Plant Stress Mitigators: Types, Techniques and Functions

Front Cover
Plant Stress Mitigators
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of contributors
1 Approaches in stress mitigation of plants
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Abiotic stress mitigation
1.2.1 Drought stress and mitigation
1.2.2 Salinity stress and mitigation
1.2.3 Temperature stress and mitigation
1.2.4 Metal stress and mitigation
1.2.5 Submergence stress and mitigation
1.2.6 Cold stress and mitigation
1.3 Biotic stress mitigation
1.4 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
2 Biocontrol: a novel eco-friendly mitigation strategy to manage plant diseases
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Mechanisms of biological control and biological antagonists
2.3 The rhizosphere is a habitat for microorganisms
2.4 Improvement of growth and biocontrol of soilborne diseases using PGPRs
2.5 Advantages and limitations
2.6 Summary of mechanisms employed by PGPR as growth promoters and biocontrol agents
2.7 Direct mechanisms
2.7.1 Production of plant growth regulators (phytohormones) by PGPR
2.7.1.1 Indole-3-acetic acid production
2.7.1.2 ACC-deaminase production
2.7.1.3 Cytokinins
2.7.1.4 Gibberellins
2.7.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
2.7.3 Phosphate solubilization
2.7.4 Root colonization and rhizosphere competence
2.8 Indirect mechanisms
2.8.1 Antifungal metabolites
2.8.1.1 HCN production (an example of volatile antibiotic)
2.8.2 Biosurfactants (surface-active compounds)
2.8.3 Siderophores
2.8.4 Cell wall degrading enzymes
2.8.5 Induction of systemic resistance
2.9 Improvement of growth and biocontrol of soilborne diseases using antagonist fungi
2.10 Summary of mechanics employed by antagonist fungi as growth promoters and biocontrol agents
2.10.1 Competition efficiently for space
2.10.2 Production of metabolites
2.10.3 Root colonization
2.11 Improvement of growth and biocontrol of soilborne diseases by means of VAM fungi
2.12 Summary of mechanics employed by VAM fungi as growth promoters and biocontrol agents
2.13 “Combination” the best way to biocontrol of the plant diseases
2.14 Conclusions and future strategies to make better use of biocontrol agents
References
3 Salicylic acid induced abiotic stress tolerance in plants
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Salicylic acid and abiotic stresses
3.3 Salicylic acid and drought
3.4 Salicylic acid and waterlogging
3.5 Salicylic acid and heavy metals
3.6 Salicylic acid and low temperature
3.7 Salicylic acid and high temperature
3.8 Salicylic acid and salinity
3.9 Conclusions
References
4 Salicylic acid mediated postharvest chilling and disease stress tolerance in horticultural crops
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Postharvest chilling injury (CI) stress in fresh horticultural crops
4.3 Factors affecting CI development in horticultural crops
4.3.1 Maturity stage
4.3.2 Genotypes
4.3.3 Storage temperature
4.3.4 Storage duration
4.3.5 Storage conditions
4.4 Effects of CI on quality of horticultural crops
4.4.1 Effect of CI on biochemical quality
4.4.2 Effect of CI on sensory attributes
4.4.3 Effect of CI on visual quality
4.4.4 Effect of CI on aroma volatiles
4.5 Postharvest strategies for CI mitigation
4.6 Effect of salicylic acid on CI mitigation in horticultural crops
4.7 Mechanism of salicylic acid in CI mitigation
4.8 Salicylic acid and postharvest disease stress tolerance of horticultural crops
4.8.1 Diseases induced postharvest losses of horticultural crops
4.8.2 Salicylic acid and its possible mechanism for disease control
4.9 Postharvest diseases control with sole salicylic acid treatments
4.9.1 Preharvest sole salicylic acid applications
4.9.2 Postharvest sole salicylic acid treatments
4.9.3 Combined application of salicylic acid and other chemicals for disease control
4.9.4 Combined application of salicylic acid with biocontrol agents for disease control
4.10 Conclusion and future prospects
References
5 Germination and seedling establishment of useful tropical trees for ecological restoration: implications for conservation...
