This book reviews comprehensively the opportunities and responsibilities of science, society and politics to combat plastic pollution in marine and freshwaters. It provides insights on what information is needed, and from whom, and it outlines policies proposed by various institutions including OSPAR, HELCOM and the European Union. Plastic waste has become a global threat to the aquatic environment that does not stop at country borders. Meanwhile, there are many efforts in science, industry, commerce and governments to tackle the problem worldwide. School education, NGO public actions, voluntary trade reduction measures, governmental management options and governmental regulatory actions are part of the portfolio of efforts to deal with the problem.
Together with the companion volume Plastics in the Aquatic Environment - Part I: Current Status and Challenges, it provides scientists, policymakers and environmental managers with essential reference information on how this problem is being solved, what challenges and barriers are expected and how they can be overcome.
Author(s): Friederike Stock, Georg Reifferscheid, Nicole Brennholt, Evgeniia Kostianaia
Series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 112
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 295
City: Cham
Series Preface
Contents
Introductory Remarks on the Role of Stakeholders in Addressing Plastic Pollution of the Aquatic Environment
1 Introduction
2 Overview of This Volume
3 Discussion
References
Human Perceptions and Behaviour Determine Aquatic Plastic Pollution
1 Plastic Pollution and the Human Dimension: Introduction
2 Plastic as a System and the Role of Human Decisions and Behaviours
3 Mechanisms of Change
4 Behaviour
4.1 Predictors of Behaviour
4.2 Quantifying Behaviour
4.3 Behaviour Change Interventions
4.4 Clean-Up Initiatives that Involve Citizens and Other Stakeholders
4.5 When Is an Intervention a Behaviour Change Intervention?
5 Media Reporting, Concern and Risk Perception
6 Risk Perception and Communication: Broader Principles
7 International Dimension
8 Challenges
9 Research Gaps
10 Summary and Conclusions
References
Society Role in the Reduction of Plastic Pollution
1 The Global Dimension of Plastic Pollution
2 Why Do We Need to Reduce Plastic Pollution?
3 Role of Research and Education
3.1 Research
3.2 Education
3.3 Innovation
4 Role of the Plastic Industry
5 Role of NGOs and the General Public
6 Communication and Awareness Raising
7 Conclusions: The Way Ahead
References
Education Against Plastic Pollution: Current Approaches and Best Practices
1 Introduction
2 Types of Education
3 Formal Education Initiatives to Tackle Plastic Pollution
3.1 Environmental Education According to A Strategy for Sustainable Living
3.2 Programs for Primary and Secondary Education Levels
3.2.1 School Curricula and Educational Packages on Preventing Plastic Pollution
3.2.2 Governmental Educational Initiatives on Plastic Pollution
3.3 Tertiary Level of Education
4 Non-formal Educational Programs and Tools to Tackle Plastic Pollution
4.1 Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)
4.2 Other Open Access Training Opportunities
4.3 Sustainability Games
4.4 Mobile Exhibitions
5 Summary and Conclusions
References
Stakeholder Analysis in Solving the Problem of Accumulation of Plastics in Surface Waters of Protected Areas
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Presentation of the Views of Stakeholders per Respondent Groups
3.1.1 Domestic and Foreign Visitors
3.1.2 Respondent Groups Based on Monthly Incomes
3.1.3 Employees of the Communal and Water Management Companies
3.1.4 Journalists
3.1.5 Respondents Who Attended the Education Program
3.2 Presentation of the Views of All Stakeholders
4 Conclusions
References
The Role of Policy in Tackling Plastic Waste in the Aquatic Environment
1 Introduction
2 EU Political Action on Plastics
3 Instruments
3.1 Regulations
3.2 Market-Based Instruments
3.2.1 Taxes and Fees
3.2.2 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
3.3 Financing and Investment
3.3.1 Waste Management Infrastructure
3.3.2 Green Public Procurement
3.4 Information and Voluntary
3.4.1 Voluntary Commitments
3.4.2 Information Tools
4 Conclusion
References
Monitoring Approaches for Marine Litter in the European Sea Basins
1 Introduction
2 The Marine Strategy Framework Directive: Descriptor 10 - Marine Litter
3 Regional Sea Conventions
4 Marine Litter Monitoring Elements in the European Sea Basins
5 Summary and Conclusions
References
Plastics in the Austrian Stretch of the Danube River: From Environmental Data to Action Plans at the Local, National, and Inte...
