Plants as Bioreactors for Industrial Molecules

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Plants as Bioreactors: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Factors Controlling the Production of Recombinant Protein
1.2.1 Choice of the Host Species
1.2.2 Optimization of Expression of Recombinant Protein
1.2.3 Downstream Processing
1.3 Recombinant Proteins in Plants
1.3.1 Pharmaceutical Proteins
1.3.2 Vaccine Antigens
1.3.3 Antibodies
1.3.4 Nutritional Molecules
1.3.5 Other Valuable Products
1.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 Molecular Farming for the Production of Pharmaceutical Proteins in Plants
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Plant as an Expression Platform
2.3 Plant-Derived Recombinant Proteins
2.4 Engineering Strategies Utilized for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Production in Plants
2.4.1 Nuclear Transformation
2.4.2 Chloroplast Transformation
2.5 Pharmaceutical Protein Developed Using Plant Expression Platform
2.6 Perspectives
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 3Plants as Edible Vaccine
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mechanism of Action
3.3 Edible Plant Vaccines
3.3.1 Candidate Plants and Selection of Desired Gene
3.4 Production of Edible Vaccine (Plant Transformation)
Direct Gene Delivery Method (Physical)
3.4.3 Indirect Gene Delivery
3.5 Plant Species Used as Vaccine Models
3.5.1 Potato
3.5.2 Rice
3.5.3 Banana
3.5.4 Tomato
3.5.5 Lettuce
3.5.6 Maize
3.5.7 Carrot
3.5.8 Alfalfa
3.6 Challenges
3.7 Conclusion
Ackowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Plant Cell Culture for Biopharmaceuticals
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Plant Cultures
4.2.1 Plant Cell Cultures
4.2.2 Plant Tissue Culture
4.2.3 Plant Organ Cultures
4.3 Conditions for Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture
4.3.1 Culture Medium
4.3.2 pH
4.4 Types of Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture
4.4.1 Embryo Culture
4.4.2 Somatic Embryogenesis
4.4.3 Genetic Transformation
4.4.4 Meristem Tip Culture
4.4.5 Organogenesis
4.4.6 Callus Culture (Callogenesis)
4.4.7 Adventitious Root/Hairy Root Culture (rhizogenesis)
4.4.8 Suspension Culture
4.4.9 Protoplast Fusion
4.4.10 Haploid Production
4.4.11 Germplasm Conservation
4.5 The Techniques Used in Plant Culture
4.5.1 Micropropagation in Medicinal Plants
4.5.2 Elicitation
4.5.3 Transformed Tissue Cultures
4.5.4 Metabolic Engineering
4.6 Applications of Plant Cultures
4.7 Biopharmaceuticals
4.7.1 Biopharmaceuticals from Plants
4.7.2 The Effects of Production, Safety, and Efficacy
4.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Microalgal Bioreactors for Pharmaceuticals Production
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Microalgae Strains Selection
5.3 Microalgae Cultivation
5.3.1 Factors Affecting the Growth and Productivity of Microalgae
5.3.2 Methods and Systems for Microalgae Cultivation
5.4 Acquiring Biopharmaceuticals from Microalgae’s
5.4.1 Microalgae Harvesting
5.4.2 Biomass Dehydratation
5.4.3 Cell Disruption for Bioproducts Extraction
5.5 Microalgal Compounds and their Pharmaceutical Applications
5.5.1 Carotenoids
5.5.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
5.5.3 Polysaccharides, Vitamins, and Minerals
5.5.4 Proteins
5.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Micropropagation for the Improved Production of Secondary Metabolites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Micropropagation for Production of Secondary Metabolites
6.3 Strategies to Improve Secondary Metabolite Production
6.3.1 Optimizing Culture Conditions
6.3.2 Selecting High-Producing Cell Lines
6.3.3 Organ Cultures
6.3.4 Precursor Feeding
6.3.5 Elicitation
6.3.6 Immobilization
6.3.7 Permeabilization
6.3.8 Genetic Transformation: Hairy Root Cultures and Shooty Teratomas
6.3.9 Biotransformation
6.3.10 Metabolic Engineering
6.3.11 Plant Bioreactors and Scale-up
6.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Metabolic Engineering for Carotenoids Enrichment of Plants
7.1 Background
7.2 Classification of Carotenoid Pigments
7.2.1 Carotenoid Hydrocarbons
7.2.2 Xanthophylls
7.2.3 Carotenoid Ketones
7.2.4 Carotenoid Acids
7.3 Aspects of the Mechanism of Carotenoid Biosynthesis
7.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 8 Plant Genome Engineering for Improved Flavonoids Production
8.1 Background
8.2 Structure, Diversity, and Subgroups
8.3 Flavonoid Biosynthesis
8.4 The Mechanism of Action of Flavonoids
8.5 The Role of Flavonoids in Food and Medicine
8.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 9 Antibody Production in Plants