5.1 Introduction
5.2 External factors
5.2.1 Light
5.2.2 Temperature and moisture
5.2.3 Soil types/soil preferences
5.3 Internal factors
5.3.1 Seed structure and seed germination
5.3.2 Seed maturity and dormancy
5.4 Implications for conservation of tropical trees
References
6 Soil health and plant stress mitigation
6.1 The concept of soil health
6.2 The impact of agriculture on soil health
6.3 Soil health and biodiversity
6.4 Soil health, biodiversity, and plant stress
6.5 Conclusion
References
7 Salicylic acid and ascorbic acid as mitigators of chilling stress in plants
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Physiological and biochemical effects of chilling stress
7.3 Physiological and biochemical effects of adaptive (protective) compounds
7.3.1 Salicylic acid
7.3.2 Ascorbic acid
7.4 Conclusion
References
8 Role of glycine betaine in the protection of plants against environmental stresses
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Efficacy of glycine betaine application against temperature and high irradiance stress
8.3 Efficacy of glycine betaine application against drought stress
8.4 Efficacy of glycine betaine application against salinity stress
8.5 Efficacy of glycine betaine application against heavy metals toxicity stress
8.6 Efficacy of glycine betaine application against waterlogging and flooding
References
9 Effects of plant growth regulators on physiological and phytochemical parameters in medicinal plants under stress conditions
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Plant growth regulators effects on plant performance
9.3 Effect of plant growth regulator on medicinal plants
9.4 Conclusions
References
10 Proline and soluble carbohydrates biosynthesis and their roles in plants under abiotic stresses
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Carbohydrates
10.2.1 The role of soluble carbohydrates in plants growth and development
10.2.2 Sucrose metabolization
10.2.3 Accumulation of soluble sugars as a strategy for resistance to abiotic stresses
10.2.3.1 Soluble sugars, antioxidant system, and oxidative stress
10.2.3.2 Sugars affect the generation of reactive oxygen species under stressful conditions
10.2.4 Correlation between abiotic stress factors and sugars in plants
10.2.4.1 Deficit water stress
10.2.4.2 Salinity stress
10.2.4.3 Cold and heat stress
10.3 Proline
10.3.1 Proline biosynthetic pathways
10.3.2 The proline functions in resistance to stress
10.3.2.1 Osmotic adjustment
10.3.2.2 Protection of cellular structure during dehydration
10.3.2.3 Redox buffering
10.3.2.4 Storage and transfer of reductants
10.3.2.5 Proline as a potential signaling molecule
10.3.3 Reactive oxygen species scavenging
10.3.3.1 Proline functions as an antioxidant
10.3.3.2 Precursor of proline for other antioxidant molecules
10.3.3.3 Proline as metal chelator
10.4 Effect of sugars on an accumulation of proline
10.5 Proline and abiotic stress
10.5.1 Drought
10.5.2 Salinity
10.5.3 Heat and chilling stress
10.5.4 Heavy metal stress
10.6 Conclusions
References
11 Switching role of hydrogen sulfide in amelioration of metal stress in plant
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Hydrogen sulfide key regulatory molecule during stress events in plants
11.3 Hydrogen sulfide synthesis
11.4 Hydrogen sulfide with effect of priming in plant cells
11.5 Hydrogen sulfide in curing variety of metal stress and toxicity in different plant species with different parts
11.6 Arsenic
11.7 Aluminum
11.8 Boron
11.9 Cadmium
11.10 Chromium
11.11 Cobalt
11.12 Copper
11.13 Lead
11.14 Nickel
11.15 Zinc
11.16 Conclusions
References
Further reading
12 PGPR reduces the adverse effects of abiotic stresses by modulating morphological and biochemical properties in plants
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Abiotic stress
