Plant Transcription Factors: Contribution in Development, Metabolism, and Environmental Stress

Front Cover
Plant Transcription Factors
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
About the editors
Preface
I. Plant transcription factors (TFs) and general aspects
1 Plant transcription factors: an overview of their role in plant life
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Transcription factors and plant life
1.3 Transcription factors and stress responses
1.4 Transcription factors and secondary metabolism
1.5 Conclusion
References
2 Adaptation of millets to arid land: a special perspective of transcription factors
Highlights
Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Distribution of arid land in India and world
2.3 Millets: climate-smart nutri-cereals
2.4 Stress as a limiting factor for crops in the arid zones
2.5 Responses of millets to abiotic stresses
2.6 Transcription factors: smart regulators of stress tolerance in millets
2.6.1 WRKY
2.6.2 DOF
2.6.3 ERF/DREB
2.6.4 NAC
2.6.5 bHLH
2.6.6 ASR
2.6.7 bZIP
2.6.8 MYB
2.6.9 SBPs
2.6.10 Other transcription factors
2.7 Harnessing the potential of millet transcription factors
2.8 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
Declaration of competing interests
Author contribution
References
II. Plant TFs and development
3 Plant transcription factors and root development
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Plant root architecture and development
3.3 Transcription factors involved in plant root development
3.3.1 Root apical meristem
3.3.1.1 WOX TFs and RAM development
3.3.1.2 AP2/ERF TFs and RAM development
3.3.1.3 GRAS TFs and RAM development
3.3.1.4 Negative regulator of root apical meristem
3.3.2 Lateral roots
3.3.2.1 NAC TFs and lateral root development
3.3.2.2 KNOX gene family and lateral root development
3.3.2.3 MADS Box TFs and lateral root growth
3.3.2.4 Negative regulator of lateral root development
3.3.3 Root hair
3.3.3.1 bHLH TFs and root development
3.3.3.2 MYB TFs and root hair development
3.3.3.3 Negative regulators of root hair formation
3.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
4 The roles of transcription factors in the development of plant meristems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Shoot apical meristem
4.3 Axillary meristem
4.4 Flower meristem
4.5 Intercalary meristem
4.6 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
Author contributions
References
5 Transcription factors and their role in leaf senescence
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Identification of transcription factor families in senescing leaf transcriptome
5.3 Characterization of leaf senescence related TFs families
5.3.1 No apical meristem (NAM), ATAF1/2, CUP-shaped cotyledon 2 (CUC2) (NAC) TF
5.3.2 WRKY TF
5.3.3 APETALA2/Ethylene-responsive element binding protein (AP2/EREBP) superfamily
5.3.4 Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) TFs
5.3.5 MYB TFs
5.3.6 Auxin response factor and Auxin/INDOLE-3-acetic acid TFs
5.3.7 DNA binding-with-one-finger (DOF) proteins
5.3.8 PSEUDO-response regulators TF
5.3.9 VQ TF family
5.3.10 Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) TFs
5.3.11 Homodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) TFs
5.3.12 Plant A/T-rich sequence and zinc-binding protein (PLATZ) TF
5.3.13 Growth-regulating factors (GRFS) and GRF-interacting factors (GIFS)
5.3.14 Teosinte branched 1, Cycloidea, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen binding factor (TCP) TFS
5.3.15 Homeobox (HB) TFs
5.3.16 C3H (Zn) TFs
5.3.17 GRAS TFs
5.3.18 CCAAT box-binding TFs
5.3.19 Heat shock factor TFs
5.3.20 MADS TFs
5.3.21 GOLDEN 2, ARR-B, PSR 1 (GARP) family TFs
5.3.22 TRIHELIX TFs
5.3.23 Arabidopsis response regulator TFs
5.3.24 Lateral organ boundaries/asymmetric leaves 2
5.3.25 Early flowering 3 (ELF3) TF
5.3.26 Ethylene insensitive 3 (EIN3)-like (EIL) TFS
5.3.27 Brinsensitive 1 (BRI1)-EMS-Suppressor1 (BES1) TF
5.3.28 Calmodulin-binding transcription activator
5.3.29 TIFY TFs
5.3.30 B-box zinc finger TFs
5.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6 Plant transcription factors in light-regulated development and UV-B protection
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Transcription factors families involved in light-regulated processes
6.1.1.1 Basic helix-loop-helix family
6.1.1.2 Basic leucine zipper family
6.1.1.3 MYB family
6.1.1.4 Zinc finger proteins
6.1.1.5 WRKY
6.1.1.6 TCP
6.1.2 Transcription factors associated with visible light-mediated development in plants
6.1.3 Transcriptional regulation of UV-B signaling in plants
6.1.3.1 UV-B signaling and photomorphogenesis
6.1.3.2 UV stress response in plants