9.1 Introduction
9.2 How Are Antigens Expressed in Plants?
9.2.1 Transient Expression of Antigens
9.2.2 Plant Virus Fusion Proteins
9.3 Plant-Derived Antibodies: Are There any Alternative Approaches?
9.4 Antibody Production in Plants: Advantages and Concerns
9.5 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Chapter 10 Metabolic Engineering of Essential Micronutrients in Plants to Ensure Food Security
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Metabolic Engineering of Crops for Increased Nutritional Value
10.2.1 Iron
10.2.2 Iodine
10.2.3 Zinc
10.2.4 Vitamin A
10.2.5 Vitamin B6
10.2.6 Vitamin B9
10.2.7 Vitamin E
10.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11 Plant Hairy Roots as Biofactory for the Production of Industrial Metabolites
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Types of Metabolites and Industrial Metabolites
11.3 Secondary Metabolites
11.4 Importance of Secondary Metabolites
11.5 Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites
11.6 Hairy Roots
11.6.1 Hairy Roots
11.6.2 Hairy Roots in Plants and In vitro Production of Secondary Metabolites
11.7 Initiation of Hairy Root Cultures
11.7.1 Formation of Highly Proliferative Hairy Roots
11.7.2 Agrobacterium rhizogenes for Hairy Root Production and as a Biotechnology Tools
11.8 Large-Scale Production of Secondary Metabolites
11.9 Strategies Used In vitro
11.9.1 Why Hairy Root Culture?
11.10 Plants as Bioreactors
11.11 A Case Study
11.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Microalgae as Cell Factories for Biofuel and Bioenergetic Precursor Molecules
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Microalgae that Produce Bioenergy and Biofuel Molecules
12.3 Biosynthesis of Molecules for Bioenergy and Biofuels in Microalgae
12.4 Biohydrogen Production
12.5 Starch Biosynthesis
12.6 Lipid Biosynthesis
12.7 Biochemical Regulation of BBPM Associated with Nutritional Conditions
12.8 Physical and Chemical Factors Promote the Accumulation of Molecules for Bioenergy and Biofuels
12.9 Light Intensity
12.10 Salts
12.11 Use of Organic and Inorganic Carbon Sources
12.12 Agitation
12.13 Photobioreactors to Produce Bioenergy and Biofuels
12.14 Open Pond Cultivation Systems
12.15 Closed Systems
12.16 Hybrid Systems
12.17 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 Metabolic Engineering for Value Addition in Plant-Based Lipids/Fatty Acids
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Plant Lipids
13.3 TAG Synthesis in Plants
13.3.1 Fatty Acid Synthesis
13.3.2 TAG Biosynthesis
13.3.3 Lipid Droplets Biogenesis
13.3.4 Wax Esters Synthesis
13.4 Regulatory Factors Involved in TAG Synthesis
13.5 Metabolic Engineering for Lipid/Fatty Acid Synthesis
13.5.1 Increasing Oil Accumulation in Plants
13.5.2 Improving the Quality of Oil by Altering the Fatty Acid Profile
13.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14 Plants as Bioreactors for the Production of Biopesticides
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Plant Metabolic Engineering for the Production of EOs and their Pure Compounds
14.3 Bioactivity of EOs
14.3.1 Insecticidal Effects of EOs
14.3.2 Antibacterial Activity of EOs
14.3.3 Antifungal Effect of EOs
14.3.4 Bioconversion Process of EOs and Their Components by Microorganisms
14.4 In vitro Synthesis vs Extraction from Natural Sources: How to Obtain Secondary Metabolites
14.4.1 Factors Affecting the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources
14.4.2 Production of Azadirachtin by Azadirachta indica. A Case Study
14.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Nutraceuticals Productions from Plants
15.1 Plant-Derived Nutraceuticals
15.2 Phytochemicals and their Impacts on Human Health
15.2.1 Polyphenols
15.2.2 Terpenoids
15.2.3 Alkaloids
15.2.4 Fatty Acids
15.2.5 Fiber
15.3 Engineering Nutraceutical-Enriched Plants
15.4 Potential Side Effects of Nutraceuticals on Human Health
15.5 Final Considerations
References
Chapter 16 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Various Plant Parts and Their Antifungal Activity
