Plants as Medicine and Aromatics: Pharmacognosy, Ecology and Conservation

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Author/editor biographies
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Medicinal Characterization and Phytochemical Constituents of Selected Native Plants of Guyana, South America: A Review
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Importance of Medicinal Plants
1.2.1 Cymbopogon citratus
1.2.2 Cajanus cajan
1.2.3 Plectranthus amboinicus
1.2.4 Cassia alata
1.2.5 Senna bicapsularis
1.2.6 Pityrogramma calomelanos
1.3 Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants
1.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Ex-situ Conservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Using In Vitro Techniques
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Plant Growth Regulators Used in Conservation and In Vitro Studies Using Biotechnological Methods
2.3 Studies on the Conservation of MAPs by In Vitro Techniques
2.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Conservation and Sustainable Management of Wild Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Species
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Medicinal Plants and Their Uses
3.3 Worldwide Diversity of Medicinal Plants
3.4 Threats to Medicinal Plants
3.5 Endangered Medicinal Plants
3.6 Examples of North American Native Species at Risk
3.6.1 Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng)
3.6.2 Taxus species (yew)
3.6.3 Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh)
3.6.4 Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal)
3.7 Conservation and Sustainable Utilization
Overexploitation and harmful bioprospecting are proposed to be curtailed by creating strategies such as:
3.8 Conservation Strategies for Medicinal Plants
3.8.1 Legislation
3.8.2 In Situ or On-Site Conservation
3.8.2.1 Biosphere Reserves
3.8.2.2 National Parks
3.8.3 Ex Situ or Off-Site Conservation
3.8.3.1 Field Gene Bank (Field Repository/Clonal Repository)
3.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Use of Plants as Medicines and Aromatics by Indigenous Communities of Morocco: Pharmacognosy, Ecology and Conservation
List of Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Global Importance of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
4.3 Conservation Aspects of Herbs
4.4 Transmission of Medicinal Plant Knowledge in Morocco
4.5 Ecological and Floristic Diversity in Morocco
4.6 Production and Trade in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Morocco
4.7 Organization of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sector in Morocco
4.8 Strategy for the Development of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Morocco
4.9 The Pharmacopoeia of Morocco
4.10 Legal Framework of Moroccan Herbalism and Phytotherapy
4.11 Conclusion
4.12 Conflict of Interests
References
Chapter 5 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants from Sudan: Traditional Uses, Pharmacology, and Phytoconstituents
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Global Reputation of Traditional Medicine
5.3 Traditional Sudanese Medicine
5.4 Distribution of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Sudan
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Rhus coriaria: A Review of Phytochemical and Biopharmaceutical Properties
6.1 Introduction
6.2 General Composition, Mineral and Vitamin Content of R. coriaria
6.2.1 Fruits: Main Source of Organic Chemical Components of R. coriaria
6.2.2 Leaves: Another Significant Chemical Resource From R. coriaria
6.3 Pharmacological Effects of R. coriaria
6.3.1 Antimicrobial Effects
6.3.1.1 Antibacterial Effects
6.3.1.2 Antiviral Effects
6.3.1.3 Antifungal Effects
6.3.2 Antidiabetic Effects
6.3.3 Antioxidant Properties and Anticancer Effects
6.3.4 Cardioprotective Effects
6.3.5 Anti-Inflammatory Activities
6.3.6 Toxicity
6.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Isolation of Bioactive Compounds From Medicinal Plants to Treat Neurological Disease
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Epidemiology of Neurological Diseases
7.3 History of Traditional Uses of Plants to Treat Neurological Disease
7.4 Active Constituents from Plants and Their Activity in Neurological Diseases
7.4.1 Berberine
7.4.2 Piperine
7.4.3 Quercetin
7.4.4 Kaempferol
7.4.5 Gallic Acid
7.4.6 Curcumin
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants against Paratuberculosis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Traits of MAP
8.2.1 Genetic Makeup
8.2.2 Effect of Heat
8.2.3 Effect of Ultraviolet Light
8.2.4 Vulnerability to MAP
8.3 Pathogenesis of MAP
8.4 Transmission of MAP
8.5 Potential Anti-MAP Plants
8.5.1 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
8.5.2 Anti-Tubercular Properties
