This book is a comprehensive collection of information on the role of plant phenolics in stress management in plants. The main focus of this book is to address the abiotic stress management in plants by plant phenolics under varied environments. Plant metabolic networks contribute significantly to the plasticity of plant metabolism, which is required to afford the sessile lifestyle of a land plant under changing environmental conditions. In natural systems, plants face a plethora of antagonists and thus possess a myriad of defenses and have evolved multiple defense mechanisms by which they can cope with various kinds of stresses for adaptation. Plant phenolics being ubiquitous have been extracted from every plant part such as roots, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds and thus plays important role in adapting the plants to the varied environment. The book will provide readers with an up-to-date review of this dynamic field and sets the direction for future research. This book is of interest and use to a diverse range of topics of regulation of abiotic stress in plants. Bringing together work from leading international researchers, it is also a valuable reading material for plant and agricultural scientists, academics, researchers, students, and teachers wanting to gain insights into the role of plant phenolics in stress management in plants for sustainable agriculture.
Author(s): Rafiq Lone, Salim Khan, Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 466
City: Singapore
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Historical Perspective of Plant Phenolics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification of Phenolic Compounds
1.2.1 C6 Phenolic Compounds
1.2.2 Phenolic Compounds
1.2.3 Xanthonoids
1.2.4 C6-C3-C6 Phenolics: Flavonoids
1.3 Biosynthetic Pathway of Phenols in Plants
1.4 Phenols and Health Benefits
1.5 Phenols as an Antioxidative Agent
1.6 Antimicrobial Properties of Phenolic Compounds
1.7 Role of Phenols in Plants and Ecosystems
1.7.1 Plant Phenolics: Signaling Molecules
1.7.2 Plant Phenolics as Aboveground Signaling Molecules
1.8 Role of Phenols in Wood Preservation
1.9 Conclusions
References
2: Phenolics: Key Players in Interaction Between Plants and Their Environment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Chemistry and Classification of Phenolics
2.3 Classification of Phenolic Compounds
2.3.1 Simple Phenols
2.3.2 Phenolic Acids and Aldehydes
2.3.3 Acetophenones and Phenylacetic Acids
2.3.4 Biosynthesis, Genetics, and Metabolic Engineering
2.3.5 Phenolic Transport Mechanisms
2.3.6 Synthesis of Phenolics Against Biotic and Abiotic Stress
2.3.7 Role of Phenolics in Plant Defense
2.3.8 Plant Phenolics in Rhizosphere
2.4 Agrobacterium and Rhizobium Host Phenolics in Infection Cycles
2.4.1 Chemotaxis
2.4.2 Activation of the Bacterial Nod and Vir Gene Networks
2.5 Xenobiotic Detoxification and Biotransformation to Inert and/or Utilizable Form
2.6 Quorum Signaling (QS) for Attaining Infection
2.7 Understanding of the Basic Processes in the Polyphenol Biosynthesis
2.8 Acyltransferases (AT)
References
3: Genetic Basis of Phenolics in Abiotic Stress Management
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Phenolic Biofactories
3.2.1 Phenolic Compounds
3.2.2 Types of Polyphenols
3.2.3 Biosynthetic Pathways
3.2.4 Phenolics in Plant Biology: Physiological Impact
3.3 Plant Metabolic Adjustments Under Abiotic Stress
3.4 Phenolics Are Strong Antioxidants
3.5 Plant Phenolics Under Variable Environmental Conditions
3.5.1 Osmotic Stress
3.5.2 Temperature Stress
3.5.3 Radiation Stress
3.5.4 Salinity Stress
3.5.5 Mineral Stress
3.6 Phenolic Signaling
3.7 Conclusion
References
4: Phenolic Biosynthesis and Metabolic Pathways to Alleviate Stresses in Plants
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Phenolics in Response to Stresses
4.3 Biosynthesis, Metabolism of Phenols Under Stress Conditions
4.3.1 Hydroxycinnamic Acid and Their Derivatives
4.3.2 Lignin and Lignans
