This textbook and exercise book provides a solid basic knowledge and comprehensive practical skills in dealing with PLC programming. Numerous exercises help to deepen the material. With the accompanying simulation software and sample solutions, the acquired knowledge can be applied immediately. The software can be downloaded via the Internet.
The knowledge of number systems and digital technology conveyed in the book is an important prerequisite for skilful and clever PLC programming. The programming language used, "Instruction list according to IEC 61131-3", provides the best insights into the functioning of a PLC. The didactically prepared programming examples for switching networks, signal memories, time functions, counters, function blocks and functions, program structures, sequence controls, data types and much more enable systematic learning of programming.
The 5th, corrected edition experiences an expansion of the exercises with a didactically prepared project for the control of a mountain railway. The associated simulation software "PLC-lite" enables the realisation of controls for the mountain railway and the "realistic" representation of the cableway movements on the screen.
Author(s): Hans-Joachim Adam, Mathias Adam
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 244
City: Berlin
Preface to the Fourth Edition (german)
Preface to the Fifth, Expanded Edition
Contents
About the Authors
Part I: Digital Technology
1: Basics: Number Systems, Dual Numbers and Codes
1.1 Decimal Number System
1.2 Bundling
1.3 The Decimal Position System
1.4 Roman Numerals
1.5 Egyptian Numbers
1.6 Binary System, Dual Number System
1.7 Computers Work with Dual Numbers
1.8 Conversion of Decimal Numbers into Dual Numbers
1.9 Other Number Bases, Hexadecimal Numbers (Base 16)
1.10 Hexadecimal Numbers and Dual Numbers
1.11 Binary Code
1.12 BCD Code
1.13 ASCII Code
1.14 Dual Code – Dual Number
1.15 Signals
2: Logical Functions and Boolean Algebra
2.1 Negation (NOT Function)
2.2 Identity (EQUAL Function)
2.3 Conjunction (AND Function)
2.4 Heating Control (Two-Point Control)
2.5 Negation of the Input
2.6 More Than Two Input Variables
2.7 AND Operation as Data Switch
2.8 Disjunction (OR Function)
2.9 OR Operation as Data Switch
2.10 NAND Function (Negation of the AND Function)
2.11 NOR Function (Negation of the OR Function)
2.12 Creating a Function from the Function Table
2.13 EXOR Function (Antivalence)
2.14 Disjunctive Normal Form (AND-Before-OR), Minterms
2.15 Brief Description of the Logic Diagram
2.16 Two-Way Connection
2.17 Creating the Function Equation with More Than Two Inputs
2.18 Cross Connection
2.19 Two- from Three-Sensors Logic
2.20 Transforming and Simplifying Functions
2.21 Boolean Algebra
2.22 Conjunctive Normal Form (OR-Before-AND)
3: Memory Elements
3.1 Flip-Flops and Static Memories
3.2 The RS Flip-Flop
3.3 Alarm Circuit 1
3.4 Defined Basic Position (Preferred Position)
3.5 Priority of the Input Signals
3.6 Motor Control
3.7 Flip-Flop with Negated Inputs
3.8 Clock-State Controlled Flip-Flops
3.9 Alarm Circuit 2
3.10 Filling and Emptying a Measuring Vessel
3.11 Alarm Circuit 3
4: Dynamic Memory Elements and Counters
4.1 Clock Edge Controlled Flip-Flops
4.2 RS Bistable Element with Dynamic Input
4.3 The JK-Flip-Flop
4.4 The T-Flip-Flop
4.5 Automatic Filling and Emptying of a Measuring Vessel
4.6 Counter
4.6.1 The Asynchronous Counter
4.6.2 The Asynchronous Down Counter
4.6.3 Modulo-n, Decimal- and BCD-Counters
4.6.4 Modulo-3 Counter
4.6.5 BCD Counter
4.6.6 Counter with Any Start and End Value