8.5.3 Immunomodulatory Properties
8.6 Mechanism of Action of Various Phytochemicals
8.6.1 Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals
8.6.2 Anti-Tubercular Phytochemicals
8.6.3 Immunomodulatory Phytochemicals
8.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 9 Standardization and Evaluation of Medicinal Properties of Cleome ambylocarpa Barr. and Murb. (Cleome africana)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Chemical Constituents
9.3 Pharmacological and Toxicological Studies
9.4 Antinociceptive Activity
9.4.1 Acetic Acid-Induced Writhing Method
9.5 Effects on the Cardiovascular System
9.5.1 Effect on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate (Figure 9.6, Figure 9.7, and Figure 9.12)
9.6 Effect on Isolated Rat Fundus
9.6.1 In Vitro Experiment
9.7 Evaluation of Sex-Stimulant Activity
9.7.1 Copulatory Behavior in Mice
9.8 Toxicity Studies
9.8.1 Acute Toxicity
9.8.2 Gross Behavioral Studies
9.8.3 LD50 Studies
9.8.4 Cleome Antidepressant Activity
9.8.4.1 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
9.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 The Concept and Status of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: History, Pharmacognosy, Ecology, and Conservation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Current Status of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
10.2.1 History of Medicinal Plants
10.2.2 Pharmacognosy
10.2.3 Ecology and Plant Diversity
10.2.4 Conservation
10.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Effect of Abiotic Stress on Production of Secondary Metabolites in Plants
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Abiotic Stress and Their Effects on Biosynthetic Pathways
11.2.1 Shikimic Acid Pathway
11.2.2 Acetate Pathway
11.2.3 Amino Acid Pathway
11.3 Effect of Abiotic Stress on the Production of Secondary Metabolites
11.3.1 Water Stress and Plant Secondary Metabolites
11.3.2 Influence of Light on Secondary Metabolites
11.3.3 Salinity Stress and Plant Secondary Metabolites
11.3.4 Heavy Metal Stress and Secondary Metabolites
11.3.5 Temperature Level and Secondary Metabolites
11.3.6 Secondary Metabolites in Relation to Other Abiotic Stresses
11.4 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Opportunities and Challenges for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Japan
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Status of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Japan
12.2.1 History
12.2.2 Conventional Use of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Japan
12.2.3 Current Status of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Japan
12.3 Multifold Uses of Native Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
12.3.1 Native Medicinal Plants
12.3.1.1 Hokkaido Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
12.3.1.2 Oita Saffron (Crocus sativus)
12.3.1.3 Kagoshima Mulberry (Morus alba)
12.3.1.4 Okinawa Shell ginger (Alpinia zerumbet)
12.3.2 Native Aromatic Plants
12.3.2.1 Camphor (Lindera umbellata)
12.3.2.2 Hokkaido Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis)
12.3.2.3 Aomori hiba (Thujopsis dolabrata)
12.3.2.4 Kiso Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa)
12.3.2.5 Kochi Yuzu (Citrus junos)
12.4 Future Challenges
References
Chapter 13 Ecological, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Melissa officinalis L., an Aromatic Medicinal Plant
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Taxonomic Classification
13.3 Vernacular Names of Melissa officinalis
13.4 Geographical Distribution and Ecology
13.5 Pharmacognostic Description
13.5.1 Macroscopic Characteristics
13.5.2 Microscopic Characteristics
13.5.3 Cultivation and Collection
13.5.4 Phytochemical Constituents
13.6 Pharmacological Activities
13.6.1 Cardiovascular Effects
13.6.2 Antianxiety Effect
13.6.3 Neuroprotective Effects
13.6.4 Effects on Memory and Improving Concentration
13.6.5 Antidepressant Effect
13.6.6 Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Effects
13.6.7 Hypoglycemic Effects
13.6.8 Metabolic Effects
13.6.9 Cytotoxic Effects
13.6.10 Antioxidant Activity
13.6.11 Antimicrobial Activity
13.6.12 Antiviral Activity
13.6.13 Antispasmodic Activity
13.6.14 Anti-Angiogenic Effects
13.6.15 Anti-Epileptic Activity
13.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 14 Plants as Biomedicine for Skin Diseases in Pakistan
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Skin Diseases—Herbal Treatment
References
Chapter 15 Chemical Characterization and Biological Analysis of the Essential Oil Derived from Marlierea eugeniopsoides on the Coast of Paraná, Brazil
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Bioprospecting and the Use of Natural Resources—Search for Bioactive Substances