4.3.3 Benzoic Acid and Derivatives
4.3.4 Stilbenes
4.3.5 Flavonoids
4.3.5.1 Flavanones
4.3.5.2 Flavones
4.3.5.3 Flavonols
4.3.5.4 Isoflavonoids
4.3.5.5 Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins
4.3.6 Tannins
4.4 Conclusion
References
5: Antioxidant Phenolics from Vegetable By-Products
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Vegetable By-Products: Production
5.3 Antioxidants from Vegetable By-Products
5.3.1 Vegetable By-Products
5.3.1.1 Tomato
5.3.1.2 Onion
5.3.1.3 Brassicas
5.3.1.4 Eggplants
5.3.1.5 Carrots and Turnips
5.3.1.6 Artichokes
5.3.1.7 Other Vegetables
5.4 Conclusions
References
6: Plant Phenolics: A Dynamic Compound Family Under Unfavorable Environment and Multiple Abiotic Stresses
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Role of Phenolic Compounds in Plants
6.3 Impact of Climate Change/Environmental Variables on Different Phenolic Compounds
6.4 Role of PCs in Mitigation of Abiotic Stresses and Unfavorable Climatic Conditions
6.4.1 Drought
6.4.2 Salinity
6.4.3 Temperature Stress (Heat and Cold)
6.4.4 Heavy Metal
6.4.5 Ultra Violet Light
6.4.6 Elevated CO2 (eCO2)
6.4.7 Under Combined Abiotic Stresses
6.5 Conclusion
References
7: Role of Plant Phenolics Against Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Induced Oxidative Stress and Biochemical Alterations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Phenolic and Abiotic Stress Management
7.3 Phenolic as Ultraviolet Sunscreens
7.4 Plant Phenolics and Their Role in Heavy Metal Stress
7.5 Plant Phenolic and Their Role in Cold Stress
7.6 Mechanism of Polyphenols on Abiotic Stress Management
7.7 Plant Phenolics
7.8 Role of Plant Phenolic Against the Abiotic Stresses Induced ROS Production and Their Toxic Effects
7.9 Protective Role of Phenolics Against Abiotic Stress Produced Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants
7.10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
8: Phenolics Biosynthesis, Targets, and Signaling Pathways in Ameliorating Oxidative Stress in Plants
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Molecular Structure, Classification, and Biosynthesis of Phenolics
8.3 ROS Generation, Oxidative Stress, and Phenolics
8.4 Phenolics Targets and Modulation of Various Signaling Pathways
8.4.1 Antioxidant Defense System: Phenolics as Antioxidants
8.4.2 NADPH Oxidase, a Key Source of ROS: Phenolics as Inhibitors
8.4.3 Targets of Rapamycin (TOR) and Phosphotidyl Inositol-3-Kinases (PI3K): Potential Targets of Phenolics
8.4.4 Auxin Transport and Phenylpropanoid Pathway: Role in Photoprotection
8.5 Role of Phenolics in Stress Tolerance
8.5.1 Light Stress
8.5.2 Salinity
8.5.3 Drought
8.5.4 Heavy Metals
8.5.5 Heat and Cold Stress
8.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
9: Crosstalk of Ethylene and Salicylic Acid in the Amelioration of Toxic Effects of Heavy Metal Stress in Mustard
9.1 Introduction
9.2 General Description About Elicitors
9.3 Phytoremediation Potential and HM Uptake
9.4 Ethylene and Metal Stress Relationship
9.5 Modifications and Responses of Plants to HM Stress and Ethylene Signaling
9.6 Salicylic Acid Role in Mustard Plants Under HM Stress
9.7 Crosstalk of Ethylene with Other Growth Regulators and Signaling Molecules in the Regulation Tolerance of Plant to HM Stre...
9.8 Role of Ethylene as a Regulator of Plant Responses to Metal Stress
9.9 Conclusion
References
10: Stressed Plants: An Improved Source for Bioactive Phenolics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Stress in Plants
10.2.1 Abiotic Stress
10.2.1.1 UV Light Stress
10.2.1.2 Temperature Stress
10.2.1.3 Water Stress
10.2.1.4 Salinity
10.2.2 Biotic Stress
10.3 Plant Response Mechanism to Stresses
10.4 Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds Under Stress Conditions
10.5 Conclusions
References
11: Plant Phenolics: As Antioxidants and Potent Compounds Under Multiple Stresses
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Overview of Plant Phenolics and Its Role
