Plants and their Interaction to Environmental Pollution: Damage Detection, Adaptation, Tolerance, Physiological and Molecular Responses

Front Cover
Plants and their Interaction to Environmental Pollution: Damage Detection, Adaptation, Tolerance, Physiological and Molecul...
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
About the editor
Preface
Chapter 1 Plants and their unexpected response to environmental pollution: An overview
1 Introduction
2 Plant response to air pollution
3 Plant response to photochemical oxidants
4 Plant response to light pollution
5 Plant response to soil pollution
6 Plant response to water pollution
7 Plant response to noise pollution
8 Plant response to nanoparticles
9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Effect of UV-B radiation on plants growth, active constituents, and productivity
1 Introduction
1.1 UV-B as an external environmental factor
1.2 Characteristics of UV radiation
2 Physiological reactions of plants in response to UV-B-radiation
2.1 Negative effects of UV-B on molecular and cellular processes in plants
2.2 Sensitivity to UV-B radiation
2.2.1 Plant sensitivity to UV-B flux
2.2.2 Plant sensitivity to UV-B irradiation pattern
2.2.3 UV-B resistance of different photosynthetic organisms
2.2.4 Organ-specific resistance of plants to UV-B
2.2.5 The effect of UV radiation on plants depends on their age
2.2.6 UV-B and 3D plant structure
2.3 Combined action of UV-B radiation and environmental conditions
2.3.1 Combined action of UV-B radiation with the visible range of solar radiation
2.3.2 UV-B and mineral nutrition
2.3.3 UV-B and temperature factor
2.3.4 UV-B and salinization
2.3.5 UV-B and drought
2.3.6 UV-B and static magnetic field
2.3.7 UV-B and plant pathogenesis
2.3.8 UV-B and Injury to Plants
3 UV-B signaling in the plant
3.1 UVR8 structure and UV-B sensing mechanism
3.2 Transmission of UV-B signals via UVR8
3.2.1 UV-B signal transduction mechanism
3.2.2 Physiological reactions controlled by UVR8
3.3 UV-B signaling without UVR8
4 Plants protection mechanisms from the negative effects of UV-B
4.1 UV-B and secondary metabolites
4.1.1 Flavonoids and UV-B
4.1.2 Ascorbate and tocopherol and UV-B
4.1.3 Polyamines and UV-B
4.1.4 Coumarins and UV-B
4.1.5 γ -Aminobutyric acid and UV-B
4.1.6 Indole alkaloids and UV-B
4.2 Hormones and UV-B resistance of plants
4.2.1 Brassinosteroids and UV-B
4.2.2 Melatonin and UV-B
4.2.3 Gibberellins and UV-B
4.2.4 Ethylene and UV-B
4.2.5 Salicylic acid and UV-B
4.2.6 Jasmonates and UV-B
5 Applications of UV-B radiation in practice
5.1 UV-B and storage of agricultural products
5.2 UV-B and plant protection against pathogens
5.3 UV-B and cultivation
5.4 UV-B and plant breeding
5.5 UV-B and reconstruction of paleo dynamics of surface UV-B radiation
5.6 UV-B and determination of the integrity of the ozone layer of the Earth
5.7 UV-B and preservation of biocenoses
5.8 UV-B and biosphere cycles
5.9 UV-B and pharmacology
5.10 UV-B and medicine
6 Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 3 Effect of elevated CO 2 on plant growth, active constituents, and production
1 Introduction
2 Current status of CO 2 and historical perspectives
3 Effect of high CO 2 on plant growth
3.1 Photosynthesis
3.2 Carbohydrates assimilation and allocation
3.3 Carbon nitrogen and phosphorous ratio
3.4 Increase carbon uptake
4 Effect on the production of active constituents
4.1 Production of flavonoids and phenols
4.2 Tocopherols and tocotrienols
4.3 Terpenes
4.4 Polyphenols and amino acids
4.5 Phenolics and other secondary metabolites
5 Deleterious effect of alleviated CO 2 on the plant architecture
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Effect of elevated O 3 on plants growth, active constituents, and production
1 Introduction
2 Chemistry of tropospheric O 3 formation
3 Mechanisms by which O 3 damages plant tissue
4 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
5 Toxicology of plants
6 The effects of ozone on plants
7 Measurements of ozone-induced changes
8 Visible injury and physiological effects
9 Effects on plant growth
10 Biochemical effects of O 3
11 Productivity measurements
12 The impact on crops and trees
13 Ozone and reactive oxygen species
14 Ozone as a disinfectant for the surface
15 ROS and plant cell metabolism
16 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Plants response to SO 2 or acid deposition
1 Introduction
2 Plant and SO 2 or acid rain
3 Plants response to SO 2 or acid deposition
3.1 Changes in plant morphology and physiology process