12.3 Rhizobacterial effects on morphological traits
12.4 Rhizobacterial effects on indole-3-acetic acid
12.5 Rhizobacterial effects on ethylene
12.6 Rhizobacterial effects on antioxidants
12.7 Rhizobacterial effects on osmoprotectants and photosynthetic pigments
12.8 Changes in different ions concentrations
12.9 Conclusions
References
13 Role of polyamines in plants under abiotic stresses: regulation of biochemical interactions
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Distribution of polyamines
13.3 Biosynthesis of polyamines
13.4 Inhibitors of polyamines
13.5 Degradation of polyamines
13.6 Methods of application of polyamines
13.7 Application of polyamines in plant growth and development
13.8 Polyamines and embryo development
13.9 Polyamines and plant senescence
13.10 Polyamines and abiotic stress responses
13.11 Polyamines and temperature stress
13.12 Polyamines and heat stress
13.13 Polyamines and cold stress
13.14 Polyamines and water stress
13.15 Polyamines and salinity stress
13.16 Heavy metal stress
13.17 Polyamines and oxidative stress
13.18 Conclusions
References
14 Prime-omics approaches to mitigate stress response in plants
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Prime-omics for biotic stresses
14.2.1 Prime-omics in bacterial defense
14.2.2 Prime-omics against oomycetes
14.2.3 Prime-omics against fungi
14.2.4 Prime-omics against arthropods
14.2.5 Prime-omics against viruses
14.3 Prime-omics against abiotic stresses
14.3.1 Prime-omics against drought
14.3.2 Prime-omics against salinity
14.3.3 Prime-omics against heat
14.3.4 Plant defense against waterlogging
14.4 Conclusion
References
15 Perspectives of using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under salinity stress for sustainable crop production
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Halophytes
15.2.1 Mechanisms of salinity-resistance halophytes
15.3 Halotolerant bacteria
15.3.1 Mechanisms of salinity-resistance in halotolerant bacteria
15.4 Halotolerant bacteria and growth of plants under salinity stress
15.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
16 Biosaline agriculture and efficient management strategies for sustainable agriculture on salt affected Vertisols
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Vertisols
16.1.2 Salt affected Vertisols
16.1.3 Biosaline agriculture
16.2 Crop based biosaline agriculture
16.2.1 Salt tolerant crops varieties
16.2.2 Potential alternative crops for sustainable agriculture and food security in saline ecosystem
16.2.2.1 Quinoa
16.2.2.2 Sesbania (Dhaincha)
16.2.2.3 Castor
16.2.2.4 Salvadora based silvipastural system
16.2.2.5 Salicornia
16.2.2.6 Halophytes
16.3 Molecular biology of salinity tolerance
16.3.1 Genomics: quantitative trait loci mapping for salinity tolerance
16.3.2 Association studies
16.4 Halobiome and salt stress
16.4.1 Halophilic plant growth promoting microbes
16.5 Land and water management
16.5.1 Irrigation and salinity build up
16.5.2 Management practices to mitigate irrigation induced soil salinity build up
16.5.2.1 Efficient application of irrigation water
16.5.2.2 Conjunctive use of surface water and saline groundwater in Vertisols
16.5.2.3 Interventions for sustaining crop production in heavy textured saline soil under saline water application
16.5.2.4 Use of saline groundwater and treated industrial effluents for crop cultivation in Vertisols
16.5.3 Management of saline soils
16.5.3.1 Mole drainage technology
16.5.3.2 Cut soiler based subsurface drainage system
16.5.3.3 Groundwater recharge tube wells as water harvesting cum flood mitigation structures
16.6 Conclusions
References
17 Chemical elicitors- a mitigation strategy for maximize crop yields under abiotic stress
17.1 Elicitors in improving crop productivity
17.2 Elicitors and their mechanisms in plants