11.2.1 Primary Function of Plant Phenolics as Antioxidants
11.2.2 Additional Functions of Phenolics in Plants
11.2.3 Impacts of Plant Phenolics on Plant Physiological, Biochemical, Reproductive, and Yield Traits
11.2.3.1 Antioxidants: Definition, Classification, General Mechanism of Action
11.2.4 Classification of Antioxidants
11.2.5 Stress-Mediated ROS Generation and Redox Signaling: Good or Bad?
11.3 Abiotic Stress Response Through Phenolics
11.3.1 Phenolics-Mediated Resistance Towards Salinity Stress
11.3.2 Phenolics-Mediated Resistance Towards Drought Stress
11.3.3 Phenolics-Mediated Resistance Towards Heavy Metal Stress
11.3.4 Phenolics-Mediated Resistance Towards UV Stress
11.4 Plant Phenolics and Biotic Stress: Beyond Antioxidant Role
11.5 Factors Affecting the Regulation of Phenolic Biosynthesis
11.5.1 Proline Accumulation Under Stress
11.5.2 Cellular Compartmentalization
11.5.3 Carbon Reallocation: As a Function of Growth vs Defense
11.5.4 Theory of Photo-Protection and Co-evolution: Blessings in Disguise
11.6 Plant Physiological, Genetical, Biochemical and Molecular Approaches to Improve Phenolic Compounds and Stress Mitigation
11.6.1 Biochemical Strategies of Phenolic Compounds to Mitigate Stress Tolerance
11.6.2 Genetic/Metabolic Engineering of Phenolic Compounds to Mitigate Stress Tolerance
11.6.2.1 Blocking the Biosynthetic Pathway (RNAi Pathway)
11.6.2.2 Endogenous Synthesis of Biochemical Compounds Using Structural and Regulatory Genes
11.6.2.3 Inserting New Branches: The Pathway for the Production of Novel Flavonoids
11.6.3 Physiological Strategies of Phenolic Compounds to Mitigate Stress Tolerance
11.7 Conclusion
References
12: Interactive Role of Phenolics and PGPR in Alleviating Heavy Metal Toxicity in Maize
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Description About Heavy Metal Toxicity in Plants with Special Reference to Maize
12.3 Role of Phenolics in Alleviating Metal Toxicity in Maize
12.4 Role of Different Phenolics in Alleviating Metal Toxicity with Special Reference to Maize
12.5 Role of PGPR and Other Microbes in Alleviating Metal Toxicity in Maize
12.6 Role of Different Microbes in Alleviating Metal Toxicity in Plants with Special Reference to Maize
12.7 Relationship Between Phenolics and Microbes in Alleviating Metal Toxicity in Plants with Special Reference to Maize
12.8 Conclusion
References
13: Impact of Phenolics on Drought Stress and Expression of Phenylpropanoid Pathway Genes
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Drought
13.3 Phenolics
13.4 Interrelation of Phenolics and Drought Stress
13.5 Pattern of Gene Expression During Drought Stress for Gene Phenylpropanoid
13.6 Conclusion
References
14: Interactive Role of Phenolics and PGPR in Alleviating Heavy Metal Toxicity in Wheat
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) in Alleviating Heavy Metal Stress and in Increasing Nutritional Statu...
