This book presents in a single volume the basic essentials of the properties and processing behaviour of plastics and composites. The aim is to give engineers and technologists a sound understanding of basic principles without the introduction of unduly complex levels of mathematics or chemistry and thereby set plastics in their proper context as engineering materials. This textbook pioneered the approach whereby both properties and processing of reinforced and unreinforced plastics are covered in a single volume. It assumes no prior knowledge of plastics, and emphasises the practical aspects of the subject. In this third edition over half the book has been re-written and the remainder has been updated and re-organised. Early chapters give an introduction to the types of plastics which are currently available and describe how a designer goes about the selection of a plastic for a particular application. Later chapters lead the reader into more advanced aspects of mechanical design and analysis of polymer melt flow. All techniques developed are illustrated by numerous worked examples, and problems are given at the end of each chapter - the solutions to which form one of the appendices.
Author(s): R J CRAWFORD
Edition: 3
Year: 1998
Language: English
Pages: 352
Front Cover......Page 1
Plastics Engineering......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface to the Third Edition......Page 12
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 14
Preface to the First Edition......Page 16
1.1 Introduction......Page 18
1.2 Polymeric Materials......Page 19
1.3 Plastics Available to the Designer......Page 23
1.4 Selection of Plastics......Page 35
2.1 Introduction......Page 58
2.2 Viscoelastic Behaviour of Plastics......Page 59
2.3 Short-Term Testing of Plastics......Page 60
2.4 Long-Term Testing of Plastics......Page 62
2.5 Design Methods for Plastics using Deformation Data......Page 65
2.6 Thermal Stresses and Strains......Page 78
2.7 Multi-layer Mouldings......Page 83
2.8 Design of Snap Fits......Page 88
2.9 Design of Ribbed Sections......Page 91
2.10 Stiffening Mechanisms in Other Moulding Situations......Page 98
2.11 Mathematical Models of Viscoelastic Behaviour......Page 101
2.12 Intermittent Loading......Page 112
2.13 Dynamic Loading of Plastics......Page 127
2.14 Time–Temperature Superposition......Page 133
2.15 Fracture Behaviour of Unreinforced Plastics......Page 136
2.17 Energy Approach to Fracture......Page 138
2.18 Stress Intensity Factor Approach to Fracture......Page 144
2.19 General Fracture Behaviour of Plastics......Page 148
2.20 Creep Failure of Plastics......Page 151
2.21 Fatigue of Plastics......Page 155
2.22 Impact Behaviour of Plastics......Page 164
3.2 Types of Reinforcement......Page 185
3.3 Types of Matrix......Page 187
3.4 Forms of Fibre Reinforcement in Composites......Page 188
3.5 Analysis of Continuous Fibre Composites......Page 189
3.6 Deformation Behaviour of a Single Ply or Lamina......Page 199
3.7 Summary of Approach to Analysis of Unidirectional Composites......Page 205
3.8 General Deformation Behaviour of a Single Ply......Page 212
3.9 Deformation Behaviour of Laminates......Page 219
3.10 Summary of Steps to Predict Stiffness of Symmetric Laminates......Page 223
3.11 General Deformation Behaviour of Laminates......Page 225
3.12 Analysis of Multi-layer Isotropic Materials......Page 235
3.13 Analysis of Non-symmetric Laminates......Page 240
3.14 Analysis of Short Fibre Composites......Page 243
3.16 Strength of Fibre Composites......Page 249
3.17 Fatigue Behaviour of Reinforced Plastics......Page 255
3.18 Impact Behaviour of Reinforced Plastics......Page 257
4.1 Introduction......Page 262
4.2 Extrusion......Page 263
4.3 Injection Moulding......Page 295
4.4 Thermoforming......Page 323
4.5 Calendering......Page 330
4.6 Rotational Moulding......Page 335
4.7 Compression Moulding......Page 340
4.8 Transfer Moulding......Page 343
4.9 Processing Reinforced Thermoplastics......Page 344
4.10 Processing Reinforced Thermosets......Page 345
5.1 Introduction......Page 360
5.2 General Behaviour of Polymer Melts......Page 361
5.3 Isothermal Flow in Channels: Newtonian Fluids......Page 363
5.4 Rheological Models for Polymer Melt Flow......Page 368
5.5 Isothermal Flow in Channels: Non-Newtonian Fluids......Page 371
5.6 Isothermal Flow in Non-Uniform Channels......Page 374
5.7 Elastic Behaviour of Polymer Melts......Page 380
5.8 Residence and Relaxation Times......Page 384
5.9 Temperature Rise in Die......Page 385
5.10 Experimental Methods Used to Obtain Flow Data......Page 386
5.11 Analysis of Flow in Some Processing Operations......Page 392
5.12 Analysis of Heat Transfer during Polymer Processing......Page 408
5.13 Calculation of Clamping force......Page 418
A.1 Structure of Long Molecules......Page 430
A.2 Conformation of the Molecular Chain......Page 432
A.3 Arrangement of Molecular Chains......Page 437
Appendix B. Solution of Differential Equations......Page 442
Appendix C. Stress/Strain Relationships......Page 443
Appendix D. Stresses in Cylindrical Shapes......Page 446
E.1 Matrix definitions......Page 448
E.3 Matrix addition and subtraction......Page 449
E.5 Symmetric matrix......Page 450
Appendix F. Abbreviations for some Common Polymers......Page 451
Solutions to Questions......Page 452
Index......Page 518