17.2.1 Brassinosteroids
17.2.1.1 Brassinosteroids in abiotic stress management
17.2.1.2 Brassinosteroid signaling mechanism
17.2.1.3 Vascular brassinosteroid receptor BRL3
17.2.1.4 Brassinosteroid and NADPH oxidase
17.2.2 Salicylic acid
17.2.2.1 Salicylic acid and abiotic stress tolerance
17.2.2.2 Signal transduction
17.2.2.3 Salicylic acid cross talk with other hormones
17.2.3 Jasmonic acid
17.2.3.1 Role of jasmonic acid in alleviating abiotic stresses
17.2.3.2 Signal transduction
17.2.3.3 Cross talk
17.3 Molecular intricacies of chemical elicitors
17.4 Molecular intricacies in abiotic stress
17.4.1 Molecular intricacies in biotic stress
17.5 Way forward
References
18 Role of sulfhydryl bioregulator thiourea in mitigating drought stress in crops
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Thiourea imparts plant tolerance to dehydration stress
18.3 Thiourea application maintains thiol redox homeostasis in plants under drought stress
18.4 Thiourea improves H2S signaling and mitigates drought stress in crops
18.5 Conclusions and outlook
Acknowledgments
References
19 Rhizobacterial-mediated tolerance to plants upon abiotic stresses
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Phytohormonal level regulation
19.2.1 Indole acetic acid
19.2.2 Gibberellins
19.2.3 Abscisic acid
19.2.4 Ethylene
19.2.5 Cytokinins
19.3 Production of volatile compounds
19.4 Osmolytes accumulation
19.4.1 Proline
19.4.2 Soluble sugars
19.4.3 Choline and glycine betaine
19.5 Induction of antioxidant system
19.6 Molecular regulations
19.6.1 Gene expression
19.6.2 Proteins
19.7 Exopolysaccharides accumulation
19.8 Variation in root morphology
19.9 Conclusion and future prospects
References
20 Changes in plant secondary metabolite profiles in response to environmental stresses
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Environmental factors and secondary metabolite biosynthesis
20.2.1 Light
20.2.1.1 Photoperiod and secondary metabolites
20.2.1.2 Light intensity and secondary metabolites biosynthesis
20.2.1.3 Metabolites production and light quality
20.2.1.4 Ultraviolet radiation
20.2.2 Effect of temperature on secondary metabolites
20.2.3 Drought stress
20.2.4 Effect of altitude on secondary metabolites
20.2.5 Secondary metabolites and salinity of soil
20.2.6 Nutrient composition and secondary metabolites
20.3 Effects of biotic factors on secondary metabolites
20.3.1 Polysaccharide
20.3.2 Yeast origin
20.3.3 Fungal origin
20.3.4 Bacterial origin
20.3.5 Culture age
References
21 Soil microbial inocula: an eco-friendly and sustainable solution for mitigating salinity stress in plants
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Saline soils
21.3 Plants’ responses to salinity stress
21.4 Management of saline soils
21.5 Salt tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria
21.5.1 Mechanisms of ST-PGPB in increasing plant resistance to salinity
21.5.1.1 Plant growth regulators
21.5.1.2 Osmoregulation
21.5.1.3 Antioxidant regulation
21.5.1.4 Plant nutrition
21.5.1.5 Exopolysaccharides
21.5.2 Application of bacterial inocula to improve crop productivity in saline soils
21.6 Salt tolerance-plant growth-promoting fungi
21.7 Conclusions and future considerations
Acknowledgments
References
22 How does silicon help alleviate biotic and abiotic stresses in plants? Mechanisms and future prospects
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Silicon, the “quasi-essential, beneficial” mineral nutrient
22.3 Biotic/abiotic stresses
22.4 Biotic stresses
22.4.1 Silicon and biotic stress mitigation in plants
22.4.1.1 Physical barrier formation
22.4.1.2 Chemical barrier formation
22.4.1.3 Effects on the plant mineral nutrition
22.5 Salinity stress
22.5.1 Silicon in mitigating the salinity stress in plants
22.5.1.1 Increased plant root system
