Polarization, Shifting Borders And Liquid Governance: Studies On Transformation And Development In The OSCE Region

Preface
Contents
List of Figures
List of Charts
List of Tables
Part I Main Section: Between Stability and Transformation in the OSCE Region
1 Migration Policies in the OSCE Region
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Underlying Ideological Basis of Migration Policy
1.3 The Operative Frameworks of Migration of the OSCE and ODIHR
1.4 The Instrumentalization of Migration Policy as a Political Strategy
1.5 Differential Implementations of Migration Governance
1.5.1 The Cases of Mass Displacement of Ukrainian, Syrian, and Afghan Refugees
1.6 Conclusion
References
2 Early Warning Models in the OSCE: Adoption and Re-invention
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conflict Prevention and Early Warning
2.3 Constructivism, World Society Theory, and International Bureaucracies (IB)
2.4 International Organizations and World Cultural Models
2.4.1 World Cultural Model of Conflict Prevention and Early Warning
2.4.2 World Cultural Model of (Inter-Organizational) Cooperation
2.4.3 Bureaucratization in World Society
2.5 Construction of Conflict Early Warning in the OSCE
2.5.1 High Commissioner on National Minorities
2.5.2 Conflict Prevention Centre
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 NATO and EU Strategic Security Environment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Security Governance Approach
3.3 NATO’s Strategic Concepts
3.4 The EU’s Security Documents
3.5 NATO-EU Strategic Partnership on Security
3.6 Strategic Documents of the EU and NATO
3.7 The OSCE in European Security Governance
3.8 Conclusions
3.8.1 Deterrence and Defense
3.8.2 Crisis Prevention and Management
3.8.3 Cooperative Security
References
4 Patterns of Border Disputes Amongst OSCE Countries
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Border Stability and Disputes
4.3 Methodological Approach
4.4 Findings
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Assessing Water (Ir)Rationality in Nagorno-Karabakh
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Real or Constructed “Wars Over Water”
5.3 Establishing Water Governance in the South Caucasus: Irrationality Prevails
5.4 Few Initiatives, Poor Chances of Success
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 Vetting as a Tool for Strengthening Judicial Integrity in the OSCE Region
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Vetting as Means of Interference with Judicial Independence
6.3 Democracies with Systematic Rule of Law Deficiencies
6.4 International Standards—Towards a New Framework?
6.4.1 Transitional Justice Standards on the Vetting of Judges
6.4.2 Contemporary Standards on the Vetting of Judges
6.5 Serbia—The Vetting of Judges as a Rule of Law Violation
6.6 Vetting of the Vetters
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 Human Rights Adjudication in Central Asia
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Kyrgyzstan: The 2010 Constitutional Chamber Reforms
7.2.1 Lowering the Status of International Human Rights Treaties
7.3 Kazakhstan: 2017 Constitutional Amendment Case
7.4 Tajikistan: 2016 Constitutional Amendment
7.5 Geopolitics and External Influence in Central Asia
7.6 Conclusion
References
8 Human Rights and Social Media: Challenges and Opportunities for Human Rights Education
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The European Consensus on Freedom of Expression Throughout Eurasia
8.3 Intermediary Liability in the 2022 Digital Services Act
8.4 Digital Services Act (DSA) Package
8.5 Disinformation as a Crime
8.6 Lessons Learned and the Way Forward
8.7 Conclusion
References
9 Digital Citizen Activism in Central Asia: Beyond Contestation and Cooperation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Roles of Digital Activism in Autocracies
9.3 Networked Authoritarianism and Control of Digital Space
9.4 Digital Activism to Initiate Police Reform in Kazakhstan: Legitimation Instead of Cooperation
9.5 Urban Activism in Uzbekistan: Constrained Cooperation
9.6 Digital Activism in Tajikistan: Arrested Cooperation
9.7 Digital Activism in Central Asia
9.8 Conclusion
Appendix A. Detailed List of Interviews Conducted
References
10 The Dilemma of Good Governance Versus Power Grab in Georgia
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Hypothetical Approach
10.3 Political Elites as Role-Model?
10.4 The Georgian Reality
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Transformations of Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine Towards EU Membership
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The European Union Enlargement
11.3 Transformation in the Process of European Integration
11.3.1 Political Polarization in Georgia
11.3.2 Justice System and Rule of Law
11.3.3 Institutions and Elections
11.3.4 Anti-corruption Reforms
11.3.5 De-oligarchization
11.3.6 Fight Against Organized Crime
11.3.7 Free Media and Human Rights
11.4 Georgia’s Current Challenges
11.5 Conclusion
References
12 Backsliding Rule of Law and “Stabilitocracy” in Montenegro
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Long Transition
12.3 Political Hegemony and Rule of Law
12.4 The Rule of Law
12.5 Challenges to Maintaining the Rule of Law
12.6 ‘Highjacked’ and Backsliding of Constitutional Norms
12.7 Conclusion
References
13 OSCE Securitization and De-securitization-The Kosovo-Serbia Dialogue
13.1 Introduction
13.2 An Era of Securitization: The Kosovo Crisis
13.2.1 The Role of the European Union
13.2.2 The Role of the United States of America
13.2.3 The Role of the Russian Federation
13.3 De-securitization: The Roles of Regional Actors
13.3.1 The European Union
13.3.2 The United States of America
13.3.3 The Russian Federation
13.4 Kosovo’s Domestic Developments
13.5 Conclusion
References
Part II Special Section: Crisis, War and Conflict in Ukraine
14 Introduction to the Special Section
References
15 Ukraine’s European Integration in the Context of Russian Aggression
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Legal Framework of Ukraine’s Cooperation with the EU
