This book addresses the need for a technical guided thought on production, consumption, and waste management of plastic and polymers in the African continent. Issues such as resource availability, processing technologies, plastic policies, and much more are covered in the book. While Africa is made up of several different countries which might be different from each other in many ways, these countries within the African continent have some commonalities such as region, some shared history, resources, and some shared policies through organizations such as the African Union, African Free trade Zone, and ECOWAS. With a population of over a billion, the African continent has become an attractive market for various businesses. Several publications in recent years have pushed for the advancement of the African continent toward increased manufacturing as a road to development. This inevitably includes the plastics and other polymers industry. Careful consideration must be taken to ensure that this growth will focus on more sustainable and greener manufacturing; otherwise, this anticipated growth in the plastics and polymer industry will only spell increased pollution and worsening of the environment.
Author(s): Ololade Olatunji
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 215
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
References
2 Polymers in Early Trade and Industry in Africa
Origins of Plastics and Polymers
The Early Trade and Industry in Africa
Polymers of the Early Trade and Industries in Africa
Silk
Rubber
Ivory
Sisal
Cotton
Leather
Casava
Gum Arabic
Challenges Faced by the Early Polymer Trade and Industries of Africa
Conclusion
References
3 Production and Processing Techniques of Some Polymeric Materials in Early Trade and Industry of Africa
Production and Processing of Silk into Textiles
Types of Silk
Processing of Silk
Production and Processing of Sisal
Types of Sisal
Cultivation and Harvesting of Sisal Plant
Decortication of Sisal
Retting and Beating
Drying
Biodegradation of Sisal
Production and Processing of Cotton
Cultivation of Cotton
Ginning
Carding, Cleaning, and Combing
Spinning
Cotton Weaving
Production and Processing of Rubber
Cultivation of Rubber
The Rubber Tapping Process
Processing of Latex into Rubber Lumps
Transporting the Rubber to the Trade Point
Environmental Impact of Rubber Tapping in Early Industry of Africa
Ivory Sourcing and Processing
The Ivory Trade
Ivory from Elephants
Ivory Removal from Elephants
Processing of Ivory into Products
Production and Processing of Leather
Raising of Animals for Leather
Extracting of Hides and Skins for Leather
Production and Processing of Gum Arabic
Cultivation of Gum Arabic Tree
Extraction of Gum Arabic from the Acacia Tree
Other Polymer Products
Starch in Grains
Thaumatococcus Daniellii Leaves
Polysaccharides in Gums of Terminalia Sericea Tree
Starch in Cassava
Baskets and Basketry Objects
Calabash Making
Ancient Fibers in the Modern Era
Conclusion
References
4 Plastic and Polymer Consumption in Africa Today
Plastic Use and Rise of Consumerism in Africa
Tracing the Origin of Modern Polymers and Plastics in Africa
Classification of Consumer Plastics
Plastic and Polymer Consumption Rates
Conclusion
References
5 Plastic Bans in Africa
Plastic Bans Across the World
Leaders in Plastic Ban Across Africa
Factors Influencing Successful Plastic Ban
Harnessing the Promise of Plastics Last Forever
Voluntary Plastic Reduction Strategies
Impact of Plastic Bans in Africa
Conclusion
References
6 Plastics Recycling in Africa
Plastic Recycling
Collection and Recycling Infrastructure
The Inherent Value of Used Plastics
Plastic Recycling Enterprises Across Africa
Mr Green Kenya
Wecyclers Nigeria
TakaTaka Kenya
Proplast Senegal
Polyco South Africa
SoleRebels Ethiopia
Ocean Sole, Kenya
Repurpose Schoolbags, South Africa
Ecoplast Kenya
Plastic Recycling Initiatives by Multinational Companies in Africa
SA Plastics Pact
ReFlexNG
PETCO South Africa
African Plastics Recycling Alliance
PRI Uganda
Some Plastic Recycling Innovations Across Africa
Roof Tiles from Recycled Plastics in Kenya
Floor Tiles from Recycled Tyres in Nigeria
Recycled Plastics Used in Roads in Morrocco
Woven Recycled Plastics Floor Mat in Senegal
Can Plastic Recycling be a Unique Opportunity for Africa?
Defining a New Age of Plastics in Africa
Conclusion
References
7 Biopolymer Production and Applications
Biopolymer Production, Types, and Classifications
PHA from Bacteria
Silk Fibroin and Silk Sericin from Silkworms
Nanocellulose from Plants and Bacteria
Collagen from Animal Waste
Global and Regional Bioplastics Industry
Bioplastic Producers in Africa
Available Bioplastics and Biopolymer Resources in Africa
Impact of the Growing Bioplastic Industry on Africa
Biopolymers in Diverse Applications
Food
Drug and Vaccine Delivery
Wound Healing and Tissue Repair
Cosmetics
Hair Care, Hair Extensions, and Hair Waste Utilization
Biopolymers and Food Security
Conclusion
References
8 Plastics and Polymer Manufacturing and Processing in Africa Today
An Overview of Africa’s Manufacturing Sector Today
Plastic Manufacturers in Africa
Plastic and Polymer Regulatory Bodies, Associations, and Events within Africa
Rubber and Rubber Products’ Production in Africa
Textile Manufacturers in Africa
Other Polymers
Challenges and Future Prospects of Plastics and Polymer Industry in Africa
Conclusion
References
9 Chemical Recycling and Energy Recovery from Plastics and Other Polymers in Africa
Plastics Recycling Processes
Chemical Plastics Recycling Technology
Hydrothermal Processing
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Energy Recovery Technology
Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste in Ethiopia
Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste in Uganda
Blood, Rumen, and Bone Waste Anaerobic Digestion for Bioenergy Recovery
Feedstock and Energy Need in Africa
Conclusion
References
10 Plastic and Polymer Waste Management Systems in Africa
Global Waste Management
Composition of Waste Generated in Africa
An Overview of Waste Management Across Africa
Observations of Open Plastic Waste Dumping
Formal Waste Management Systems in Some Countries in Africa
Rwanda Environmental Management Authority (REMA)
Municipal Solid Waste Management in Senegal
Management of Plastic Waste in Kenya
Solid Waste Management in Kampala
Plastic Waste Management in Nigeria
Examples of Informal Polymer Waste Management in Lagos
Reuse of Plastic PET Bottles in Lagos
Fish and Snail Waste Management in Lagos Market
Waste from Fruit Peels
Opportunities in Waste Management in Africa
Conclusion
References
11 Microplastics: Emerging Issues in Emerging Urbanization
Introduction
What Are Microplastics?
Types of Microplastics
Environmental and Health Impact of Microplastics
Sources of Microplastics in the World’s Oceans
Microplastics by Region
Microfibers from Textiles
Plastics in Synthetic Textiles
Factors that Affect Microplastics Release from Textiles
Pathway from Textiles into the Environment
Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment
Microplastics from Paints, Road Markings, and Coatings
Microplastics Removal Methods
Conclusion
References
12 Future Outlook
Opportunity for Sustainable Urbanization and The Plastic Industry in Africa
Alternative Raw Materials for Polymers and Crude Oil Demand
Opportunities in Alternative Polymer Materials
Innovations in Plastic Waste Management
Plastic Pollution is a Global Problem
Rwanda-Peru Resolution
Extended Producer Responsibility
Data Collection on Plastics and Polymer Production and Waste Generation
Waste Business and Increasing Demand for PCR
Microplastics and Potential Impact on Development
References
13 Conclusion and Recommendations