22.5.1.2 Controlled compatible solute biosyntheses
22.5.1.3 Controlled phytohormone and polyamine biosyntheses
22.5.1.4 Improved mineral uptake and assimilation
22.5.1.5 Reduction in the ion toxicity
22.5.1.6 Maintenance of plant water balance
22.5.1.7 Regulating antioxidant defense system activities
22.5.1.8 Gas exchange attribute modifications
22.5.1.9 Modifications of the gene expression
22.5.1.10 Lignin biosynthesis management
22.6 Drought stress
22.6.1 How silicon mitigates drought stress in plants
22.6.1.1 Increased plant root system
22.6.1.2 Increased plant uptake of mineral nutrients
22.6.1.3 Modified gas exchange attributes
22.6.1.4 Osmotic potential adjustment
22.6.1.5 Osmolyte modifications
22.6.1.6 Modification of phytohormones and secondary metabolites
22.6.1.7 Gene expression modifications
22.6.1.8 Reduced oxidative stresses
22.6.1.9 Improvement of water relations
22.7 Heavy metal toxicity stress
22.7.1 Silicon and heavy metal toxicity mitigation in plants
22.7.1.1 Decreased plant metal uptake
22.7.1.2 Enhanced gas exchange attributes and photosynthetic pigment contents
22.7.1.3 Changes to the biomass accumulation, growth, and mineral nutrient uptake
22.7.1.4 Immobilization of the toxic heavy metals in the soil
22.7.1.5 Enhanced antioxidant defense system
22.7.1.6 Compartmentation of metals within plants
22.7.1.7 Coprecipitation of silicon and metals
22.7.1.8 Chelate formation with heavy metals
22.7.1.9 Modification of gene expressions
22.7.1.10 Induction of structural alterations in plant
22.8 Nutritional imbalances
22.8.1 Silicon and nutritional imbalance stress in plants
22.8.1.1 Nitrogen
22.8.1.2 Phosphorus
22.8.1.3 Potassium
22.8.1.4 Calcium and magnesium
22.8.1.5 Iron
22.8.1.6 Manganese
22.8.1.7 Zinc
22.8.1.8 Copper
22.9 Silicon in the alleviation of other abiotic stresses
22.10 Conclusions and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
23 Editing genomes to modify plant response to abiotic stress
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Genome editing tools
23.3 ZFN and TALENs in abiotic stress tolerance
23.4 CRISPR/Cas9
23.5 CRISPR application in abiotic stress tolerance
23.6 Genome editing to modify plants for salinity stress tolerance
23.7 Editing genome to modify plants response to drought tolerance
23.8 Genome editing to modify heat stress tolerance in plants
23.9 Genome editing for improving cold tolerance
23.10 Conclusions
References
24 Organic compounds as antistress stimulants in plants: responses and mechanisms
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Biostimulators
24.2.1 Classification of plant stimulants
24.2.2 The role of biostimulant as an antistress stimulant in plant
24.3 Humate substances
24.3.1 Role of humate substances under abiotic stress
24.3.2 The main effects of humate substances
24.4 Protein hydrolysates
24.5 Seaweed extracts as plant biostimulants
24.6 Role of phytohormones to alleviated abiotic stress
24.6.1 Influence of abiotic stress on hormonal system in plant
24.7 Role of biofertilizers to alleviated abiotic stress
24.7.1 Influence of organic compounds in alleviation salinity stress
24.8 Conclusions
References
25 The influence of climate change on interactions between environmental stresses and plants
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Recent and future climate change and their implications for plant growth
25.3 Climate changes phenomena
25.4 Abiotic stresses their effects on plant metabolism
25.4.1 Drought and water shortage stress
25.5 Plant response to drought stress
25.6 Salinity stress
25.7 Plant response to salinity stress
25.8 Rising CO2 levels
25.9 CO2 assimilation
25.10 Ecological mismatches, for better or worse
25.11 Resetting plant defense to herbivores
25.12 Plant responses under environmental stresses
25.13 Climate change and its effects on plant metabolism