6.1.4 Structural and functional evolution of light-responsive plant transcription factors
6.1.5 Role of light-regulated transcription factors in other signaling pathways
6.2 Conclusion
References
7 Tomato fruit development through the perspective of transcription factors
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Transcription factors in tomato
7.3 MYB transcription factors
7.4 MADS transcription factor
7.5 Other transcription factors
7.6 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
Conflict of interest
References
8 Plant transcription factors and nodule development
8.1 Introduction
8.2 CCaMK/CYCLOPS complex
8.3 AP2-ERF transcription factor (ERN1 and ERN2)
8.4 GRAS transcription factor
8.4.1 Nodulation signaling pathway 1/2 (NSP1 and NSP2)
8.5 SymSCL1
8.6 NIN and NIN-like proteins
8.7 Structure of NIN and NLPs
8.8 Regulation of NIN for rhizobial infection in the epidermis by CYCLOPS
8.9 Regulation of NIN by cytokinin-response elements for cell divisions in the pericycle
8.10 NIN: a master regulator of nodulation
8.11 NIN as a negative regulator in systemic control of nodulation
8.12 NIN as a positive regulator in systemic control of nodulation
8.12.1 Lob-domain protein16
8.12.2 Nodulation pectate lyase 1
8.13 Rhizobium-directed polar growth
8.14 Nuclear factor Y
8.14.1 Short internodes/stylish
8.15 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
Declaration of competing interest
Contribution
References
III. Plant TFs and metabolism
9 The regulatory aspects of plant transcription factors in alkaloids biosynthesis and pathway modulation
Abbreviations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Plant transcription factor families involved in alkaloid biosynthesis regulation
9.2.1 APETALA2/ethylene response factor
9.2.2 Basic helix-loop-helix
9.2.3 Basic leucine zipper
9.2.4 Cys2/His2-type (transcription factor IIIA-type) zinc-finger protein family/Zinc-finger Catharanthus protein (ZCT) family
9.2.5 Myeloblastosis
9.2.6 WRKY
9.2.7 Other transcription factors
9.3 Transcription factor-mediated modulation of alkaloid biosynthesis pathways
9.3.1 Overexpression
9.3.2 Downregulation
9.3.2.1 RNA-interference
9.3.2.2 Virus-induced gene silencing
9.3.3 CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing
9.4 Conclusions
References
10 Plant transcription factors and flavonoid metabolism
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Plant flavonoids, major subclasses, and biosynthesis
10.3 Transcription factor families associated with plant flavonoid metabolism
10.3.1 Role of basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors in plant flavonoid metabolism
10.3.2 MYB transcription factor family and plant flavonoid metabolism
10.3.3 WD40 transcription factors and plant flavonoid metabolism
10.3.4 Role of basic leucine-zipper transcription factors in plant flavonoid metabolism
10.3.5 Role of WRKY transcription factors in plant flavonoid metabolism
10.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
11 Demystifying the role of transcription factors in plant terpenoid biosynthesis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biosynthesis of terpenoids
11.2.1 Biosynthesis of basic terpenoids precursor (MVA and MEP pathway)
11.2.2 Biosynthesis of isoprenoid intermediates
11.2.3 Biosynthesis of terpenes by terpene synthases
11.2.3.1 Hemiterpenes
11.2.3.2 Monoterpenes
11.2.3.3 Sesquiterpenes
11.2.3.4 Diterpenes
11.2.3.5 Triterpenes
11.3 Regulation of terpenoids
11.3.1 WRKY
11.3.2 MYB
11.3.3 bHLH (basic helix–loop–helix)
11.3.4 AP2/ERF
11.3.5 bZIP
11.3.6 SPL, YABBY, and other TFs
11.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
12 The regulatory circuit of iron homeostasis in rice: a tale of transcription factors
Highlights
Abbreviations
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Iron uptake and transport
12.3 Major transcription factors involved in iron homeostasis
12.3.1 Regulation of Fe deficiency
12.3.1.1 bHLHs
12.3.1.2 WRKY
12.3.1.3 NAC
12.3.1.4 Auxin response factor family
12.3.4 Regulation of Fe toxicity
12.3.4.1 WRKY family
12.4 Regulation of the regulators
12.4.1 Epigenetic regulation
12.4.2 Regulation at the transcriptional level
12.4.3 Regulation at the post-transcriptional level
12.4.4 Regulation at the post-translational level
12.4.5 Regulation by plant hormones
12.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
Author contribution
References
IV. Plant TFs and Stress
13 Impact of transcription factors in plant abiotic stress: a recent advancement for crop improvement
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Regulatory function of transcription factors in response to abiotic stress
13.3 ABA signaling pathway
13.4 JA signaling pathway
13.5 Transcription factors involved in abiotic stress tolerance