3.2 Changes in plant biochemical and enzymatic response
3.3 Metabolic pathways affected by SO 2 or acid deposition
3.4 Effects on plant vegetation and ecosystem
4 Plants develops their defense system
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Fly ash toxicity, concerned issues and possible impacts on plant health and production
1 Introduction
2 Fly ash composition
3 Causes of fly ash toxicity
3.1 Organic pollutants
3.2 Heavy metals and trace elements
3.2.1 Arsenic
3.2.2 Mercury
3.2.3 Boron
4 Impact of fly ash on crop health and productivity
4.1 Fly ash and nutrients
4.2 Effect of fly ash on seed germination
4.3 Effect of fly ash on plant growth and yield
4.4 Impact of fly ash on plant species or crop yield
4.5 Metal uptake by crops in fly ash amended soils
4.6 Effect on transpiration and osmotic potential
5 Effects of heavy metals on plant metabolism and physiology
5.1 Chromium and arsenic impacts on plants
5.2 Zinc and copper impacts on plants
5.3 Cobalt, nickel and lead impacts on plants
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Effect of coal-smoke pollution on plants growth, metabolism and production
1 Introduction
1.1 Composition of smoke produced by coal combustion
1.2 Impact of coal smoke pollution on vegetation
2 Principal phytotoxic gases of coal burning and their impact on flora
2.1 Sulfur dioxide
2.2 Nitrogen oxides
3 Other gases/release of coal burning and their impact on vegetation of the world
3.1 Carbon dioxide
3.2 Carbon monoxide
3.3 Particulate matter
3.4 Fly ash
3.5 Heavy metals
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Effect of heavy metals on growth, physiological and biochemical responses of plants
1 Introduction
2 Effect of heavy metal pollution on plants
3 Cadmium (Cd)
4 Lead (Pb)
5 Arsenic (As)
6 Mercury (Hg)
7 Metal stress tolerance mechanisms in plants
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Interaction of nanoparticles and nanocomposite with plant and environment
1 Introduction
2 Sources of nanomaterials
3 Classification of nanoparticles
3.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials
3.2 Inorganic-based nanoparticles
3.3 Organic-based nanomaterials
3.4 Composite-based nanomaterials
4 Organization of nanomaterials based on their sizes
5 Types of nanomaterials based on their source
6 Types of nanoparticles related to plants
7 Cerium NPs (CeO NPs)
8 Silicon NPs (SiNPs)
9 Titanium dioxide NPs (TiO 2 NPs)
10 Nano pesticides
11 Nanoemulsion
12 Interaction of NMs with soil and rhizosphere
13 Interaction of NMs with overall environment
14 Factors influencing the uptake and translocation of NPs
14.1 Size influences in uptake of NPs
14.2 Surface charge influence of NPs uptake
14.3 Anatomical difference and mode of application-related NP uptake
15 NPs for plant pathogen detection
16 Transport and interaction
17 Nanoparticle-plant interaction pathways
18 Effects of ion-releasing NP
19 Impact of natural organic material on NP-induced effects
20 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 10 Toxic effects of essential metals on plants: From damage to adaptation responses
1 Introduction
2 Metal toxicity in plants
2.1 Effect of metal toxicity on plant physiological processes
3 Metal toxicity and its damage detection
4 Repair strategies and plant response
5 Adaptation responses
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Phytoremediation strategies of plants: Challenges and opportunities
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism of heavy metal remediation
2.1 Photovolatolization
2.2 Phytoevaporation
2.3 phytoextraction
2.4 Phytostabilization
2.5 Rhizofiltration
2.6 Rhizodegradation (phytostimulation)
2.7 Phytodesalination
3 Phytoremediation of contaminated soil to grow food
3.1 Bioenergy crops mediated remediation
3.2 Hyperaccumulator plants for phytomining
4 Phytoremediation for bioenergy production
5 Valorization of phytoremediation by-products
6 Challenges associated with phytoremediation
7 Conclusion and future perspective
References
Chapter 12 Pesticide toxicity and their impact on plant growth, active constituents and productivity
1 Introduction
2 Phytotoxicity effects on plants
3 Pesticides phytotoxicity symptoms on plants
4 Impact of pesticide toxicity on soil health and plant
4.1 Soil health
4.2 Plant’s growth and active constituents
4.3 Plant production
4.4 Physiological responses of plants to pesticide toxicity
5 Other measures for the prevention of pesticides phytotoxicity
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Plant responses to water pollution