25.14 Conclusions
References
26 Biological control of Fusarium wilt in legumes
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Fusarium wilt
26.2.1 The pathogen
26.2.2 Pathogenic variability
26.2.3 The disease
26.3 Biological control of plant diseases
26.4 Biological control of Fusarium wilt
26.4.1 Chickpea
26.4.2 Pigeonpea
26.4.3 Lentil
26.4.4 Pea
26.4.5 Common bean, cowpea, faba bean and alfalfa
26.4.6 Mungo bean, mung bean, and soybean
26.4.7 Lupines and groundnut
26.5 Future prospects
References
27 Oxidative stress in plants and the biochemical response mechanisms
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Response to stress—enzymatic and nonenzymatic
27.2.1 Enzymatic system
27.2.1.1 Superoxide dismutase (EC 1.151.1)
27.2.1.2 H2O2-scavenging enzymatic antioxidants
27.2.1.3 Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6)
27.2.1.4 Peroxidases
27.2.1.5 Enzymatic responses to stress
27.2.2 Nonenzymatic molecules
27.2.2.1 Biogenic amines and polyamines
27.2.2.2 Phenolic compounds
27.2.2.3 Carotenoids
27.2.2.4 Nonenzymatic responses to stress
27.2.2.5 Amines X COVID-19
27.3 Conclusions and further perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
28 Nanoparticles treatment ameliorate the side effects of stresses in plants
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Characteristics of nanoparticles
28.3 Nanoparticles uptake and movement in plants
28.4 Mechanisms of nanoparticles interfering with plants
28.5 Plant response to nanoparticle stress
28.6 Ameliorating effects of various nanoparticles on plant under stress
28.6.1 Effects of iron oxide nanoparticles
28.6.2 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles
28.6.3 Silver oxide nanoparticles
28.6.4 Silicon dioxide nanoparticles
28.6.5 Zinc oxide nanoparticles
28.6.6 Copper oxide nanoparticles
References
29 Soil moisture–mediated changes in microorganism biomass and bioavailability of nutrients in paddy soil
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Soil moisture changes
29.3 Oxidation-reduction potential
29.4 Soil microbial biomass
29.5 Organic matter
29.6 Microbial activity
29.7 Enzyme activity
29.8 Bioavailability of nutrients in paddy soils
29.9 Nitrogen (N)
29.10 Microbial mineralization of nitrogen
29.11 Phosphorus (P)
29.12 Sulfur
29.13 Iron (Fe)
29.14 Zinc (Zn)
29.15 Manganese (Mn)
29.16 Copper (Cu)
29.17 Boron (B)
29.18 Molybdenum (Mo)
29.19 Silicon (Si)
29.20 Conclusions
References
30 Trichomes plasticity of plants in response to environmental stresses
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Trichomes morphology and ultrastructure
30.3 Biological functions of trichomes
30.4 Effects of environmental factors on trichome development
30.4.1 Effect of altitude on trichomes plasticity
30.4.2 Effect of nanoparticles on trichomes plasticity
30.4.3 Effect of edaphic factors on trichomes plasticity
30.4.4 Effect of light regimes on trichomes morphology and density
30.4.5 Effect of chemical compounds on trichomes morphology and density
30.4.6 Effect of temperatures on trichomes
30.4.7 Effects of water stress on trichomes
References
31 An overview of bacterial bio-fertilizers function on soil fertility under abiotic stresses
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Types of growth-promoting bacteria
31.3 Nitrogen stabilization processes in bacteria
31.4 Bacteria affecting the phosphorus cycle
31.5 Effective bacteria in the potassium cycle
31.6 Silicate bacteria
31.7 Sulfur bacteria
31.8 The relationship between rhizospheric bacteria that stimulate growth and host plants
31.9 Practical uses of rhizospheric bacteria that stimulate growth in agriculture
31.10 Bio-fertilizers for the alleviation of some abiotic stresses
31.11 Conclusions
References
Index
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