15.3 Natural Products—Medicinal Plants, Essential Oils, and the Development of Pharmaceuticals
15.4 The Myrtaceae Family—Essential Oil Extraction, Chemical Characterization, and Associated Biological Activities.
15.5 Collecting the Plant Material, Extraction of the Essential Oil, and Analysis of the Chemical Composition
15.5.1 Results and Discussion
15.5.1.1 Enzymatic Inhibitory Activity of Essential Oils From the Species Marlierea eugeniopsoides Collected on the Coast of Paraná, Brazil
15.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Production of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Cultivated in Turkiye
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Bioactive Compounds in Selected Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
16.1.2 Biotechnological Methods Used in the Production of Secondary Metabolites
16.1.3 Production of Secondary Compounds from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Cultivated in Turkiye by Biotechnological Methods
16.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Use of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Metabolites in Cosmetics and Skin Diseases
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Secondary Metabolites
Phenolics
Alkaloids
Saponins
Terpenes
Lipids
Carbohydrates
17.1.2 Functions of Secondary Metabolites
17.2 Secondary Metabolites in Cosmetics
17.2.1 Some Secondary Metabolites Used for Cosmetic Purposes
Acacia concinna DC. (Mimosaceae):
Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl (Verbenaceae)
Curcuma amada Roxb. (Zingiberaceae)
Curcuma longa Linn. (Zingiberaceae)
Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Euphorbiaceae)
Rubia cordifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae)
17.3 Skin Diseases and Secondary Metabolites
17.3.1 Acne vulgaris and Secondary Metabolites
Alpha‑mangostin
Ampelopsin
Artonin E
Berberine
Curcumin
Ellagic Acid
Fustin
Lupeol
Myricetin
Resveratrol
Terchebulin
Ursolic acid
17.3.2 Atopic Dermatitis and Secondary Metabolites
17.4 Conclusion
REFERENCES
Chapter 18 Nutraceutical Perspectives of the Coastal Sand Dune Wild Legume Sesbania bispinosa
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Nutritional Evaluation
18.2.1 Seed Source and Process
18.2.2 Proximal and Mineral Analysis
18.2.3 Protein Fractions and Amino Acid Analysis
18.2.4 Protein Digestibility
18.3 Evaluation of Bioactive Components
18.4 Data Analysis
18.5 Seed Features and Nutritional Qualities
18.5.1 Seed Features
18.5.2 Proximal and Mineral Composition
18.5.3 Protein Fractions and Amino Acids
18.6 Bioactive Components
18.7 Discussion
18.7.1 Proximal Qualities
18.7.2 Mineral Composition
18.7.3 Protein Bioavailability
18.7.4 Fatty Acid Composition
18.7.5 Bioactive Components
18.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19 General Plant Geography Formation of the Aegean Region and the Use of Aegean Herbs in Local Cuisine and for Medicinal Purposes
19.1 Introduction
19.2 General Plant Geography and Formation of the Aegean Region
19.2.1 Plant Geography of Kütahya Plain and Its Surroundings
19.2.2 Plant Geography of the Area Between Gediz and Büyük Menderes
19.2.3 Plant Geography of the Area between Büyük Menderes River and Upper Dalaman Stream
19.2.4 Plant Geography of the Upper Büyük Menderes Basin
19.2.5 Plant Geography of the Area Between Büyük Menderes and Gökova
19.2.6 Plant Geography of the Upper Gediz Basin
19.2.7 Plant Geography of Honaz and its Surroundings
19.3 Use of Aegean Herbs in Local Cuisine and for Medicinal Purposes
19.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 Evaluation of Medicinal and Ecological Aspects of Pteridophytes in Turkiye
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Current Status of the Systematics of Pteridophytes in Turkiye
20.3 Habitat-Based Ecological Grouping of Pteridophytes in Turkiye
20.3.1 Aquatic Forms (Free-Floating)
20.3.2 Semi-Aquatic Forms
20.3.3 Rock Forms
20.3.4 Epiphytic Forms
20.3.5 Terrestrial Forms
20.3.6 Meadow Forms
20.4 Traditional Medicinal Uses
20.5 Conclusions
References
Appendix 20.1 Re-revised Checklist of Pteridophytes of Turkiye.
Index