4.7 Multiple Filling and Emptying of a Vessel
4.8 Timer
Part II: PLC Technology
5: Combinatorial Circuits with PLC
5.1 Directly Represented Variable
5.2 Basic Logical Links with PLCs
5.3 OR Operation
5.4 The Current Result
5.5 The PLC Simulation Application “PLC-Lite”
5.6 AND Operation
5.7 Negation of Inputs and Outputs
5.8 Boolean Algebra: De Morgan’s Rules
5.9 Boiler Heating (Two-Point Control)
5.10 Program Cycle of the PLC
5.11 Circuit Diagrams
5.12 Querying Output Variables
5.13 Flags and Brackets
5.14 Memory for Flags
5.15 Comments in the Instruction List
5.16 Intermediate Results in Brackets
5.17 EXOR Operation (Antivalence)
6: Logical Memory Circuits
6.1 Output with Self-Retaining
6.2 Setting and Resetting Outputs
6.3 Order of Execution and Priority
6.4 Storage of Inputs and Outputs
6.5 Process Images of the Inputs and Outputs
6.6 Level Control of a Vessel
6.7 Alarm Circuit 4
6.8 Signal Memories as Function Blocks
6.9 Use of Function Modules
6.10 Control for Filling and Emptying a Measuring Vessel
7: Timers with PLC
7.1 Timer for Pulses
7.2 Filling and Emptying with Time Control
7.3 Flashing Lights and Oscillating Circuits
7.4 Alarm Circuit 5
7.5 Using Multiple Timers: Chasers
7.6 Timer with Switch-On Delay
7.7 Start/Stop Oscillator with only One Timing Element
7.8 Note on the Display of Very Short Pulses
8: Counter with PLC
8.1 Data Types
8.2 Type Conversions
8.3 Three Different Counter Types
8.3.1 Up Counter
8.3.2 Down Counter
8.3.3 Combined Up/Down Counter
8.4 Determine Numbers
8.5 Multi-Digit Decimal Counter (BCD)
8.6 Multiple Filling and Emptying
8.7 Generator for Counting Pulses
8.8 Time measuring
8.9 Quantity Measuring
8.10 Reaction Tester
9: Function Blocks
9.1 The Function Block (FB) Outputs Values
9.2 Creating a Function Block (FB)
9.3 Program Organization Units (POUs)
9.4 Including a Function Block in a Project at a Later Stage
9.5 The Function Block Reads in Values
9.6 Function Block: FB_Tank
10: Jumps, Loops and Repetitions
10.1 The Running Dot
10.2 Conditional Jump
10.3 Set Initial Value
10.4 Running Light
10.5 Comparisons
10.6 Unconditional Jump
10.7 Filling Several Measuring Vessels
10.8 Multiple Selection
10.9 Random Numbers
11: Functions
11.1 Use of Functions
11.2 Difference Between Function and Function Block
11.3 Dice Game
11.4 BCD Converter
11.5 Parameter Transfer to the Function
12: Sequence Controls
12.1 Basic Principle of Sequence Control Using the Example of Pushbuttons
12.2 The Sequence Chain
12.3 Set Initial State
12.4 Sequence Step and Step-On Condition
12.5 Graphical Representation of Sequence Controls
12.6 Pressure Switch
12.7 Control of Actions
12.8 Programming the Timing Elements in a Sequence Control System
12.9 In Conclusion
13: Repeat Tasks
13.1 Review Tasks for Chap. 2
13.2 Review Tasks for Chap. 5
13.3 Review Tasks for Chap. 6
13.4 Review of Chap. 7
13.5 Review Exercises for Chap. 8
13.6 Review of Chap. 9
13.7 Review of Chap. 10
13.8 Review of Chap. 11
13.9 Review of Chap. 12
13.10 Mixed Tasks
14: Example: Control of a Mountain Railway
14.1 Control of a Cable Car
14.2 Cable Car: Main Programme
14.3 Edge Detection
14.4 Cable Car (Bergbahn): Control Function Block
14.5 Mountain Railway with Stop Request from the Cabin
14.6 Cable Car with Stop Request from the Middle Station
14.7 Treatment of Operational Faults
15: Structure and Programming of a PLC
16: Standard Compliance of PLC-Lite
16.1 Program Organisation Units (POU)
16.2 Elements of the Instruction List Language (IL)
16.3 Keywords
17: Terms English – German
References
Index