15.3 Ukraine`s Europeanization
15.4 Ukraine’s EU Candidate Status: A Favor or Well-Deserved Reward?
15.5 Conclusion
References
16 Italian Governments and Political Parties Vis-a-Vis the War in Ukraine
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Draghi’s Government Vis-a-Vis War in Ukraine
16.3 Humanitarian and Economic Assistance
16.4 Meloni's Government Vis-a-Vis the War in Ukraine
16.5 Italy’s Political Parties Vis-a-Vis the War in Ukraine
16.5.1 Fratelli d’Italia
16.5.2 The Lega
16.5.3 Forza Italia
16.5.4 Partito Democratico
16.5.5 Movimento Cinque Stelle
16.5.6 Italia Viva and Azione– Terzo Polo
16.6 Conclusion
References
17 Shaping German Feminist Foreign Policy in Times of Conflict in Ukraine
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Feminist Foreign Policy in the Context of the War in Ukraine
17.3 Germany’s Feminist Foreign Policy
17.4 German FFP and the Russo-Ukrainian Conflict
17.5 Discussion
17.6 Conclusion
References
18 Polish Reactions to Russian Aggression Against Ukraine
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Polish Foreign Policy—Theoretical Framework
18.3 Poland and Ukraine Before the War—Foreign Policy Perspective
18.4 Reactions to Russia’s Aggression in Poland
18.5 Humanitarian Power
18.6 Military Support and Alliances
18.7 Democratization of Ukraine and New Candidate for the EU
18.8 Conclusion
References
19 German, French, and Polish Perspectives on the War in Ukraine
19.1 Introduction
19.2 A War of Aggression and European Perspectives
19.2.1 Germany: Between Commitment and Hesitation
19.2.2 France: The Long Shadow of Versailles
19.2.3 Poland: An Unconditional Ukrainian Military Victory
19.3 Conclusion
References
20 Estonian Fears, Hopes, and Efforts–Russian War Against Ukraine
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Russia’s Russkiy Mir and Near Abroad Ambitions
20.3 Russkiy Mir Concept and Soviet Nostalgia
20.4 Russian Versus Estonian: Narratives and Attitudes
20.4.1 Related Rise of Energy Costs and Inflation
20.5 Policy Trends in Estonia in 2022–2023
20.5.1 Estonian Donations to Ukraine
20.5.2 Internal Activities: Deterrence and Information
20.6 Conclusion
References
21 Greece’s Response to Russia’s War on Ukraine
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Greece’s Policy: Continuity and Change
21.3 Framing Greece’s Policy
21.3.1 Greeks in Ukraine
21.3.2 Greece’s Power Considerations
21.3.3 Dismantling the Greek–Russian Relationship
21.3.4 Domestic Political Debate
21.4 Conclusion
References
22 Tarafsız: Turkey’s Impartial Stance Vis-a-Vis Russia’s War Against Ukraine
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Turkey’s Relations with Russia
22.3 Turkey’s Relationship with Ukraine
22.4 Tarafsız: Turkey’s Stance Vis-a-Vis the War
22.5 Turkey’s Motives
22.6 Perceptions and Attitudes in Turkey
22.7 Conclusion
References
23 The United Nations and the Russian-Ukrainian War
23.1 Introduction
23.2 The UN’s Non-prevention of a War Foretold
23.3 Intergovernmental Body Reactions
23.4 International Courts and Investigations
23.5 The Response of the UN Secretary-General and UN System Executives
23.6 Conclusion
References
24 OSCE’s Resilience in Times of War
24.1 Introduction
24.2 The Resilience of International Organizations
24.3 International Organization’s Resilience Vis-a-Vis Their Environment
24.4 Ontological Security and International Organizations
24.5 The OSCE’s Resilience Evaluated through Formal Factors
24.6 The OSCE’s Resilience in a Historical Perspective
24.7 Conclusion
References
25 Transitional Justice in Ukraine
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Investigation into War Crimes
25.3 Reckoning War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
25.3.1 The Disinformation and ‘Cell Phone War’
25.4 Preconditions for Transitional Justice in Ukraine
25.5 Ukrainian Caveats
25.6 Transitional Justice Beyond the Ukrainian War
25.7 Conclusion
References