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Plant Source
16.3 Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Plants Source
16.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Plants
16.5 Other Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Plant Source
16.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
Acknowledgement
Conflicts of Interest
Author Contribution
References
Chapter 17 Plant-Based/Herbal Nanobiocatalysts and Their Applications
17.1 Introduction of Nanobiocatalyst
17.2 Nanobiocatalysts from Herbal Alkaloid Plants Are Used in Nanotechnology and Bioengineering
17.3 Why Use Nanobiocatalysts?
17.4 Immobilization of Biocatalyst (Enzymes) and Nanoparticles or Nanomatrix
17.5 Application of the Nanobiocatalyst
17.5.1 Application of Enzyme Immobilized on Graphene-Based Nanomaterial
17.5.2 Enzyme-Based Biosensor
17.5.3 Bitter Gourd Peroxidase Immobilized with TiO2 Nanoparticles
17.5.4 Immobilization of Acetylcholinesterase on Gold Nanoparticles Embedded in Sol–Gel Nanomatrix
17.5.5 Alcohol Dehydrogenase Immobilized with Carbon Nano Scaffold
17.5.6 Vanillin or Vanillin Synthase is Used as a Therapeutic Drug by Immobilizing with Nanoparticles
17.5.7 STR Gene Regulation with the Help of Silver Nanoparticles
17.5.8 Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Different Enzymes of Alkaloid Plants Conjugate on the Bioengineering Pathway
17.5.9 Application of Plant Extract Biocatalyst Which is Useful to Make Different Nanoparticles and Used as a Remedy See Table 17.2.
17.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Potential Plant Bioreactors
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Whole Plants: Stable and Transient Expression Systems
18.2.1 Stable Expression (Whole Plant Based)
18.2.2 Transient Expression
18.2.3 In vitro Culture Systems
18.2.4 Aquatic Plants
18.3 Unique Features of Using Plant-based Production Over Microbial and Mammalian Systems
18.3.1 Better Protein Functionality
18.3.2 Plant Matrix
18.3.3 Speed and Scalability of Production
18.3.4 Consumer Acceptance
18.3.5 Animal-free Production thus Lower Risks of Pathogen Invasion
18.4 Strategies to Enhance the Potential of Plant-based Production Systems
18.4.1 To Minimize Ecological Footprint via Inherent Carbon dioxide Fixation and Improved and Sustainable Fertilizer Use
18.4.2 Use of Pant Bioreactors to Harvest Multiple Products from a Single Process
18.4.3 Reduced Investment and Establishment of Vertical Farms
18.4.4 Use of Biodegradable Plant-based Expression Systems
18.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 19 Production of Nutraceuticals Using Plant Cell and Tissue Culture
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Production of Secondary Metabolites as Nutraceuticals in In vitro Cultures
19.2.1 Nutraceuticals Used in Pharmaceuticals Industry
19.2.2 Nutraceuticals Used in Food and/or Cosmetic Industry
19.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 20 Algal Bioreactors for Polysaccharides Production
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Algae
20.2.1 Algae Producers of Polysaccharides
20.2.2 Types of Algae Polysaccharides
20.3 Biological Activity of Algal Polysaccharides
20.4 Parameters that Iinfluence the Polysaccharides Production by Microalgae
20.4.1 Chemical Parameters
20.4.2 Physical Parameters
20.5 Algal Bioreactors
20.5.1 Open System
20.5.2 Closed System
20.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Index
EULA