establishing Early Warning Systems......Page 338
Stress Management......Page 339
Mitigating Dangerous Stress......Page 340
Easing Stress’s Impact on Officers’ Private Lives......Page 342
Navigating the Political Landscape......Page 344
Summary......Page 346
Discussion Questions......Page 348
What Would You Do?......Page 349
part IV Collateral Functions and Future Trends......Page 350
Learning Outcomes......Page 351
Introduction......Page 352
National Employment Laws......Page 353
Understanding Affirmative Action......Page 357
Hiring for Diversity in Police Agencies......Page 358
The Emergence of Unions......Page 360
The Boston Police Strike of 1919......Page 361
Unfair Labor Practices......Page 362
Management Rights......Page 364
Reasons for Joining a Union......Page 365
Union Leaders, Union Members, and Management: A Complex Relationship......Page 366
Union Power......Page 367
Labor Negotiation......Page 368
Grievances......Page 372
Expressed and Implied Contracts......Page 374
Administrative Law......Page 375
Property Law......Page 376
Tort Law......Page 377
Intentional Torts......Page 378
Privacy Law......Page 379
The Privacy Act of 1974......Page 380
The Perils of Violating Privacy......Page 381
Civil Lawsuits......Page 382
Negligence......Page 383
Sexual Harassment......Page 384
Proximate (Legal) Cause......Page 385
What Police Agencies Can Do......Page 386
Summary......Page 387
Key Terms......Page 388
Discussion Questions......Page 389
What Would You Do?......Page 390
Learning Outcomes......Page 391
Procurement......Page 392
Purchasing......Page 393
Leasing......Page 395
Outsourcing......Page 396
Obtaining Competitive Bids......Page 400
Understanding Service Contracts and Warranties......Page 401
Forging Agreements with Outsourcing Providers......Page 402
Understanding the Facilities Manager Role......Page 405
Building or Renovating a Police Facility......Page 408
Conducting Site Surveys......Page 410
Updating Technology in a Police Facility......Page 412
Summary......Page 415
Key Terms......Page 416
What Would You Do?......Page 417
Learning Outcomes......Page 419
Introduction......Page 420
The Question of Trust......Page 422
Captured on Video......Page 423
Counterterrorism......Page 424
The Question of Police Purpose......Page 429
The Need for Creative Budget Strategies......Page 430
Assessment and Evaluation: Will Police Grade Themselves on the Right Curve?......Page 431
Measuring Performance at the Organizational Level......Page 432
Hiring......Page 433
Training......Page 434
Constructive Confrontation......Page 436
Embracing the Virtual World......Page 438
Broadening Notions of Management......Page 439
Challenging the Status Quo......Page 440
Change Leadership: What Model Should Police Use?......Page 441
Selecting a Change-Leadership Model......Page 442
Potential New Paths for Unions......Page 444
Facilities Management: What Will It Look Like in the Future?......Page 445
Use of Donated Space......Page 446
Technology and Street Crime......Page 447
The Rise of Cybercrime......Page 449
Summary......Page 453
Discussion Questions......Page 455
What Would You Do?......Page 456
Bibliography......Page 458
Glossary......Page 470
Photo Credits......Page 478
Index......Page 482