14.3 Role of Phenolics in Alleviating Metal Toxicity and Enhancing Nutritional Status in Wheat
14.4 Interactive Role of Phenolics and PGPR
14.5 Conclusion
References
15: Phenolics: Accumulation and Role in Plants Grown Under Heavy Metal Stress
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Structure and Classification of Phenolics
15.3 Accumulation of Phenolics in Plants
15.4 Effects of Heavy Metals on Plants
15.4.1 Zinc Effects on Plants
15.4.2 Cadmium Effects on Plants
15.4.3 Copper Effects on Plants
15.4.4 Mercury Effects on Plants
15.4.5 Chromium Effects on Plants
15.4.6 Lead Effects on Plants
15.4.7 Arsenic Effects on Plants
15.4.8 Cobalt Effects on Plants
15.4.9 Nickel Effects on Plants
15.4.10 Manganese Effects on Plants
15.4.11 Iron Effects on Plants
15.5 Role of Phenolics
15.5.1 Physiological Roles of Phenolics in Plants
15.5.2 Role of Phenolics on Plants Under Heavy Metal Stress
15.5.3 Antioxidant Action of Phenols
15.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
16: Role of Phenolic Metabolites in Salinity Stress Management in Plants
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Soil Salinity
16.3 An Overview of Salinity Issues Globally
16.4 Causes of Soil Salinity
16.5 Salinity Effects on Plants
16.6 Salt Tolerance in Plants
16.7 PC Accumulation Under SS
16.8 Mechanism of Action of PCs in Salinity Stress Management
16.9 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
17: Ameliorative Effects of Phenolics in Oxidative Stress Management in Plants
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Oxidative Stress (OS)
17.1.2 Phenolic Compounds
17.1.3 Role of Phenolics in OS
17.2 Elicitors of OS
17.2.1 Abiotic Stressors
17.2.1.1 Drought
17.2.1.2 Salt Stress
17.2.1.3 Heat Stress
17.2.1.4 Chilling Stress
17.2.1.5 Heavy Metal Stress
17.2.1.6 UV Light Stress
17.2.2 Biotic Stressors
17.2.2.1 Plant Pathogens
17.2.2.2 Insectivory/Herbivory
17.3 Role of Phenolics in Combating Oxidative Stress
17.3.1 Role of Phenolics in Drought-Induced Oxidative Stress Management
17.3.2 Role of Phenolics in Salt-Induced Oxidative Stress Management
17.3.3 Role of Phenolics in Heat-/High Temperature-Induced Oxidative Stress Management
17.3.4 Role of Phenolics in Cold-/Low Temperature-Induced Oxidative Stress Management
17.3.5 Role of Phenolics in Heavy Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress Management
17.3.6 Role of Phenolics in UV Light-Induced Oxidative Stress Management
17.4 Mechanism of Action of OS Management in Plants
17.5 Conclusion
References
18: Anthropogenic Stress and Phenolic Compounds: An Environmental Robustness Diagnostics Compound Family in Stress Amelioratio...
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Effect of Various Anthropogenic Stressors on Plant System
18.2.1 Deforestation and Mining
18.2.2 Pesticide and Heavy Metal (HM) Accumulation
18.2.3 Rise of Pollutants in Water, Soil, and Air
18.2.4 Use of Artificial Lightening
18.2.5 Increase in Agriculture Intensification and Change in Land Use Pattern
18.3 Modulations of Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Traits by Anthropogenic Activity
18.4 Role and Mechanisms of SMs Especially PCs in Environment Robustness Diagnostics Via Adaption or Avoidance from Stresses
18.5 Function and Responses of Phenolic Compounds in Respect to Elevated CO2, Heavy Metal Stress, Salinity, Pollutant Transloc...
18.5.1 Response of Phenolics Under Elevated CO2 and Their Role
18.5.2 Responses of Phenolic Under Heavy Metal and Their Role
18.5.3 Responses of Phenolic Compounds Under Salinity and Their Role
18.5.4 Responses of Phenolics by Pollutant and Their Role
18.6 Summary
References
19: UV Light Stress Induces Phenolic Compounds in Plants
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Electromagnetic Radiation
19.2.1 Ultraviolet Light
19.3 Mechanism of UV Action in the Induction of Phenolic Compounds
19.4 Related Enzymes to the Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds
19.4.1 Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL)
19.4.2 Other Enzymes
19.5 Effect of UV Stress on Phenolic Compounds in Plants
19.5.1 Phenolic Acids
19.5.2 Coumarins
19.5.3 Stilbenes
19.5.4 Flavonoids
19.5.5 Tannins
19.6 Conclusion
References
20: Role of Nanotechnology in Phenolic Compound Dynamics
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Phenolic Acids
20.3 Phenol Nanomaterial Scavenging of Reactive Oxygen Species
20.4 Nanoparticle Synthesis Through Phenolic Compounds
20.5 Mechanisms Involved in Phenol-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
20.6 Influence of Nanomaterial on Phenol Contents in Plants
20.7 Nanomaterial Elicitation of Secondary Metabolites
20.8 Possible Mechanisms of Plant´s Secondary Metabolism Modulation by Nanomaterial
20.9 Phenol-Based Nanomaterial Synthesis: A Safe Approach
References