1 Introduction
2 The Role of Public Authorities
3 Conclusions
References
Plastics in Freshwater: A New Challenge for the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR)?
1 Introduction
2 The International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR)
3 Current Knowledge of Contamination with Plastics in the Rhine
4 Initiatives in the Countries in the Rhine Catchment
5 Initiatives on the International Level
6 Plastics as a New Topic for the ICPR?
7 Conclusions
References
Five Years Since the 2013 HELCOM Ministerial Declaration
1 HELCOM Commitments on Marine Litter
2 Marine Litter Monitoring
3 Assessment of Marine Litter in the Baltic Sea
4 Implementing the Regional Action Plan on Marine Litter
5 HELCOM´s Role Outside the Baltic Sea Region
5.1 United Nations
5.2 European Regional Seas Conventions
5.3 European Union
6 Next Critical Date: 2021
References
Combating Marine Plastics: The Role of Finance and Technical Assistance by Development Finance Institutions
1 Background
1.1 What Are DFIs?
1.2 What Do DFIs Do
2 Multilateral DFI Work on Marine Plastics in Sovereign Finance and Technical Assistance
2.1 Sovereign Finance
2.2 Sovereign Technical Assistance
3 DFI Support for Private Efforts on Marine Plastics
3.1 DFI Support for Private Finance
3.2 DFI Support for Private Sector-Related Technical Assistance
4 The Way Forward
4.1 Mainstreaming
4.1.1 Mainstreaming Inside DFIs
4.1.2 Mainstreaming into Existing DFI Coordination Mechanisms
4.2 Synergetic Approaches
4.3 Collaboration with Other Bodies
4.3.1 Global Intergovernmental Bodies
4.3.2 Regional Intergovernmental Bodies
4.3.3 Industry Initiatives
5 Conclusion
References
The Current State of Law on Plastic Pollution in Mexico and a View Toward the Future
1 Introduction
2 Part One: Plastic Waste in Mexico: The Problem and Current Legislative Frameworks
2.1 Plastic Waste in Aquatic Environments
2.2 Overview of Relevant Mexican Legal Structures to Address Plastic in Waterways
2.2.1 Constitution
2.2.2 International Conventions or Treaties
2.2.3 Federal Legislation
2.2.4 Relevant Federal Regulatory Authorities in Mexico
2.2.5 Mexican Official Norms (NOMs) and Voluntary Guidelines (NMX) Regarding Plastics
2.2.6 State Legislation Governing Plastics
2.3 Conclusions About Mexico´s Legal Framework
3 Part Two: Framing Future Legal Structures for Plastics in Mexico
3.1 Introduction
3.2 When Plastic Is Not Pollution
3.3 Plastic Is Pollution
3.4 Country-Level Legislative Actions
3.5 Incentives to Participate in Solutions
3.6 Design for the Future
3.7 Establishing Priorities Through a Plastic Hierarchy
3.8 Social and Economic Benefits from Rethinking Plastics
4 Conclusion
References
The Problem of Microplastics and Regulatory Strategies in Italy
1 Introduction
2 Legislation and Regulation About Plastics
2.1 European Strategies
2.2 Italian Regulation
3 Monitoring MPs in Freshwater Environments: Major Issues and Short Overview of Methodological Approaches
4 Monitoring Microplastics in River Ofanto
4.1 Methodological Approach
4.1.1 Step One: Experimental Design
4.1.2 Step Two: Laboratory Preparation of Samples
4.1.3 Step Three: Quality Assurance and Quality Control
5 MICROPLASMA Project
6 Conclusions
References
Concluding Remarks on the Role of Stakeholders in Addressing Plastic Pollution of the Aquatic Environment
1 Introduction
2 Overview of This Volume
3 Discussion
References