13.5.1 MYB TFs
13.5.2 NAC TFs
13.5.3 AP2/ERF TFs
13.5.4 WRKY TFs
13.6 Conclusion
References
14 Plant transcription factors and temperature stress
14.1 Effect of temperature stress on plant growth
14.1.1 Effect of high-temperature stress on plants
14.1.2 Effect of low-temperature stress to plants
14.2 Transcription factors involved in response to temperature stress
14.2.1 HSF transcription factor
14.2.2 MYB transcription factor
14.2.3 AP2/ERF transcription factors
14.2.4 WRKY transcription factors
14.3 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
15 Plant transcription factors and osmotic stress
15.1 Effects of osmotic stress on plants and its regulatory mechanism
15.1.1 Stomatal closure
15.1.2 Osmotic regulation mechanism
15.1.3 Mechanism of ROS generation and scavenging
15.1.4 ABA signaling pathway
15.2 Transcription factors are involved in regulating osmotic stress
15.2.1 Osmotic stress caused by salt stress
15.2.2 Osmotic stress caused by drought stress
15.2.3 Osmotic stress caused by low temperature
15.3 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
16 Transcriptional regulation of drought stress stimulus: challenges and potential for crop improvement
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Regulatory role of transcription factors in dry spell tolerance
16.3 Transcription factor and their mechanisms under drought stress
16.3.1 DNA binding with one finger (DOF)
16.3.2 WRKY transcription factor
16.3.3 Heat shock factor
16.3.4 Nuclear Factor (NF-Ys)
16.3.5 TCP transcription factor family
16.3.6 AP2/ERBP
16.3.7 AREB/ABF family
16.3.8 NAC transcription factors
16.3.9 MYB/MYC transcription factors
16.4 Conclusion and future prospects
References
17 Plant response to heavy metal stress: an insight into the molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Toxic effects of heavy metals in plants
17.3 Plant signaling in response to heavy metal stress
17.4 MAPK signaling under heavy metal stress
17.5 Calcium–calmodulin signaling pathway under heavy metal stress
17.6 Hormone signaling in response to heavy metal stress
17.7 Reactive oxygen species production and its role in heavy metal stress
17.8 Role of transcription factors in heavy metal resistance regulation
17.9 The MYB-family transcription factors under HM stress
17.10 The WRKY-family transcription factors under HM stress
17.11 The bZIP-family transcription factors under HM stress
17.12 The AP2/ERF/DREB-family transcription factors under HM stress
17.13 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
18 Plant transcription factors and salt stress
18.1 Effects of salt stress on plants
18.1.1 Osmotic stress
18.1.2 Ion stress
18.1.3 Oxidative stress
18.1.4 Nutritional stress
18.2 Salt tolerance mechanisms in plants
18.2.1 Osmotic regulation mechanism
18.2.2 Ion homeostasis mechanism
18.2.3 Reactive oxygen species scavenging mechanism
18.3 Transcription factors involved in salt stress
18.3.1 bHLH transcription factors
18.3.2 bZIP transcription factors
18.3.3 NAC transcription factors
18.3.4 WRKY transcription factors
18.3.5 MYB transcription factors
18.3.6 Other transcription factors participate in salt stress
18.4 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
19 Plant transcription factors: important factors controlling oxidative stress in plants
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Oxidative stress and sources
19.2.1 ROS production
19.3 ROS scavenging
19.4 Role of transcription factors in the regulation of stress-responsive genes
19.4.1 AP2/ERF family
19.4.2 The bHLH family
19.4.3 MYB family
19.4.4 The NAC family
19.4.5 The WRKY family
19.4.6 The bZIP family
19.4.7 The HSF family
19.5 Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
20 Transcription factors: master regulators of disease resistance in crop plants
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Molecular basis of plant–microbe interaction
20.3 The WRKY family of transcription factors and their functional domain
20.4 WRKY transcription factors and their role in biotic stress
20.5 APETELA2/ethylene-responsive factor family of transcription factors
20.6 AP2/ERF family of transcription factors and their role in biotic stress
20.7 NAC transcription factors and their structural organization
20.8 NAC transcription factors and their role in biotic stress
20.9 bZIP transcription factors
20.10 bZIP transcription factors and their role in biotic stress
20.11 MYB transcription factor family
20.12 MYB transcription factors and their role in biotic stress
20.13 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
Declaration of competing interest
Contribution
References
Index
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