1 Introduction
2 Water pollution: Definition, types, and extent of the problem
3 Plant and water pollution
4 Concluding remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter 14 Plant response to industrial waste
1 Introduction
1.1 Industrial waste and their effects
2 Types of plants
2.1 Excluders
2.2 Indicators
2.3 Accumulator
3 Response of plant to industrial waste
3.1 Growth responses and metal tolerance index
3.2 Physiological responses
3.3 Biochemical responses
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Radioisotopes and their impact on plants
1 Introduction to radioisotopes
2 Radioisotopes as pollutants
3 Effects of radiation on plant diversity
4 Effects of radiation in plant morphology
5 Effects of radiation in plant physiology and molecular biology
5.1 Effect on genetic material like DNA
5.2 Effect on cellular structure
5.3 Effect on cellular pigments
5.4 Effect on proteins
5.5 Effect on cellular oxidative states
5.6 Cell death
6 Radio-adaptation by plants
7 Use of radioisotopes in crop improvement: A positive side
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Effects of cell phone radiation on plants growth, active constituents and production
1 Introduction
2 Plants and cell phone radiation or GSM radiation
3 Effects of cell phone radiation on plant system
3.1 Plant physiological response to radiation
3.2 Biochemical response to radiation and defense system in plant
3.3 Molecular and genetic response to radiation
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Effects of major munitions compounds on plant health and function
1 Warfare and the environment
2 Global munitions issue
3 Chemical relics of war
4 Environmental behavior
5 Explosives and vegetation
5.1 Morphological responses
5.1.1 Nitrate esters (NG)
5.1.2 Nitroamines (RDX)
5.1.3 Nitroaromatics (TNT)
5.2 Physiological responses
5.2.1 Nitroamines (RDX)
5.2.2 Nitroaromatics (TNT)
6 Monitoring going forward
References
Further reading
Chapter 18 Aquatic macrophytes and trace elements: Deleterious effects, biomarkers, adaptation mechanisms, and potential n ...
1 Introduction
2 Trace elements and aquatic plants or macrophytes
2.1 Trace elements: Trace metals and metalloids
2.2 Trace elements and their interactions with macrophytes
3 Biomarkers and adaptation mechanisms of macrophytes
3.1 Morphological biomarkers
3.2 Physiological biomarkers
3.2.1 Alteration of photosynthetic and respiratory activities
3.2.2 Alteration of plant’s osmotic potential
3.3 Biochemical biomarkers
3.3.1 Oxidative stress and enzymatic defense system
3.3.2 Nonenzymatic defense system
Phytochelatins
Polyamines
3.3.3 Alteration of photosynthetic pigments
3.4 Genotoxicity biomarkers
4 Macrophytes: A potential new wave of phytoremediation processes
4.1 What is phytoremediation?
4.1.1 Phytoextraction
4.1.2 Phytostabilization
4.1.3 Phytofiltration
4.1.4 Phytovolatilization
4.2 Application of phytoremediation by macrophytes: Constructed wetlands
4.3 New wave application for macrophytes and constructed wetlands
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 Production and role of plants secondary metabolites under various environmental pollution
1 Introduction
2 Effect of elevated CO 2 (EC) levels on PSMs
3 Effect of ozone (O 3) on PSMs
4 Effect of toxic gases on the production of PSMs
5 Effect of heavy metals on PSMs
5.1 Cadmium (Cd)
5.2 Arsenic (As)
5.3 Lead (Pb)
5.4 Chromium (Cr)
5.5 Nickel (Ni)
6 Effect of particulate matter (PM) on PSMs
7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 Plant proteomics and environmental pollution
1 Introduction
2 Approaches and challenges in crop plant proteomics
3 Plant proteomic technologies—Recent innovations and their applications
4 Cellular proteome to subcellular protein catalogues
5 Organ-specific proteome analysis of plants in concern to environmental pollutants
5.1 Effect of toxic atmospheric gasses and leaf proteomics
5.2 Effect of heavy metals and root proteomics
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21 Genetic modification and genome engineering of plants for adverse environmental pollution
1 Introduction
2 Current scenario of globe and human towards pollution
2.1 Need to do engineering for long term improvement
2.2 Sources
3 Pollution: Effects on plants
3.1 Morpho-anatomical
3.2 Physiological
3.3 Biochemical
3.4 Productivity
4 Engineering plants
4.1 Transgenics/cisgenics
4.2 Genome editing
5 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Index
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